Coupling efficiency of single-mode fiber components using GRIN-rod lenses

This article analyzes the characteristics of single-mode fiber (SMF) components using graded-index-rod (GRIN-rod) lenses. The coupling efficiency of the SMF to GRIN-rod lens to SMF coupling system is derived in the general case. The problem is simplified by using the reciprocal field method. All solutions are in closed form. It is found that SMF position tolerance is about 3 μm; the angular tolerance is about 1°. The GRIN-rod lens position tolerance is much less critical while the angular tolerance is extremely small. These tolerances could be much less critical if the fiber is kept near the GRIN-rod lens axis.     

Designing a coupler for the intersatellite optical communication system

Coupling a single-mode laser diode with 200 mW to a single-mode fiber (SMF) through an orthonormal aspherical cylindrical lens and a GRIN lens for the intersatellite optical communication system is proposed and demonstrated. We experimentally studied how the coupling efficiency changes with the SMF's position displacement and axial angle variation, and obtained 80 mW output power at the end of the SMF, which shows that the coupling units have satisfied the designed request.     

Experimental demonstration of single-mode fiber coupling using adaptive fiber coupler

Coupling plane wave into a single-mode fiber(SMF) with high and steady coupling efficiency is crucial for fiberbased free-space laser systems, where random angular jitters are the main influencing factors of fiber coupling. In this paper, we verified a new adaptive-optic device named adaptive fiber coupler(AFC) which could compensate angular jitters and improve the SMF coupling efficiency in some degree. Experiments of SMF coupling under the angular jitter situation using AFC have been achieved. Stochastic parallel gradient descent(SPGD) algorithm is employed as the control strategy, of which the iteration rate is 625 Hz. In closed loop, the coupling efficiency keeps above 65% when angular errors are below 80 μrad. The compensation bandwidth is 35 Hz at sine-jitter of 15 μrad amplitude with average coupling efficiency of above 60%. Also, experiments with simulated turbulence have been studied. The average coupling efficiency increases from 31.97% in open loop to 61.33% in closed loop, and mean square error(MSE) of coupling efficiency drops from 7.43% to 1.75%.     

Application of fiber interferometer in coherent Doppler lidar

A novel coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) system based on single-mode fiber (SMF) components and instruments is presented to measure the speed of target. A fiber interferometer used in CDL system is reported.This fiber mixer is employed as a coherent receiver to resolve the shifts of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mixing efficiency induced by backscattered field's wavefront error. For a certain wavelength, the maximum coupling efficiency between signal and SMF is determined by the ratio of pupil diameter to focal length of the coupling lens. The legible interference patterns and spectrum signals show that fiber interferometer is suitable to compensate for amplitude and phase vibrations. This robust coherent receiver can achieve improved CDL system performance with less transmitter power.     

楔形光纤与半导体多量子阱平面光波光路芯片的耦合分析

采用楔形光纤(WSF)实现了与半导体多量子阱(MQW)平面光波光路(PLC)芯片的高效耦合。在多量子阱-平面光波光路前置模斑转换器(SSC)和不加模斑转换器的情况下,用阶梯串联法(SCM)数值模拟并优化设计了楔形光纤-平面光波光路间最佳耦合参量:楔形光纤楔角45°、端面圆柱透镜曲率半径2.5μm、模斑转换器-多量子阱-平面光波光路出射椭圆光斑长半轴3.5μm、纵横比5、楔形光纤-平面光波光路间垂直方向和水平方向无偏移、纵向间距5.5μm。用反向推演法(IDM)实验分析了楔形光纤样品的出射光场,与阶梯串联法(SCM)计算结果相比长轴误差为3.125%,短轴误差为0.8%。建立楔形光纤-平面光波光路-单模光纤(SMF)的耦合实验系统,在1.55μm波长处以单模光纤作为出纤的相同条件下,发现楔形光纤激励入射平面光波光路比单模光纤和锥形透镜光纤(TLF)作为入纤的耦合效率分别提高了24.827 dB和16.22 dB,为多量子阱-平面光波光路芯片尾纤封装技术提供了实验原型。     

MEMS阵列光开关的光纤耦合设计

利用高斯光束传输理论进行了阵列光开关的光纤耦合设计计算。根据ABCD矩阵推导出了光束通过球透镜时的传播规律,计算了在光纤与光纤之间两个球透镜耦合的效率,分析了影响耦合效率的因素。通过设计计算,确定了光纤端部的位置,使得整个损耗达到了最小。从理论上来看,在波长λ=1 55μm时,4×4阵列光开关的耦合效率可以达到91%以上。     

ABCD matrix model of quadric interface-lensed fiber and its application in coupling efficiency calculation

In order to simplify the theoretical coupling efficiency calculation of a laser diode (LD) to a single-mode fiber (SMF) with a quadric lens formed on the fiber tip, based on the Gaussian beam approximation, using the ABCD matrix method the relationship between the coupling efficiency and the structure parameters of quadric surface-lensed fiber is studied and analyzed in detail, and the coupling efficiency can reach as high as 99.87% with optimizing parameters of lensed fiber in theoretical simulation. Meanwhile, under paraxial approximation, the ABCD matrix for refraction of different quadric surface micro-lens can be formulated as a unified expression. This result can give some guidance suggestions for fabricating the quadric interface-lensed fiber.     

Sample-inverted reflow technique for fabrication of a revolved-hyperboloid microlens array in hybrid solgel glass

We propose a novel fabrication method, which is referred to as the sample-inverted reflow technique, to fabricate a refractive microlens array (MLA) with a revolved-hyperboloid profile in a solgel material. The fabricated solgel MLA demonstrates an excellent smooth profile with a fabrication error much less than the difference between the revolved hyperboloid and the spherical surface. In an application of coupling a laser diode (LD) to a single-mode fiber (SMF), we propose a two-MLA coupling scheme in which two revolved-hyperboloid MLAs are used between the LD and the SMF. In this configuration the coupling efficiency achieves 81.7% (-0.88 dB).     

大容差光纤耦合技术研究

设计了一种新型的耦合系统,该耦合系统由大口径聚焦透镜、1/4节距自聚焦透镜、锥形光纤和球端光纤四部分组成.分析了自聚焦透镜压缩发散角和球端光纤增大数值孔径的机理,给出了计算锥形光纤参量的详细流程.采用大口径透镜和1/4节距自聚焦透镜有效增大径向位置容差和角度容差,然后通过锥形光纤压缩光束半径将激光耦合进球端光纤.仿真实验结果表明,该系统耦合在r<3 mm,－1<θ<1.5范围内的耦合效率稳定保持在50%以上.     

A liquid lens-based broadband variable fiber optical attenuator

To the best of our knowledge, proposed is the first variable fiber optical attenuator (VFOA) using an electronically controlled variable focus liquid lens. The approach uses the changes in the radius of curvature of the liquid lens edge to enable an electronically controlled optical wedge that produces a varying beam tilt angle. In effect, changing beam tilt within a single mode fiber (SMF) lens free space coupling assembly leads to a polarization independent broadband VFOA design. The demonstrated VFOA experiment shows broadband operation over the 1530-1560 nm C-Band with a 40 dB dynamic range, <0.5 dB resolution, 0.3 dB polarization dependant loss, 4.3 dB fiber-to-fiber optical loss, 3 dB optical bandwidth from 1510 nm to 1700 nm, and switching time of <100 ms. Applications for this VFOA include use in hand held test and measurement equipment.     

Semiconductor laser diode to single-mode fiber coupling using diffractive optical elements

An integrated mode converter consisting of two diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and a Silicon slab is presented for low-loss coupling between a semiconductor laser diode (LD) and a single-mode fiber (SMF). The phase structures of the DOEs are designed using iterative phase retrieval algorithm. We introduce a new far-field amplitude constraint into the iteration to provide very high mode conversion quality. Compared with previously published mode converters, the scheme is more universal because it’s applicable for any semiconductor LD. In simulation, coupling losses lower than 0.02 dB are predicted for all the discussed LDs with aspect ratios of the elliptical fields from 1 to 9. The requirements on axial displacement and rotation angle have been removed. The tolerance for 1-dB loss increment for lateral misalignment is 0.9 μm. And the coupling loss is insensitive to tilt angle.     

扩芯光纤原理及其在光器件耦合中的应用

介绍了两种可以增大单模光纤模场直径并出射准直平行光束的扩芯光纤(ECF)的原理和制作方法。分析了单模光纤熔接渐变折射率多模光纤法通过改变渐变折射率多模光纤的长度和自聚焦参量实现模场扩大缩小的原理,制作的扩芯光纤模场直径扩大到16．6μm,出射光束平行效果较好,轴向耦合容限比单模光纤扩大了近6倍。加热扩芯光纤则是通过控制加热温度和加热时间直接使单模光纤掺杂物质发生扩散,从而实现扩束和光束准直,模场直径达到15．4μm,横向、轴向耦合容限都比单模光纤有很大提高。因此扩芯光纤可以简化单模光纤的耦合对准过程,用来制作新型的单模光纤或掺铒光纤连接器,也可以用于其它光器件中与单模光纤的准直。     

Efficiency and optical feedback of traveling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier to single-mode fiber coupling: Theory and experiment

This paper analyzes the coupling efficiency and optical feedback of the tapered fiber end with a high-index hemiellipsoidal microlens. Such a device has been used as a coupler of traveling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier (TW-SLA) to single mode fiber (SMF).

A theory of the calculation of coupling efficiency and optical feedback is presented including the effects of spherical aberration and Fresnel reflection of thick lens. In consideration of the large beam divergency of the TW-SLA chip, the finite transmission aperture is introduced.

The calculations are in agreement with experiment results and a group of optimum structure parameters of the coupler are given.     

射频光纤链路γ射线辐致损伤特性实验研究

由于空间环境中宇宙辐射无处不在,工作在空间环境的光纤系统必须考虑辐致损伤特性。建立了10GHz的射频光纤链路传输系统,分别采用单模光纤和保偏光纤作为传输媒质。利用60 Co`γ射线源,在剂量率1rad/s总剂量50krad下,对射频光纤链路进行辐照实验,对两种系统做对比分析。实验结果表明,单模光纤链路的辐致损耗绝对值较大,保偏光纤链路的辐致损耗绝对值较小;单模光纤的幂律模型指数较保偏光纤大,即同样的辐照剂量,单模光纤受影响程度大。在辐照起主要影响因素的阶段,单模光纤延时差受辐照影响程度较保偏光纤稍小。辐致损耗和辐致延时差对光纤长度都有线性累加作用。从整体水平看,50krad的辐射总剂量对两种光纤造成的损伤并不大,传输的信号仍在可用的范围之内。     

Demonstration of Automated Adjustment and Coupling of Fiber Array to PICs Based on the Detection of Edges

ABSTRACT

Progress in integrated photonics enables development of photonics integrated circuits (PIC) with new unique properties and overcomes current limits in information and communication technologies. The effective coupling of optical radiation between telecom optical fiber and photonic integrated circuits is necessary. To address these challenges, we present our concept of photonics integrated circuit (PIC) fully customized packaging with microwave, direct current, and fiber array ports with automated active alignment system. Automated adjustment and coupling of single-mode fiber (SMF) arrays with 8 fibers to PIC based on the detection of edges and markers on PIC and SMF arrays were successfully realized.     

Microlens fabrication on single-mode fibres for efficient coupling from laser diodes

An analysis of the etching process for forming a truncated conical microlens on the end surface of a single-mode fibre (SMF) so as to improve its coupling efficiency with a laser diode (LD) has been carried out. This is followed by a simple geometric-optics and electromagnetic analysis to calculate this coupling efficiency, when the lens is formed on a SMF fabricated by the MCVD technique. The theory is supported by measurements which gave a maximum coupling efficiency of 57%.     

光纤生物传感器在HER3抗体药物定量检测中的应用

为了实现对生物分子间相互作用过程的实时、灵敏、快速监测,获得生物分子的有无、浓度与相互作用的动力学参数信息,本文设计了基于光纤生物传感器的生物亲和性检测方法。首先,针对光干涉生物亲和性传感检测系统的光学传输系统"Y"型分叉光纤与光纤探针之间的耦合问题,提出了自聚焦透镜与石英光纤耦合结构,该耦合结构偏心公差能够达到0.02 mm,倾斜公差能够达到0.1°;针对干涉光谱信号的高频噪声问题,采用一种改进的经验模态分解干涉光谱信号处理方法,有效避免了干涉光谱曲线滤波处理后极值点位置的偏移;同时采用局部拟合极值点计算生物分子膜层厚度的方法,将生物分子膜层厚度的分辨率提高到50 pm。利用所搭建的光干涉生物亲和性检测系统,建立了HER3-IgG1抗体药物利用金纳米粒子进行信号放大,实现对其浓度进行定量检测的新方法,检测过程中无需清洗,不产生交叉污染。实验结果表明：系统检测限能达到0.082 6 μg/mL,该系统具有检测时间短,测量准确、精度高、成本低廉等特点,能够应用于药代动力学研究中。     

Numerical comparison on the characteristics between backward and bi-directionally pumped DFRAs in hybrid Raman/EDFAs

The characteristics of broadband backward and bi-directionally pumped distributed fiber Raman amplifiers (DFRAs) in hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (HFAs) configuration are compared numerically based on noise-nonlinear figure (NNF) when standard single mode fiber (SMF) and non-zero dispersionshifted fiber (NZDSF) are considered. It is found that achievable NNF in optimized bi-directionally pumped HFAs is about 1.2 dB (or 1.7 dB) higher than that in backward pumped HFAs for SMF (or NZDSF), and better characteristics can be achieved by using NZDSF rather than SMF for long haul transmission.     

980 nm泵浦激光二极管与柱形透镜光纤耦合的角向容忍度

给出了一个计算980 nm泵浦激光二极管与柱形透镜光纤耦合角向容忍度的理论模型,并选择圆形的柱透镜光纤进行数值计算,得出了在水平和垂直方向上偏转加平移时的相对耦合效率及绕光纤轴向转动的相对耦合效率的数值计算结果并加以分析,同时也研究了光纤透镜的形状和激光二极管与光纤的间距对相对耦合效率的影响.