Chemical composition and biological activity of Salvia verbenaca essential oil

Salvia verbenaca L. (syn. S. minore) is a perennial herb known in the traditional medicine of Sicily as "spaccapetri" and is used to resolve cases of kidney stones, chewing the fresh leaves or in decoction. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from aerial parts of S. verbenaca collected in Piano Battaglia (Sicily) on July 2009, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The oil was strongly characterized by fatty acids (39.5%) and carbonylic compounds (21.2%), with hexadecanoic acid (23.1%), (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid (11.1%) and benzaldehyde (7.3%) as the main constituents. The in vitro activity of the essential oil against some microorganisms in comparison with chloramphenicol by the broth dilution method was determined. The oil exhibited a good activity as inhibitor of growth of Gram + bacteria.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad growing wild and cultivated in Iran

The aerial parts of wild and cultivated Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad were collected at full flowering stage from two provinces (Hormozgan and Fars) of Iran. The essential oils were extracted by a Clevenger approach and analysed using GC and GC–MS. The main components in wild plants were piperitenone (33.85%), piperitone (21.18%), linalool (6.89%), pulegone (5.93%), 1, 8.cineole (5.49%), piperitenone oxide (5.17%) and menthone (4.69%) and in cultivated plants, cis-piperitone epoxide (28.89%), linalool (15.36%), piperitone (11.57%), piperitenone oxide (10.14%), piperitenone (8.42%),1,8-cineole (3.60%) were the main constituents in essential oil. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of M. mozaffarianii was studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The results of the bioassays showed that the oil exhibited high antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens.     

Essential oil variation of Salvia officinalis aerial parts during its phenological cycle

In this paper the variation in the quantity and quality of the essential oil of Salvia officinalis during its life cycle stages is reported. The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried samples. The yield of essential oil (w/w %) in different stages was in the order: floral budding (0.9%) > vegetative (0.7%) > flowering (0.5%) > immature fruit (0.4%) > ripen fruit (0.2%). The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. In total, 36, 41, 40, 38, and 41 constituents were identified and quantified in the subsequent stages, respectively. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main group of compounds in the fruiting set (56.9%), vegetative (48.5%), flowering (47.7%), and floral budding (45.3%) stage. 1,8-cineole as one of the major constituents of all samples was lower in the vegetative stage and gradually increased in subsequent harvesting times to reach a maximum in flowering and then decreased in the fruiting set. In contrast, the globulol content was higher in the first stage and decreased drastically during fruit maturation. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 16–19, January–February, 2006.     

Salvia broussonetii Benth.: aroma profile and micromorphological analysis

The volatile profiles (VOC) and the essential oil (EO) composition from the aerial parts of Salvia broussonetii were analysed. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons dominate the VOCs from leaves (95.7%) and flowers (67.6%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (2.6 and 29.7%, respectively). The main common compounds are germacrene D, β-bourbonene, α-pinene, α-copaene and α-gurjunene, even if with divergent relative abundances. In the leaf EOs the sesquiterpenes prevail, even if not overwhelmingly (about 50.0%), followed by monoterpenes (23.0–35.0%) and by minor fractions of diterpene hydrocarbons and non-terpene derivates. The most abundant common compounds across the two sampling periods are α-pinene, β-pinene, isobornyl acetate, α-gurjenene, germacrene D and bifloratriene. A morphological characterisation of the trichomes responsible for the productivity in terpenes was also performed. Four different morphotypes were observed on the above ground organs of S. brussonetii: peltates and capitates of type II and III resulted the only producers of volatile substances.     

Chemical composition and evaluation of antinociceptive activity of the essential oil of Stevia serrata Cav. from Guatemala

The composition and the antinociceptive activity of the essential oil of Stevia serrata Cav. from a population located in the west highlands of Guatemala were evaluated. A yield of 0.2% (w/w) of essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation of the dried aerial parts of the plant. The essential oil analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS showed a high content of sesquiterpenoids, with chamazulene (60.1%) as the major component and 91.5% of the essential oil composition was identified. To evaluate antinociceptive activity in mice, the essential oil of S. serrata Cav. was administered as gavage, using three different doses. In the formalin test, the animals were pre-treated with oral doses of the essential oil before the administration of formalin. Oral administration of S. serrata Cav. essential oil produced a marked antinociceptive activity. Therefore, the plant could be domesticated as a source of essential oil rich in chamazulene for developing medicinal products.     

Composition of the essential oil of Stachys benthamiana Boiss. from the south of Iran

The chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of Stachys benthamiana Boiss. was analysed by using GC and GC/MS. Thirty-three components were identified in the oil. β-Bisabolene (19.2%), humulene epoxide II (10.7%), epi-α-bisabolol (7.2%), (E)-γ-bisabolene (6.9%), n-decanal (6.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.6%), were the main compounds in the EOs. This is the first report on the different chemical compositions of S. benthamiana EOs from the south of Iran.     

Composition of Essential Oil from Salvia officinalis Cultivated in Georgia

Essential oil (1.1%) is isolated fromSalvia officinaliscultivated in Georgia. Its properties are: ₂₀ 0.921, n _D ²⁰ 1.463, [] _D ²⁰ +24.91 , acid number 2.8, ketone content 65.4% (oxime method). GLC showed the presence of 11 terpenes, among which -thujone (31.56%), -thujone (17.55), camphor (16.48), and 1,8-cineol (17.53) are present in the highest amounts.     

Vasorelaxant Mechanism of Herbal Extracts from Mentha suaveolens,Conyza canadensis,Teucrium polium and Salvia verbenaca in the Aorta of Wistar Rats

Mentha suaveolens (MS), Conyza canadensis (CC), Teucrium polium (TP) and Salvia verbenaca (SV) are used in Morocco to treat hypertension. Our aim was to characterize the composition and vasoreactivity of extracts of MS, CC, TP and SV. The chemical compositions of aqueous extracts of MS, SV and TP, and of a hydromethanolic extract of CC, were identified by HPLC-DAD. The vasoreactive effect was tested in rings of the thoracic aorta of female Wistar rats (8–14 weeks-old) pre-contracted with 10 µM noradrenaline, in the absence or presence of L-NAME 100 µM, indomethacin 10 µM or atropine 6 µM, to inhibit nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase or muscarinic receptors, respectively. L-NAME and atropine decreased the vasorelaxant effect caused by low concentrations of MS. Atropine and indomethacin decreased the vasorelaxant effect of low concentrations of SV. High concentrations of MS or SV and the effect of SV and TP were not altered by any antagonist. The activation of muscarinic receptors and NO or the cyclooxygenase pathway underlie the vasorelaxant effect of MS and SV, respectively. Neither of those mechanisms underlines the vasorelaxant effect of CC and TP. These vasorelaxant effect might support the use of herbal teas from these plants as anti-hypertensives in folk medicine.     

Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity on tumour cells of the essential oil from Cedronella canariensis var. canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. (Lamiaceae)

Cedronella canariensis is a lemon-scented species of the family Lamiaceae endemic to the Canary Islands where it is used in the traditional medicine to prepare infusions or inhalations for anti-catarrhal, tonic, diuretic, hypoglycaemiant, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory and decongestant of the respiratory tract. In this work we investigated for the first time the antioxidant activity of the essential oil and its inhibitory effects on tumour cells (A375, MDA-MB-231, HCT 116) proliferation by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and MTT assays, respectively. The oil, analysed by GC-ionisation flame detector and GC–MS, was characterised by pinocarvone (58.0%) and β-pinene (10.8%) as the major constituents, being typical of the chemotype ‘canariensis’. Noteworthy was the cytotoxic activity of the oil against the tumour cells examined, with IC₅₀ values of 4.3, 7.3 and 11.4 μg/mL on A375, MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 tumour cells, respectively, as well as the scavenging activity against the ABTS radical (IC₅₀ of 10.5 μg/mL).     

Essential Oil Composition and Traditional Uses of Salvia dentata,a Poorly Known Medicinal Plant from Namaqualand,South Africa

South Africa has a rich history of medicinal plant species and their documented uses as traditional medicines, and is also home to three well-known, blue-flowered sage species of ethnobotanical importance. The Namaqualand bloublomsalie (Salvia dentata) has so far remained unstudied and apparently overlooked. Our study is the first to report on the essential oil chemistry of this medicinally relevant species and provide a comparison with the other two (well-studied) closely related Cape bloublomsalies (Salvia africana and S. chamelaeagnea). The data, generated from three geographically isolated populations comprised of 13 individual plants of S. dentata, revealed diagnostically high levels of camphor (14.37%), α-pinene (11.43%), camphene (10.18%), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (9.42%) and bornyl acetate (8.56%) which provide a distinct chemical profile from the other two species.     

In vitro interactions of Peucedanum officinale essential oil with antibiotics

The chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Peucedanum officinale L. (Apiaceae) essential oil were examined, as well as the association between it and antibiotics: tetracycline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol. The interactions of the essential oil with antibiotics were evaluated using the microdilution checkerboard assay. Monoterpene hydrocarbons, with α-phellandrene as the dominant constituent, were the most abundant compound class of the essential oil of P. officinale. The researched essential oil exhibited slight antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains in vitro. On the contrary, essential oil of P. officinale possesses a great synergistic potential with chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Their combinations reduced the minimum effective dose of the antibiotic and, consequently, minimised its adverse side effects. In addition, investigated interactions are especially successful against Gram-negative bacteria, the pharmacological treatment of which is very difficult nowadays.     

Antifungal and phytotoxic activity of essential oil from root of Senecio amplexicaulis Kunth. (Asteraceae) growing wild in high altitude-Himalayan region

This work was aimed to evaluate the essential oil from root of medicinally important plant Senecio amplexicaulis for chemical composition, antifungal and phytotoxic activity. The chemical composition analysed by GC/GC–MS showed the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons in high percentage with marker compounds as α-phellandrene (48.57%), o-cymene (16.80%) and β-ocimene (7.61%). The essential oil exhibited significant antifungal activity against five phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium debaryanum and Fusarium oxysporum. The oil demonstrated remarkable phytotoxic activity in tested concentration and significant reduction in seed germination percentage of Phalaris minor and Triticum aestivum at higher concentrations. The roots essential oil showed high yield for one of its marker compound (α-phellandrene) which makes it important natural source of this compound.     

云南玉龙雪山一种苔类植物精油化学成分研究

苔藓植物分苔纲(Liverworts)、角苔纲(Hornworts)和藓纲(Mosses),分布广泛,多见于阴暗潮湿处,且多呈附生形式。在民间,苔藓被广泛用于治疗外伤、烧伤、感染、肺结核、神经衰弱、惊厥、烫伤和肺炎等,几乎所有苔藓植物都不被各种动物所食用,也不被细菌、真菌或病毒所感染。所有这     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from flowers and leaves of Grindelia integrifolia DC

Essential oils from flowers and leaves of Grindelia integrifolia DC. were investigated for the first time in terms of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. The GC-FID/MS analysis allowed for the identification of 58 and 72 volatiles, comprising 92.4 and 90.1% of the oils, respectively. The major components of the flower oil were α-pinene (34.9%) and limonene (13.1%), while myrcene (16.9%), spathulenol (12.3%), β-eudesmol (11.9%) and limonene (10.1%) dominated among the leaf volatiles. The antimicrobial activity, evaluated against 12 selected bacteria and fungus, was found moderate, with the strongest effect of both oils observed against C. albicans (MIC = MBC: 0.63 and 0.31 mg/mL for flower and leaf oil, respectively).     

Composition and in vitro cytotoxic activities of essential oil of Hedychium spicatum from different geographical regions of western Himalaya by principal components analysis

The rhizome of Hedychium spicatum has been widely used in traditional medicines. The present study deals with the evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of rhizome essential oils from four different regions of the Western Himalaya (India) along with comparative correlation analysis to characterise the bioactive cytotoxic component. The essential oils were coded as MHS-1, MHS-2, MHS-3 and MHS-4, and characterised using GC-FID and GC–MS. The main volatile compounds identified were 1,8-cineol, eudesmol, cubenol, spathulenol and α-cadinol. In vitro cytotoxic activities were assessed against human cancer cell lines such as, the lung (A549), colon (DLD-1, SW 620), breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), head and neck (FaDu), and cervix (HeLa). MHS-4 is significantly active in comparison to other samples against all cancer cell lines. Sample MHS-4 has major proportion of monoterpene alcohol mainly 1,8-cineol. Principal components analysis was performed for the experimental results and all four samples were clustered according to their percentage inhibition at different doses.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Wedelia urticifolia growing wild in Hunan Province,China

The essential oil obtained from Wedelia urticifolia growing in Hunan Province, China, was analyzed for the first time by capillary GC and GC-MS. A total of 67 constituents, representing 98.68% in essential oil were identified. The major constituents of the oil were: α-pinene (8.85%), limonene (6.38%), carvacrol (6.15%), caryophyllene (6.08%), spathulenol (5.49%), sabinene (5.36%), camphor (4.34%). Antimicrobial potential of oil against bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus), yeast strains (Hansenula anomala and Saccharomy cescerevisiae) and molds (Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Mucor racemosus, and Monascus anka) was determined by disc diffusion method and broth micro dilution method, respectively. The oil exhibited promising antimicrobial effect as a diameter of zones of inhibition (16.8–24.9 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration values of oil were ranged 62.5–1000 μg/mL.     

Comparison of the components of the essential oils from leaves and fruits of Grammosciadium platycarpum

The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from dried leaves and fruits of Grammosciadium platycarpum Boiss. & Hausskn. were determined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-five compounds (87.0%) and sixteen constituents (96.2%) were identified in the leaf and fruit oils, respectively. Linalool (26.1 and 53.9%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (24.1 and 20.4% ) and (Z)-β-santalol (10.6 and 10.9%) were the major components in the leaf and fruit oils. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 559–560, November–December, 2006.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Sagittaria trifolia

The essential oil of Sagittaria trifolia, a well-known famous medicinal foodstuff in China, was analyzed for the first time using GC-MS. Twenty-eight constituents were identified. The major components of the oil were hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (62.3%), tetramethylhexadecenone (5.8%), myristaldehyde (4.7%), n-pentadecane (2.9%), and 2-hexyldecanol (2.9%).The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against seven microorganisms, including two clinically isolated strains and five reference strains, using microbiological cylinder plate assay and broth microdilution methods. The results showed that the oil had a significant antimicrobial effect on four of them. This antimicrobial activity can partly explain why the oil is used medicinally during childbirth and for skin diseases in Chinese traditional medicine. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 419–420, September–October, 2006.     

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Lavandula coronopifolia essential oil against antibiotic-resistant bacteria

The aim of this study was to analyse the composition of the essential oil (EO) of Lavandula coronopifolia from Morocco and to evaluate its in vitro antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from clinical infections. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by a broth micro-well dilution method using multiresistant clinical isolates of 11 pathogenic bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Klebsiella ornithinolytica, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Providencia rettgeri, Citrobacter freundii, Hafnia alvei, Salmonella spp., Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The main compounds of the oil were carvacrol (48.9%), E-caryophyllene (10.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.7%). The oil showed activity against all tested strains with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging between 1% and 4%. For most of the strains, the MIC value was equivalent to the minimal bactericidal concentration value, indicating a clear bactericidal effect of L. coronopifolia EO.     

Phenolic profile,antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of Anethum graveolens L. essential oil

This study reports the chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Anethum graveolens essential oil and its main compounds. The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by hydrodistillation and analysed by using GC/MS. α-Phellandrene (19.12%), limonene (26.34%), dill ether (15.23%), sabinene (11.34%), α-pinene (2%), n-tetracosane (1.54%), neophytadiene (1.43%), n-docosane (1.04), n-tricosane (1%), n-nonadecane (1%), n-eicosane (0.78%), n-heneicosane (0.67%), β-myrcene (0.23%) and α-tujene (0.21%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. A. graveolens oil exhibit a higher activity in each antioxidant system with a special attention for β-carotene bleaching test (IC₅₀: 15.3 μg/mL) and reducing power (EC₅₀: 11.24 μg/mL). The TLC-bioautography screening and fractionation resulted in the separation of the main antioxidant compounds, which were identified as limonene (45%) and sabinene (32%). The essential oil and its main compounds exhibited a potent NO-scavenging effect and inhibited the expression of inducible NO synthase.