Primary Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum Above the ‘‘Knee’’ Measured with PRISMA-32 Array

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - PRISMA-32 (PRImary Spectrum Measurement Array) is working since 2012 in the Scientific & Educational Center NEVOD (NRNU ‘‘MEPhI’’,...     

‘Percolative’ dynamics in the hexagonal lattice

We study a percolative dynamic model for the hexagonal lattice. Random trajectories are generated and their critical behaviour is studied. The critical behaviour corresponds to that of simple percolatio in some of the parameter space, but elsewhere the exponents reveal new universality classes. We calculate the fractal dimension of extended trajectories for different critical points.     

No-Go Theorem for ‘Free’ Relativistic Anyons in d=2+1

We show that a quantum field theoretic model of anyons cannot be free in the restrictive sense that the basic fields create only one-particle states out of the vacuum.     

Ramanujan’s ‘‘Lost Notebook’’ and the Virasoro Algebra

By using the theory of vertex operator algebras, we gave a new proof of the famous Ramanujans modulus 5 modular equation from his Lost Notebook (p. 139 in [R]). Furthermore, we obtained an infinite list of q-identities for all odd moduli; thus, we generalized the result of Ramanujan.Acknowledgements It was indeed hard to trace all the known proofs of (1.1), (1.2) and (1.3). We apologize if some important references are omitted. We would like to thank Jim Lepowsky for conversations on many related subjects. A few years ago Lepowsky and the author were trying to relate classical Rogers-Ramanujan identities and Zhus work [Z]. We also thank Bruce Berndt for pointing us to [BrO] and Steve Milne for bringing [Mi] to our attention.     

Dynamics of ‘quantumness’ measures in the decohering harmonic oscillator

We studied the behaviour under decoherence of four different measures of the distance between quantum states and classical states for the harmonic oscillator coupled to a linear Markovian bath. Three of these are relative measures, using different definitions of the distance between the given quantum states and the set of all classical states. The fourth measure is an absolute one, the negative volume of the Wigner function of the state. All four measures are found to agree, in general, with each other. When applied to the eigenstates |n〉, all four measures behave non-trivially as a function of time during dynamical decoherence. First, we find that the first set of classical states to which the set of eigenstate evolves is (by all measures used) closest to the initial set. That is, all the states decohere to classicality along the ‘shortest path’. Finding this closest classical set of states helps improve the behaviour of all the relative distance measures. Second, at each point in time before becoming classical, all measures have a state n^? with maximal quantum-classical distance; the value n^? decreases as a function of time. Finally, we explore the dynamics of these non-classicality measures for more general states.     

Mixing and its rate in ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ billiards motivated by the Lorentz process

Billiards corresponding to planar periodic Lorentz processes are considered in the usual (hard) sense and in the case when the hard core potential of the scatterers is replaced by some other circularly symmetric potential. A review on certain important aspects of the history of the subject is given and some new results on exponential decay of correlations are formulated. Both the results from the literature and those of our own mentioned are mathematically rigorous, nevertheless, proofs are only briefly sketched. For further details, see the preprint [Correlation decay in certain soft billiards, Commun. Math. Phys., in press].     

Consciousness in the universe: A review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory

The nature of consciousness, the mechanism by which it occurs in the brain, and its ultimate place in the universe are unknown. We proposed in the mid 1990's that consciousness depends on biologically ‘orchestrated’ coherent quantum processes in collections of microtubules within brain neurons, that these quantum processes correlate with, and regulate, neuronal synaptic and membrane activity, and that the continuous Schrödinger evolution of each such process terminates in accordance with the specific Diósi–Penrose (DP) scheme of ‘objective reduction’ (‘OR’) of the quantum state. This orchestrated OR activity (‘Orch OR’) is taken to result in moments of conscious awareness and/or choice. The DP form of OR is related to the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and space–time geometry, so Orch OR suggests that there is a connection between the brain's biomolecular processes and the basic structure of the universe. Here we review Orch OR in light of criticisms and developments in quantum biology, neuroscience, physics and cosmology. We also introduce a novel suggestion of ‘beat frequencies’ of faster microtubule vibrations as a possible source of the observed electro-encephalographic (‘EEG’) correlates of consciousness. We conclude that consciousness plays an intrinsic role in the universe.     

Nuclei in the vicinity of ‘island of inversion’ through the fusion reaction

The level structures of N ～ 19 nuclei such as ^32,34P have been investigated using the ¹⁸O(¹⁸O,xnyp) and ¹⁸O(¹⁶O,xnyp) reactions at an incident beam energy of about 34 MeV. The de-exciting γ-transitions were recorded using an array of clover detectors. These detectors have the dual advantage of higher efficiency at E _γ ≥ 2 MeV, and are capable of providing information on the linear polarization of the observed γ-transitions. These polarization measurements when coupled with the angular correlations help us to assign uniquely the spin parity for the observed levels. The experimental results have been compared with the predictions of the spherical shell model. The shell-model calculations are able to reproduce the observed energy levels to a reasonable degree. However, the observed transition probabilities are not reproduced by the calculations. Hence there is a need to re-visit these calculations using more detailed and microscopic effective interactions.     

‘Planetodiversity’: the variety of planets and planetary systems in the Universe

‘Planetodiversity’ is a composite word from planetary diversity. This denomination wants to parallel the common use of the term biodiversity employed in biology but translated here to the context of planetary sciences due to the proliferating variety of planets discovered outside the Solar System and theoretically proposed to exist. There are two properties that allow us a classification of a body as a planet or more generally as a ‘planetary mass object’: the orbital configuration and the physical structure (mass, energy and chemical composition). This leads respectively to the concepts that we term the ‘orbital planetodiversity’ and the ‘physical planetodiversity’. We present in a comparative way the basic planetary types observed or expected to exist within the framework of these two concepts.     

On the Hyperkähler/Quaternion Kähler Correspondence

A hyperkähler manifold with a circle action fixing just one complex structure admits a natural hyperholomorphic line bundle. This observation forms the basis for the construction of a corresponding quaternionic Kähler manifold in the work of A.Haydys. In this paper the corresponding holomorphic line bundle on twistor space is described and many examples computed, including monopole and Higgs bundle moduli spaces. Finally a twistor version of the hyperkähler/quaternion Kähler correspondence is established.     

‘Quantum jumps’ observed in the fluorescence of a single ion

The laser-excited resonance fluorescence of a single Ba⁺ ion at 493 nm shows interruptions of macroscopic time durations when the ion drops into a dark state by off-resonant Raman scattering, or by weak excitation of the ²P_3/2 level. We manipulate the ion out of the state by auxiliary laser light and prove that state to be the metastable ²D_5/2 level. Fluorescence from three ions displays an enhanced rate of multiple “jumps” which reveals cooperative ionic interaction with the light.     

Per cent ‘covalency’ and the nephelauxetic effect in lanthanide complexes

The use of the nephelauxetic ratio for the calculation of percent covalency is examined. Values of F_k and E^k obtained from four parameter fits (e.g. F ₂, F ₄, F ₆ and ζ_4f) neglecting configuration interaction for Pr³⁺ in various host lattices are compared to those of the free ion. By including the effects of 4f-ligand overlap one can account for the empirically obtained order of sensitivity to the environment for F_k : F ₂ > F ₄ > F ₆ and for E^k : E ² > E ³ > E ¹. The results further indicate that by using the nephelauxetic effect and the relationship b = (1 - β)/2 one is likely to overestimate the degree of covalency of a complex.     

‘‘Extrinsic’’ and ‘‘Intrinsic’’ Data in Quantum Measurements: Asymptotic Convex Decomposition of Positive Operator Valued Measures

We study the problem of separating the data produced by a given quantum measurement (on states from a memoryless source which is unknown except for its average state), described by a positive operator valued measure (POVM), into a meaningful (intrinsic) and a not meaningful (extrinsic) part. We are able to give an asymptotically tight separation of this form, with the intrinsic data quantified by the Holevo mutual information of a certain state ensemble associated to the POVM and the source, in a model that can be viewed as the asymptotic version of the convex decomposition of POVMs into extremal ones. This result is applied to a similar separation therorem for quantum instruments and quantum operations, in their Kraus form. Finally we comment on links to related subjects: we stress the difference between data and information (in particular by pointing out that information typically is strictly less than data), derive the Holevo bound from our main result, and look at its classical case: we show that this includes the solution to the problem of extrinsic/intrinsic data separation with a known source, then compare with the well–known notion of sufficient statistics. The result on decomposition of quantum operations is used to exhibit a new aspect of the concept of entropy exchange of an open dynamics. An appendix collects several estimates for mixed state fidelity and trace norm distance, that seem to be new, in particular a construction of canonical purification of mixed states that turns out to be valuable to analyze their fidelity.     

Measuring the ‘complexity’ of sound

Sounds in the natural environment form an important class of biologically relevant non-stationary signals. We propose a dynamic spectral measure to characterize the spectral dynamics of such non-stationary sound signals and classify them based on rate of change of spectral dynamics. We categorize sounds with slowly varying spectral dynamics as simple and those with rapidly changing spectral dynamics as complex. We propose rate of spectral dynamics as a possible scheme to categorize sounds in the environment.     

On ‘light’ fermions and proton stability in ‘big divisor’ D3/D7 large volume compactifications

Building on our earlier work (Misra and Shukla, Nucl. Phys. B 827:112, 2010; Phys. Lett. B 685:347–352, 2010), we show the possibility of generating “light” fermion mass scales of MeV–GeV range (possibly related to the first two generations of quarks/leptons) as well as eV (possibly related to first two generations of neutrinos) in type IIB string theory compactified on Swiss-Cheese orientifolds in the presence of a mobile space-time filling D3-brane restricted to (in principle) stacks of fluxed D7-branes wrapping the “big” divisor Σ _B . This part of the paper is an expanded version of the latter half of Sect. 3 of a published short invited review (Misra, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 26:1, 2011) written by one of the authors [AM]. Further, we also show that there are no SUSY GUT-type dimension-five operators corresponding to proton decay, and we estimate the proton lifetime from a SUSY GUT-type four-fermion dimension-six operator to be 10⁶¹ years. Based on GLSM calculations in (Misra and Shukla, Nucl. Phys. B 827:112, 2010) for obtaining the geometric K?hler potential for the “big divisor,” using further the Donaldson’s algorithm, we also briefly discuss in the first of the two appendices the metric for the Swiss-Cheese Calabi–Yau used, which we obtain and which becomes Ricci flat in the large-volume limit.     

Experiment on Channel-switching Add/Drop Multiplexer in a Multi-channel WDM System

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｃａｌａｄｄ ｄｒｏｐｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｘｅｒ(ＯＡＤＭ )ｉｓｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｔｏｐｌａｙａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｆｕｔｕｒｅｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｘｅｄ(ＷＤＭ )ｒｉｎｇｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ .Ｕｐｔｏｎｏｗ ,ａｆｅｗｓｃｈｅｍｅｓｏｆＯＡＤＭｂａｓｅｄｏｎｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｇｒａｔｉｎｇｒｏｕｔｅｒ,ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｓｗｉｔｃｈｅｓ,ａｒｒａｙｅｄｇｒａｔｉｎｇｗａｖｅｇｕｉｄｅａｎｄｆｉｂｅｒＢｒａｇｇ ｇｒａｔｉｎｇｓ(…     

Perturbations in the A1Π-X1Σ+ system of the BeO molecule

All perturbations observed by Lagerqvist (Thesis, University of Stockholm, 1948) in the A¹Π-X¹Σ⁺ transition have been assigned to a³Π₂, a³Π₁, and X¹Σ⁺ states. Vibrational and rotational constants of the a³Π state as well as electronic parameters for A ～ X, A ～ a, and a ～ X interactions have been determined.

     

20.

On the break in the single-particle energy dispersions and the ‘universal’ nodal Fermi velocity in the high-temperature copper oxide superconductors     

Behnam Farid 《哲学杂志》2013,93(9):909-955

     

	Reciprocal centimeters
	Te	ωe	ωexe	Be	αe	re (Å)
a3Π	8574	1132	8.4	1.3675	?0.0168	1.4623