Essential oil constituents,phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Lavandula stricta Delile growing wild in southern Iran

Lavandula stricta belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is considered as an endemic medicinal plant in southern Iran. Essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity from two different populations of L. stricta were studied for the first time. A GC and GC/MS analysis of essential oil isolated from the aerial part of L. stricta identified 31 constituents; the major constituents were α-pinene (58.34–63.52%), linalool (8.85–9.36%), 3-methyl butyl 2-methyl butanoate (7.45–7.70%), sabinene (2.84–3.56%), limonene (2.87–3.21%) and myrcene (2.25%). The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts was determined with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract and essential oil were determined with the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Total phenols varied from 61.05 to 64.45 mg GAE/g dry weight, and IC₅₀ values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 334.11 to 395.23 μg/mL in methanolic extracts and 420–475 μg/mL in essential oil.     

Components and antioxidant activity of fruits of Cirsium palustre and C. rivulare

In the hexane extract of C. palustre and C. rivulare fruits, fatty acids, sterols, triterpenes, and volatile compounds were analyzed by the GC-MS-FID method. In the methanolic extracts, total phenol content was estimated. The antioxidant activity of both extracts was measured with DPPH assay and expressed in % scavenged DPPH.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant,antibacterial activity of Cirsium rivulare (Jacq) All. roots

The mixture of three phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol), β-sitosterol 3-O-glucoside and syringin were isolated from hexane and methanol extract of Cirsium rivulare roots after chromatographic separation. The main component of the source was syringin which was obtained with the yield 0.08% of the dry source. In hexane extract, the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined. The predominant component was linoleic acid (23.31 mg/g of extract). The extracts showed antioxidant activity. The ability to scavenge DPPH? free radical was in correlation with appointed total phenol content. The not-defatted methanolic extract was the most active. Hexane and defatted methanol extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against G(+) and G(?) strains with MIC and MBC ranged from 25 to 200 μg/mL.     

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC

Abstract

Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC. is a medicinal plant commonly used for the treatment of some illnesses such as gastrointestinal infections. In this work, we report the composition of different parts of this plant on phenolic compounds, their quantification, and antioxidant activity. The obtained results reported that methanolic extracts of the three parts studied revealed high phenolic contents. For flavonoid contents, the highest contents were reported in organic extracts of leaf part. In addition, results obtained from the study of the antioxidant activity showed that methanolic extract of root presented the highest activity, in DPPH^? scavenging ability test with an IC₅₀ of 0.31?±?0.04?mg/mL and in FRAP test with an EC₅₀ of 1.06?±?0.02?mg/mL. The RP-HPLC-PDA analysis revealed the presence of five phenolic acids (sinapic, caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic and syringic acids), one flavanone (naringenin), one flavonol (rutin) and vanillin.     

Antioxidant,antimicrobial and urease inhibiting activities of methanolic extracts from Cyphostemma digitatum stem and roots

Cyphostemma digitatum stem and roots extracts were investigated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, urease inhibition potential and phytochemical analysis. Phytochemical screening of the roots and stem extract revealed the presence of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, carbohydrates/reducing sugars and phenolic compounds. The methanolic extracts of the roots displayed highest antioxidant activity (93.518%) against DPPH while the crude methanolic extract of the stem showed highest antioxidant activity (66.163%) at 100 μg/mL concentration. The methanolic extracts of both stem and roots were moderately active or even found to be less active against the selected bacterial and fungal strains (Tables S2 and S3). The roots extract (methanol) showed significant urease enzyme inhibition activity (IC₅₀ = 41.2 ± 0.66; 0.2 mg/mL) while the stem extract was found moderately active (IC₅₀ = 401.1 ± 0.58; 0.2 mg/mL) against thiourea (IC₅₀ = 21.011; 0.2 mg/mL).     

HPLC-DAD Based Polyphenolic Profiling and Evaluation of Pharmacological Attributes of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.

The current study was intended to explore the phytochemical profiling and therapeutic activities of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Crude extracts of different plant parts were subjected to the determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and protein kinase inhibitory potential by using solvents of varying polarity ranges. Maximum phenolic content was notified in distilled water extracts of the stem (DW-S) and leaf (DW-L) while the highest flavonoid content was obtained in ethyl acetate leaf (EA-L) extract. HPLC-DAD analysis confirmed the presence of various polyphenols, quantified in the range of 0.02 ± 0.36 to 2.05 ± 0.18 μg/mg extract. Maximum DPPH scavenging activity was expressed by methanolic extract of the stem (MeOH-S). The highest antioxidant capacity and reducing power was shown by MeOH-S and leaf methanolic extract (MeOH-L), respectively. Proficient antibacterial activity was shown by EA-L extract against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Remarkable α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition potential was expressed by ethyl acetate fruit (EA-F) and n-Hexane leaf (nH-L) extracts, respectively. In case of brine shrimp lethality assay, 41.67% of the extracts (LC₅₀ < 50 µg/mL) were considered as extremely cytotoxic. The test extracts also showed mild antifungal and protein kinase inhibition activities. The present study explores the therapeutic potential of P. roxburghii and calls for subsequent studies to isolate new bioactive leads through bioactivity-guided isolation.     

HESI-MS/MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Calendula aegyptiaca Fruits Extracts and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activities

Considering medicinal plants as an inexhaustible source of active ingredients that may be easily isolated using simple and inexpensive techniques, phytotherapy is becoming increasingly popular. Various experimental approaches and analytical methods have been used to demonstrate that the genus Calendula (Asteraceae) has a particular richness in active ingredients, especially phenolic compounds, which justifies the growing interest in scientific studies on this genus’ species. From a chemical and biological viewpoint, Calendula aegyptiaca is a little-studied plant. For the first time, high-performance liquid chromatography combined with negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-HESI-MS) was used to analyze methanolic extracts of Calendula aegyptiaca (C. aegyptiaca) fruits. Thirty-five molecules were identified. Flavonoids (47.87%), phenolic acids (5.18%), and saponins (6.47%) formed the majority of these chemicals. Rutin, caffeic acid hexoside, and Soyasaponin βg’ were the most abundant molecules in the fruit methanolic extract, accounting for 17.49% of total flavonoids, 2.32 % of total phenolic acids, and 0.95% of total saponins, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts of C. aegyptiaca was investigated using FRAP, TAC, and DPPH as well as flavonoids and total phenols content. Because the phenolic components were more extractable using polar solvents, the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was found to be higher than that of the dichloromethane and hexane extracts. The IC50 value for DPPH of methanolic extract was found to be 0.041 mg·mL⁻¹. Our findings showed that C. aegyptiaca is an important source of physiologically active compounds.     

Lagoecia cuminoides L., its antioxidant activity and polyphenolic constituents from Iran

Lagoecia cuminoides L. belongs to the family of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), and known also as common wild cumin. The aerial parts of L. cuminoides were collected at the flowering stage and dried, then the methanolic extract was analyzed for polyphenol compounds identified by HPLC-DAD and antioxidant activity (DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay). It was found that the predominant phenolic constituents were chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, hesperetin and vanillin. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract from L. cuminoides was found 1597 μg/mL in DPPH scavenging assay. There is no strict positive relationship between the polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts.     

Phytochemical analysis,UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS analysis,biological activity,and toxicity of extracts from Tripleurospermum limosum (Maxim.) Pobed

Tripleurospermum limosum (TL) has been used in folk medicine to treat gastritis. Toward the further development and use of TL, we report the phytochemical profiling, determination of active components, and antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of TL. Nineteen compounds were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-orbitrap-mass spectrometry for the first time in this plant. Phytochemical studies indicated that TL contained 11 types of phytochemicals. The active components [total carbohydrate content (TCC), total protein content (TP_roC), total triterpenoid content (TTC), total phenolic content (TP_heC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic acid content (TPAC), condensed tannin content (CTC), and gallotannin content (GC)] of eight different solvent extracts were determined by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. Aqueous extract had highest TP_roC, TP_heC, and GC values. Methanol extract exhibited highest TCC and TFC values. Ethanol extract showed highest TPAC and CTC values and dichloromethane extract exhibited highest TTC value. Methanol extract showed strongest ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt cation radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, and also exhibited highest antioxidant activity in ferric-reducing antioxidant power and cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity assays. Best iron and copper chelating activity and H₂O₂ scavenging ability were shown by aqueous extract. Ethanol extract showed strongest ability to scavenge superoxide radicals and effectively prevent β-carotene bleaching. Acetone extract had highest inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and xanthine oxidase. Ethyl ether extract had highest inhibitory activity towards urease and angiotensin converting enzyme. Aqueous and ethanol extracts had strongest inhibitory activity toward acetylcholinesterase. Methanol extract showed highest inhibitory activity toward tyrosinase. Methanol extract showed good stability and antioxidant capacity during heating, at different pH values, and after in vitro digestion and had low toxicity. The efficacy of methanol extract in stabilizing olive and sunflower oils was studied, the results suggested that methanol extract had a protective effect on the primary oxidation of the two oils. TL may be useful as a source of active components for application in human nutrition and/or phytomedicine and methanol extract of TL could be used as a natural oil stabiliser.     

Characterization of the Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia var. chia and Ajuga bombycina by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MSn)

This study investigates into the pharmacological potential of three solvent extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of two Ajuga species (Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia var. chia and Ajuga bombycina) based on their antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory effects along with establishing the phytochemical profile. Spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MSⁿ) were used to determine the total and individual phytocompounds, respectively. Antioxidant potential was assessed using different assays such as DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation. Enzyme inhibitory effects were studied against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. The aqueous extract of both plants showed better ABTS scavenging, FRAP, and metal chelating activities. The methanol extracts displayed the highest tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activity in the phosphomolybdenum assay while the ethyl acetate extracts of both plants showed better butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition. The total phenolic content was highest in the aqueous extract of A. chamaepitys while the methanolic extract of A. bombycina showed the highest flavonoid content. Identification by HPLC–ESI–MSⁿ revealed the presence of some individual compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and other compounds. To conclude, both A. chamaepitys and A. bombycina can be considered as rich sources of phytocompounds to manage chronic diseases.     

LC–DAD/ESI–MS/MS characterization of phenolic constituents in Rosa canina L. and its protective effect in cells

In an aim to prove the efficiency of polyphenols of Rosa canina fruits in promoting human health. A methanolic extract of R. canina fruits was prepared by successive maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The polyphenol composition was analyzed by HPLC–DAD–ESI–MS. The biological activity of this extract on SH-SY5Y cells and HepG2 cells was then studied. The antioxidant activity was tested by various in vitro tests such as DPPH-radical-scavenging activity, FRAP assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity. The subacute toxicity of R. canina was tested on female rats by repeated intraperitoneal administration of various doses. The phenolic profiles showed 25 antioxidants distributed into three classes of phenolic compounds: glycosylated and agglomerated flavonoids/isoflavonoids, tannins and phenanthrenes. Qualitative phytochemical analyses showed that this extract lacks alkaloids. The methanolic extract of R. canina fruits has a total antioxidant capacity of 82.69 ± 1.18 μg EAA/mg of methanol extract and the IC₅₀ of the methods used is in the following increasing order: FRAP assay (61.88 μg/ml), then hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (67.45 μg/ml) and then DPPH radical-scavenging activity (129.81 μg/ml). The extract of R. canina did not cause any phenotypic signs of toxicity or mortality during and after treatment. The LD₅₀ was >5,000 mg/kg, hence, R. canina was considered nontoxic. An in vivo study proved the protective effect of R. canina against cardiac and hepato-renal toxicities. These results drew the importance of a healthy diet, where diets rich in R. canina fruits can be used as a rich natural source of antioxidants and anticarcinogenic phenolic compounds.     

Antifungal activity of extracts from Cynomorium coccineum growing wild in Sardinia island (Italy)

Cynomorium coccineum L. is a non-photosynthetic plant, spread over Mediterranean countries, amply used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the antifungal activity of its extracts. The antifungal activity was evaluated using the macrodilution method against Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophyte strains. The methanolic extract was very active against C. neoformans, Candida guilliermondii and Candida krusei, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of 0.025 mg/mL. This extract is more active than fluconazole against C. krusei H9. The influence of methanolic extract on the dimorphic transition in Candida albicans was also studied through the germ tube inhibition assay. More than 60% of filamentation was inhibited at a concentration of 1/4 MIC. These results are preliminary and further studies are needed to an eventual use of C. coccineum methanolic extract in the treatments of candidiasis and cryptococcosis.     

Elemental analysis of brahmi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacopa</Emphasis> <Emphasis Type="Italic">monnieri</Emphasis>) extracts by neutron activation and its bioassay for antioxidant,radio protective and anti-lipid peroxidation activity

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) leaves, known as nervine tonic in Ayurveda, and its aqueous (BA), methanolic (BM) and aqueous–methanolic (BAM) extracts were analyzed for 7 minor (Al, Fe, Na, K, Ca, P, Cl) and 18 trace (As, Au, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cu, Hf, Hg, La, Mn, Rb, Se, Sm, Sr, Th, V, Zn) elements by INAA. BAM extract showed maximum contents of Na, K, Cl and significant amounts of Mn, Co, Zn. It was also found as effective scavenger of DPPH radicals with 33.5% total phenolic content, highest γ-ray radioprotective effect and higher anti lipid peroxidation activity.     

Phytochemical characterisation and bioprospection for antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Lippia alba Brown ex Britton & Wilson (Verbenaceae)

Ethanol extract and fractions obtained from fresh and dry aerial parts of Lippia alba were examined in order to determine their phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activities. The ethanol extracts and fractions exhibited an antioxidant effect by the DPPH assay, especially samples of fresh plant. HPLC analysis of the ethyl acetate fractions identified the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The ethanol extract and fractions showed activity against reference and multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC range 2000–250 μg/mL). The hexane and dichloromethane fractions of fresh plant showed better activity against reference strains of Escherichia coli (MIC of 250 and 125 μg/mL, respectively), but all extracts and fractions were less active against multidrug-resistant strains of all the Gram-negative species evaluated. The results showed that the extract and fractions of L alba aerial parts showed antibacterial activity, even against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, and antioxidant effect (DPPH assay).     

Phenolic content and antioxidant properties of seeds from different grape cultivars grown in Iran

This study investigated the antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of seed extracts from three grape cultivars grown in Iran. Folin Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of the total phenolic contents and GC–MS was used for the analysis of phenolic compositions. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The highest and the lowest total phenolic contents of seed extract were found in the black and green grape, respectively. The content of individual phenols such as Frulic acid, Gentistic acid, Syringic acid, (+) Catechin, Chlorogenic acid and (?)- Epicatchin gallate was cultivars dependent. The antioxidant activity of the seed extracts ranged from 34.03% (Green) to 53.63% (Black). Generally, the Black grape seed extract with the total phenolic content (3 ± 0.01 mg tannic acid/g DM), DPPH (53.63 ± 0.34%), IC₅₀ and AEAC (7.41 and 16.92 mg/mL) showed the highest level of total antioxidant capacity.     

Phytochemical analysis,antimicrobial, antioxidant and urease inhibitory potential of Cyphostemma digitatum Lam.

In this paper we report the antimicrobial, antiradical and urease inhibitory potential along with photochemical investigation of the crude extracts of Cyphostemma digitatum Lam. Phytochemical screening of both the crude (hot/cold) alcoholic and aqueous extracts of C. digitatum showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids and tannins. The crude methanolic extract (hot/cold) exhibited good antioxidant activity, while the aqueous extract was a weak antioxidant. The crude methanolic extract was found to be more active against Bacillus subtilis, while both the extracts showed moderate antifungal potential, the methanolic crude extract showed good urease inhibitory activity compared with the aqueous crude extract.     

Cameroonian medicinal plants belonging to Annonaceae family: radical scavenging and antifungal activities

The free-radical scavenging activity of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of leaves, stems and roots of Annona muricata, Monodora tenuifolia, Uvaria comperei, Uvaria muricata and Xylopia africana was evaluated using DPPH and ORAC assays. Further, phytochemical analysis, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also determined. Moreover, the antifungal activity of extracts was studied. The findings indicated that A. muricata and U. comperei extracts own antiradical activities and moderate antifungal properties.     

A new fatty acid ester from an edible mushroom Rhizopogon luteolus

Phytochemical investigation of the Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. led to the isolation of one new fatty acid ester, 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylheptacosyl acetate (1) together with two known compounds tetracosanoic acid (2) and ergosterol (3). 1D and 2D NMR, and MS techniques were used for structural elucidation. Phenolic and fatty acid compositions were identified using HPLC–DAD and GC–MSD, respectively. Fumaric acid was the major phenolic acid, whereas linoleic, stearic and oleic acids were the most abundant fatty acids. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of the extracts and compounds (1–3) were tested spectrophotometrically. Among the extracts, hexane extract showed the highest activity in all tests, particularly in β-carotene-linoleic acid assay (IC₅₀: 16.65 ± 1.12 μg/mL). Furthermore, compound 3 exhibited higher antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. The study indicates that R. luteolus can be used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.     

The Antimicrobial Activity,Mosquito Larvicidal Activity,Antioxidant Property and Tyrosinase Inhibition of Piper Betle

The essential oil and methanolic and aqueous extracts of Piper betle L. were assayed for their antimicrobial activity, mosquito larvicidal activity, antioxidant property and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition. The methanolic and aquaous extracts showed strong activity against the yeasts: C. albicans, and M. pachydermatis. The crude essential oil exhibited a broad‐spectrum strong antimicrobial activity against all test organisms. The strongest activity was observed against C. albicans, followed by S. aureus and M. pachydermatis. The chemical composition of the essential oil and its fractions was analyzed by GC/MS analysis. Eugenol (36.2%), chavibetol acetate (16.9%), 4‐allylphenyl acetate (9.4%) and 4‐allylphenol (7.2%) were the main components, comprising 69.7% of the oil. The fractionation of the essential oil gave two fractions. Fraction I was rich in eugenol (71.3%) and fraction II in eugenol (46.4%), chavibetol acetate (19.4%) and 4‐allylphenyl acetate (11.8%). The essential oil exhibited the mosquito larvicidal activity with 2 h and 24 h LD₅₀ value of 86 and 48 ppm, respectively. The methanolic extract of P. betle showed larvicidal activity with 2 h and 24 h LD₅₀ value of 153 and 125 ppm, respectively, whereas the aqueous extract showed slight active. The individual antioxidant assays such as DPPH scavenging activity, chelating effect of ferrous ions and reducing power have been used. P. betle showed remarkable antioxidant activity in DPPH and reducing power assays. The activity observed can be attributed to the presence of the phenolic compounds. The essential oil exhibited concentration‐dependent inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase, giving an IC₅₀ value of 126 ppm. The fraction I showed a strong inhibition of tyrosinase activity, giving an IC₅₀ value of 115 ppm. The presence of 4‐allylphenolic components in the essential oil may play an important role in the inhibition of tyrosinase. In conclusion, the results presented here show that Piper betle essential oil could be considered as a natural antimicrobial, mosquito larvicidal, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition source.     

Determination of phenolic compounds,in vitro antioxidant activity and characterization of secondary metabolites in different parts of Passiflora cincinnata by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis

Abstract

Ethanol extracts of different parts of Passiflora cincinnata were obtained by maceration. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated. The antioxidant activities were determined by β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching test, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), and 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging. The crude ethanol stem extract showed the highest amount of total polyphenols (45.53?mg gallic acid equivalent/g) while the highest total flavonoid contents (1.42?mg of quercetin equivalent/g) were observed in the leaf extract. The lowest IC₅₀ (25.65?μg/ml) by the DPPH method was observed for the stem extract. The ABTS method showed a significant antioxidant activity for all investigated extracts. The secondary metabolite composition of ethanol extracts was assessed by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis, leading to the identification of fourteen secondary metabolites in P. cincinnata extracts. These results showed the potentiality of this species as a source of phenolic compounds and antioxidants.