Efficient broadband simulations for thin optical structures

The thickness of the layers comprising optical structures is usually very thin. When modelling such thin features using a traditional numerical method, for instance the transmission-line modelling (TLM) method, a very small space step is often used to properly discretize the material geometry. This consequently results in large memory storage and longer run time. In this paper a new technique embedding thin structures between TLM nodes is investigated. The key features of this technique are the acquisition of the formulations in the frequency domain and the utilisation of digital filter theory and an inverse Z transform to change the formulations to the time domain. This technique has been successfully applied to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients of optical structures incorporating thin layers, including antireflection coatings and fibre Bragg grating structures.     

Simulation of outdoor sound propagation with a transmission line matrix method

The present paper focusses on the application of the transmission line matrix method (TLM) for outdoor sound propagation simulations. It is shown how the reflection at the ground and vertical sound speed gradients can be taken into account. The comparison with calculations using finite differences in the time domain (FDTD), with calculations using parabolic equation and with analytical solutions showed all very good agreement. Thereby the computational effort of TLM is significantly lower compared to common FDTD calculation schemes.     

Capacitively decoupled tunable loop microstrip (TLM) array at 7 T

Microstrip transmission-line loop arrays have been recently proposed for parallel imaging at ultrahigh fields due to their advantages in element decoupling and to their increased coil quality factor. In the microstrip loop array design, interconnecting capacitors become necessary to further improve the decoupling between the adjacent elements when nonoverlapped loops are placed densely. However, at ultrahigh fields, the capacitance required for sufficient decoupling is very small. Hence, the isolations between the elements are usually not optimized and the array is extremely sensitive to the load. In this study, a theoretical model is developed to analyze the capacitive decoupling circuit. Then, a novel tunable loop microstrip (TLM) array that can accommodate capacitive decoupling more easily at ultrahigh fields is proposed. As an example, a four-element TLM array is constructed at 7 T. In this array, the decoupling capacitance is increased to a more reasonable value. Isolation between the adjacent elements is better than -37 dB with the load. The performance of this TLM array is also demonstrated by MRI experiments.     

内部窗口结构对开孔矩形腔体近场屏蔽效能的影响

针对开孔屏蔽腔体内置窗口的结构特点,采用扩展的传输线方法理论,建立了电偶极子天线照射下计算近场屏蔽效能的等效电路模型,推导了近似计算解析式,并计算分析了内部窗口结构对开孔腔体近场屏蔽效能的影响.结果表明:含内置窗口结构腔体的近场电场屏蔽效能小于远场屏蔽效能,腔体屏蔽效能随窗口宽度的减小而增大,电感窗口使得腔体谐振频率向上偏移,电容窗口使其谐振频率向下偏移.分析结果与CST仿真结果进行了对比,证实本文采用的等效电路方法是有效的.     

Novel CDRC-TLM algorithm for the analysis of magnetized plasma

This paper presents a novel approach to model the interaction of electromagnetic waves with the magnetized plasma medium based on the Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) method. Anisotropic and dispersive characters of magnetized plasma are modeled by voltage sources, where the formulation is developed using the Current Density Recursive Convolution (CDRC) technique. Computational examples illustrate not only the improved accuracy, but also significant CPU time saving in comparison with TLM Constant Recursive Convolution (CRC-TLM) approach.     

Nonlinear TLM modelling of high-frequency varactor multipliers and halverstm

A numerical modelling procedure in the time-domain of microstrip circuits containing non-linear devices such as varactor multipliers and halvers ^tm , is described. The two-dimensional Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) method has been extended to model elements with voltage-dependent capacitance (varactors). Waveforms and spectra computed with the TLM model compare well with measured results.     

Millimeter-wave Micromachined Filter Design by Artificial Neural Network Modeling Technique

This paper presents a design approach for a 34 GHz λ/2 resonator micormachined bandpass filter by using the artificial neural network (ANN) modeling technique. Three important dimensions of the filter layout are used to capture critical input-output relationships in the ANN model. Once fully developed, the ANN model has been shown to be as accurate as an EM simulator and much more efficient computationally in the design optimization of the filter.     

Tubular lipid membranes pulled from vesicles: Dependence of system equilibrium on lipid bilayer curvature

Conditions of joint equilibrium and stability are derived for a spherical lipid vesicle and a tubular lipid membrane (TLM) pulled from this vesicle. The obtained equations establish relationships between the geometric and physical characteristics of the system and the external parameters, which have been found to be controllable in recent experiments. In particular, the proposed theory shows that, in addition to the pressure difference between internal and external regions of the system, the variable spontaneous average curvature of the lipid bilayer (forming the TLM) also influences the stability of the lipid tube. The conditions for stability of the cylindrical phase of TLMs after switching off the external force that initially formed the TLM from a vesicle are discussed. The loss of system stability under the action of a small axial force compressing the TLM is considered.     

基于传输线等效法的双腔体屏蔽系数快速算法

传输线等效法(TLM)是一种常用的开孔腔屏蔽系数快速计算方法,在孔缝耦合系数的计算中考虑了孔缝处的场模式,提高了TLM算法在高频段计算屏蔽系数(SE)的准确性。继而将TLM算法推广到开孔双金属腔屏蔽系数的计算,通过将外腔体中任意位置的电压等效为内孔缝处的辐射电压源,计算得到内腔体中任意位置上的屏蔽系数,解决了已有文献中方法的不足。该算法计算结果与CST仿真结果吻合较好。     

A comparison of filter design structures for multi-channel acoustic communication systems

The application of inverse filter designs as a means of providing improved communication performance in acoustic environments is investigated. Tikhonov regularized inverse filters of channel transfer functions calculated in the frequency domain are used as a means of obtaining multi-channel filters. Three classifications of inverse filter structures have been considered using time-domain simulations. The performance of Tikhonov regularized inverse filters designed according to each of these classifications is compared with each other and against a filter design developed by Stojanovic [Stojanovic, M. (2005). "Retrofocusing techniques for high rate acoustic communications," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 1173-1185]. It is shown that the filter design developed by Stojanovic requires less regularization and outperforms the Tikhonov regularized inverse filter designs when communicating over a single channel. While the filter developed by Stojanovic is designed to use multiple transmitters to transmit to a single receiver, the filter was implemented in a multi-channel system and proposed to have a focusing similar to that obtained using time-reversal. It was found that for the scenario used in the simulation, the Tikhonov regularized inverse design for full multi-channel inversion achieved better focusing than the design by Stojanovic, where simulation results show 20 dB less cross-talk at the expense of around 2 dB loss in signal strength.     

Models of non-linear waveguide excitation by non-stationary light beam

The propagation of a non-stationary light beam through a linear/non-linear discontinuity in a planar waveguide is considered by using an approximate approach based on the Generalised Non-Linear Schrodinger Equation (GNLSE) and the rigorous Transmission Line Modelling (TLM) Method. The objective is to compare the different theoretical approaches that can be used for the design of guiding structures with pulse shaping and signal processing functionality. Reflection and transmission of the light beam propagating through the junction of linear and non-linear waveguides are studied with respect to a dimensionless parameter that defines the increase of the refractive index induced by high-intensity radiation. In conclusion, the routes to efficient modelling are discussed.     

中红外带通滤光片的设计与制备

中红外带通滤光片在航天、气象、遥感等领域有着重要的应用,峰值透过率和通带半宽度是带通滤光片的重要指标,主要取决于光学薄膜的膜系结构和具体设计。论述了一种在锗基底上采用锗和硫化锌两种材料设计并成功制备出中红外带通滤光片的方法。详细介绍了镀膜材料的选择以及这种方法的设计理论,给出了膜系结构,运用离子辅助沉积工艺在ZZSX-1100镀膜机上制备出了这种滤光片,测试结果表明:所制备的滤光片峰值透过率达到87%以上,通带半宽度为70 nm,光谱性能稳定,膜层致密,附着力好,膜系结构简单,易于实现。     

Design of triangular FBG filter for sensor applications using covariance matrix adapted evolution algorithm

The design of triangular fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) filters using covariance matrix adapted evolution strategy (CMAES) algorithm is presented. The TFBG filter can be used as a readout device in FBG-based sensor applications. Two different filter design problems are investigated. The first problem is the design of TFBG filter for a specified bandwidth. The other is maximizing the bandwidth of the TFBG filter for a given grating length and maximum index modulation of the FBG. A more practical asymmetrical triangular FBG filter design is also considered. The results show that for the same grating length and maximum index modulation, a larger bandwidth can be achieved with a chirped grating. The maximized bandwidth design can be used to achieve the maximum possible bandwidth for the specified grating length, maximum index modulation and chirp rate. The results obtained using CMAES algorithm (codes available at http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/epnsugan) is compared with the results of PSO and other algorithms. Comparisons show that the CMAES algorithm is more consistent in obtaining the best solution with reduced computation time. Hence, the CMAES algorithm is effective for the design of TFBG filters for sensor applications.     

带虚设层的抗反射结构导模共振滤波器设计与分析

提出带虚设层的抗反射导模共振滤波器结构及设计方法,该方法适用于任意角度入射带虚设层的抗反射结构导模共振滤波器设计与分析.得到带虚设层的导模共振滤波器抗反射结构所满足的关系式.指出在维持虚设层光学厚度不变的情况下,可以通过不同选材,在低反射旁带中实现等带宽不同波长的选择.此外,由于结构的抗反射特性在低角范围内具有较大的角度容差,改变入射角,可以实现滤波波长及光谱带宽在宽光谱范围内的准线性可调谐.     

Transmittance investigation on capacitive mesh on thick dielectric substrates as output windows for optically pumped terahertz lasers

This paper reports that an output window for optically pumped terahertz (THz) laser has been fabricated by depositing a capacitive nickel-mesh on a thick high-resistivity silicon substrate (approximating to 5 mm thick).Unlike the conventional process of depositing a gold film approximating to 100 nm on negative photoresist using electron-beam evaporation,a nickel film approximating to 1.5 μm thick is directly deposited on the clean surface of dielectric substrate using magnetron sputtering and then a positive photoresist is spun onto the nickel metal surface at 6000 r for 60 s.A transmittance spectrum of the output window in a certain frequency range (say,from zero to 1 THz) has been obtained by using THz time domain spectroscopy.Moreover a transmittance spectrum simulated numerically has also been estimated with respect to the output window using the transmission-line model (TLM) containing attenuation component from dielectric substrate.The simulation results show that the TLM can explain well the experimental curve in a certain frequency range from zero to 1 THz.Thus it is demonstrated that the improved optical component can be efficiently used as both output coupler and output window for optically pumped THz lasers.     

超导共面波导带通滤波器的设计

本介绍了采用共面波导间隙作为阻抗变换器而设计的Chebyshev型带通滤波器。通过电磁模拟计算分析了共面波导间隙的归一化阻抗转换参量，在此基础上设计了高温超导薄膜共面波导带通滤波器，并对设计的滤波器原型进行了模拟和优化。     

有机分子第一超极化率色散效应和双光子共振增强理论研究

采用含时Hartree-Fock和多态求和方法计算了半花菁衍生物生色团的第一超极化率色散效应. 采用二能级模型研究了第一超极化率的双光子共振增强特征. 研究发现，第一激发态对半花菁非线性光学性质起决定性作用，随着入射光波长向短波方向移动，二次谐波产生β(-2ω;ω,ω)不断增大并且在950nm附近出现双光子共振效应，理论结果与实验结果较好相符. 此外，共振条件下的二能级模型需要考虑激发态弛豫效应. 研究结果为实验测量和实际应用提供了理论参考. 关键词： 分子非线性光学 超极化率 色散效应 共振增强     

Optimal design of FIR beamformer with frequency invariant patterns

Two approaches to the optimal design of FIR beamformers with frequency invariant patterns using second-order cone programming (SOCP) are proposed. The first approach is a two-step method, which is implemented via separately optimal array pattern synthesis and optimal FIR filters design. The array weights for each frequency bin within the working frequency band are designed to insure that the array patterns approximate the reference ones. And the FIR filter corresponding to each sensor is designed to insure that the frequency responses approximate the array weights. The second approach is a direct method, in which the beam response is expressed as a linear function of FIR filter tap weights and the filters are designed by jointly optimizing the spatial and frequency responses to achieve the desired array patterns. All the optimal design problems (array pattern synthesis, FIR filter design and joint optimization) are formulated as the SOCP, which can be solved efficiently using the well-developed interior-point methods. Results of computer simulations and lake experiment for a twelve-element semicircular array confirm satisfactory performance of the two approaches proposed in this paper.     

TLM Analysis of Multimode Interference Devices

In this article, the use of the transmission line matrix (TLM) method for the analysis of multimode interference (MMI) devices is demonstrated. Time domain solvers of Maxwell equations, such as the TLM method, are a highly accurate alternative in the modeling of photonic devices that permit overcoming the limitations found in other approximate methods. The full optical transfer function is obtained from the computation of the device response to a single input temporal pulse. A novel parallel computation scheme based on a sliding window wave propagator permits reduction of the high computational load requirements.     

All-optical analog-to-digital conversion system with a spatial coding method using designed filter

We propose and demonstrate an all-optical analog-to-digital conversion system with a spatial coding method using a designed filter. To make available codes more flexible, the design technique for a computer-generated hologram is introduced to our spatial coding scheme. By designing the spatial coding filter appropriately, this coding scheme enables us to output various digital signals as spatial patterns. By combining this coding method with the optical quantization method using soliton self-frequency shifting in a fiber, the proposed system converts analog sampled signals into arbitrary digital signals. Preliminary experimental results show that 3-bit Gray codes are successfully output as spatial patterns using the designed spatial coding filter.