锰掺杂对铈锆复合氧化物储氧性能的影响

利用溶胶凝胶法制备了CeO2-ZrO2-MnOx复合氧化物，通过CO脉冲和CO-O2循环脉冲测试分别考察样品的完全储氧能力和动态储氧能力。掺杂方法使氧化锰和氧化铈在体相和表面均产生强相互作用。只有少部分Mn离子进入了CeO2晶体形成固溶体，其余以Mn3O4的形式弥散分布在表面。材料的储氧能力受到Mn掺杂量和Mn在CeO2晶格中的固溶度两个因素影响。当测试脉冲频率较低时，储氧能力主要取决于材料中可以储放氧成分的相对含量；而当脉冲频率较高时，材料中影响晶格氧迁移速度的缺陷浓度则成为影响OSC性能的主要因素。     

Ce-Zr固溶体的纯度及其在三效催化剂中的作用

采用溶胶－凝胶法和有机溶剂分解法,制备了Ｃｅ－Ｚｒ固溶体。应用ＸＲＤ和ＬＲＳ谱测试,详细研究了经不同温度焙烧后固溶体的结构、晶相和热稳定性,并进行了储氧量、比表面积的测定和催化活性评价。结果表明,ＸＲＤ和ＬＲＳ相结合,可以较好地表征固溶体,并且储氧量高,但热稳定性较有机溶剂分解法制得的固溶体差;含富铈固溶体的三效催剂剂老化后的催化活性明显高于含纯ＣeＯ２的三效催化剂。     

CeO2基氧化物储氧材料研究 (Ⅰ) 制备、储氧性能研究

用共沉淀法制备了CZO和CZYO复合气化物,对在750,900,1050℃老化的样品进行XRD,BET和OSC的测试和分析。在高温条件下纯CeO2样品的比表面积和OSC迅速下降,晶粒尺寸快速增大;所制备的CZO复合氧化物由立方相和四方相两种结构的固溶体组成,在高温老化后氧化物晶粒的尺寸增大较快;CZYO复合氧化物中的Y含量增至0.15mol时形成均相的固溶体,且氧化物的晶粒尺寸增长较慢,Y起到了高温条件下稳定氧化物性能的作用;CZYO复合氧化物具有BET表面积大、OSC高等优良的耐高温性能,是适用于开发新一代TWO、的储氧材料。     

铋掺杂对Ce-Zr固溶体储氧性能稳定性的影响

以Ce(NO3)3.6H2O,ZrO(NO3)2.2H2O和Bi(NO3)3.5H2O为原料,氨水为沉淀剂,双氧水为氧化剂,在pH值为9.5~10.5条件下,采用氧化共沉淀法制备了不同比例组成的复合氧化物Ce1-x-yZrxBiyOσ。通过XRD,BET和Raman表征可知,该法制备的样品550℃焙烧后均可形成固溶体,当x0.15,y0.2时,高温焙烧后易分相。H2-TPR和CO脉冲测试结果显示Ce0.65Zr0.15Bi0.2Oσ较易被还原,且1050℃焙烧4 h后储氧量仍可达625μmo.l(g cat)-1,这是由于Bi3+取代了Ce0.65Zr0.15Bi0.2Oσ中部分Ce4+和Zr4+形成氧空位,增强了体相晶格氧的移动性,从而使Ce0.65Zr0.15Bi0.2Oσ固溶体中的Ce4+和Bi3+同时被还原。     

合成方法对纳米Ce-Zr-Al高温稳定性及储氧性能的影响

采用柠檬酸溶胶凝胶、溶胶辅助共沉淀和溶胶共沉淀3种方法合成了不同Al掺杂的纳米CexZr1-xO2与Al2O3的复合体Ce-Zr-Al.用XRD、BET和H2-TPR表征了纳米Ce-Zr-Al复合体的抗烧结性与储氧性能,与未掺杂的铈锆固溶体相比,Al掺杂的纳米铈锆复合体的抗烧结性与储氧性能均有显著改善,柠檬酸溶胶凝胶法的最佳掺杂量为5倍Al(Al与CexZr1-xO2摩尔比),溶胶辅助共沉淀法最佳掺杂量为10倍Al,溶胶共沉淀法最佳掺杂量为5倍Al,其中,柠檬酸溶胶凝胶法合成的Ce-Zr-Al纳米复合物储氧量最高,为717.5 μmol/g-CeO2,占理论储氧量(即储氧效率)的49.3％.     

钾元素掺杂对铈锆固溶体中氧物种的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列不同摩尔比K+掺杂的铈锆固溶体xK-Ce0.7Zr0.3O2(x=0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25,0.30,0.35,0.40),对其催化碳烟颗粒物(PM)燃烧的活性进行了评价,并采用XRD,H2-TPR,O2-TPD,XPS测试方法对催化剂样品进行了表征。结果表明:K+掺杂后均形成了具有立方面心萤石结构的K-Ce-Zr-O固溶体催化剂。K+掺杂量的改变导致铈锆固溶体产生不同程度的晶格畸变及表面活性氧的含量改变;掺杂K+有利于晶格氧的流动性和铈锆固溶体的释放氧能力的增强,促进催化活性的提高。当0.10≤x≤0.40时,催化剂具有较好的催化性能。     

不同铝源与铈锆复合的性能及机制

制备了CZ及CZ/AL,CZ/AS与CZ/AM(铈锆固溶体与氧化铝的复合氧化物),通过X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面(BET)、储放氧(OSC)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段对样品的晶相结构、比表面、储氧性能及微观结构等进行表征。结果表明:CZ/AL及CZ/AS都可形成单一稳定的立方晶型结构,氧化铝的掺杂可提高铈锆固溶体的比表面及耐高温稳定性,其中CZ/AS的比表面最高,CZ/AL储氧性能最大。此外,其复合机理表明,Al2O3与铈锆固溶体在纳米级别上的化学复合与纯粹的机械混合相比,前者具有更加稳定的晶型结构、更大的比表面和更好的储氧性能。     

表面活性剂对CeZrYO储氧材料性能的影响

采用表面活性剂聚乙二醇改性共沉淀法制备了铈锆钇储氧材料,并详细考察了表面活性剂的添加方式和添加量对储氧材料性能的影响.采用X射线衍射、氧脉冲吸附、H2程序升温还原和N2吸附技术对储氧材料的晶体结构、储氧性能、还原性能和织构性能进行了表征.结果表明,表面活性剂的添加方式和添加量对储氧材料的性能有重要影响.随着表面活性剂添加量的增加,储氧材料的储氧量先增加后减少,在添加量为50%时达最大值.在表面活性剂添加量相同的情况下,与一次性添加制得的样品相比,分两次添加制得的样品的比表面积和孔体积有所增大,抗老化性能有所提高.一次性添加表面活性剂制得的样品经高温老化后,小于10nm的孔基本消失;而分两次添加表面活性剂制得的样品经高温老化后,仍保持有这些小孔.     

液相沉淀法制备稀土-锆固溶体及其性能研究

采用液相沉淀法制备了Ce0.6Zr0.3La0.05Y0.05O2固溶体。通过BET,XRD,SEM,程序升温还原和氧脉冲吸附等方法对合成产品性能进行了表征。研究了前驱体的形态、高温水热处理、表面处理以及后期固溶体的还原处理对固溶体性能的影响。其中前驱体的高温水热处理和固溶体的还原处理对固溶体的催化性能有很大的影响。200℃水热处理制得的固溶体经1000℃老化4 h后,比表面积为25.3 m2.g-1,孔容为0.21 cm3.g-1,经800℃还原处理3 h后储氧量为478.3μmol.g-1,显示了较高的比表面积和储氧能力的高温稳定性。     

用Pr修饰的(Ce-Zr)O2固溶体在三效催化剂中的作用

采用溶胶－凝胶法制备了三效催化剂助剂（Ce-Zr)O2,(Pr-Ce-Zr)O2和（Pr-Zr)O2，并对它们进行了XRD，EXAFS和BET比表面的测定，采用H2的程序升温还原（TPR）表征该类助剂的还原特征，以考察此类含有镨的混合氧化物作为三效催化剂储氧组分的可能性。在≥800℃高温时，（Pr-Zr)O2形成了立方相固溶休，并且变得更容易被还原，含少量Pr的三元固溶体（Pr-Ce-Zr)O2在其还原过程中起着重要的作用，也具有易被还原的重要特性，测量了含有Pt,Pd和Rh的三次催化剂活性，即固定反应气氛组成（S＝1.00）时CO，C3H6和NOx转化的起燃温度。结果表明，在（Ce-Zr)O2固溶体中加入少量的镨可使得C3H6和NOx转化的起燃温度降低，所有含镨的催化剂对NOx转化均表现出较高的活性，并且在富氧区（S≥1.00）具有更大的S值宽度。     

Oxygen Storage Materials for Automotive Catalysts: Ceria-Zirconia Solid Solutions

This paper reviews progress in the development of oxygen storage materials for automotive exhaust catalysts. The research was mainly conducted as a study and development exercise in the author's laboratory in Japan.Ceria-lanthana solid solutions (CL) and the first generation of ceriazirconia solid solutions (CZ) were developed as excellent oxygen storage materials for automotive catalysts in the 1980s. These materials consist of ceria doped with less than 20 mol% of La⁴⁺ or Zr⁴⁺. An increase in oxygen defects in CL and CZ under reductive conditions is responsible for an enhanced oxygen storage capability on the cerium atoms. An accurate measure of the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) per cerium is very important for theoretical and practical treatments of the catalyst. The term partial OSC was introduced to describe this capacity and to differentiate it from the usual definition of the OSC, known also as the total OSC. After the development of CL and CZ, a new technology was developed to dissolve more than 20 mol% of zirconia in the ceria, allowing second generation CZ and third generation CZ (known as ACZ, which is doped with alumina) to be successfully developed in the 1990s. The partial OSC of these materials increases with increasing amounts of zirconia dissolved in the ceria, and also with decreasing material particle size after an engine durability test. In the case of ACZ, alumina was added to CZ based on the diffusion barrier concept, in which a diffusion barrier layer inhibits the coagulation of CZ and A when the material is required for duty at high temperature in air.Furthermore, the relationship between the total or partial OSC and the structure of the ceriazirconia solid solutions is explained in this paper.For ceriazirconia solid solutions composed of equimolar CeO₂ and ZrO₂(Ce/Zr=1), the total or partial OSC of the -phase CeZrO₄, in which the cerium and zirconium ions are regularly distributed, was about twice as large as that of a ceriazirconia solid solution with a relatively irregular distribution of cerium and zirconium ions, and about five times larger than that of a mixture of ceria powder and zirconia containing only a small amount of ceriazirconia solid solution. It corresponds to about 89% of the theoretical maximum value.For a ceriazirconia solid solution composed of non-equimolar CeO₂ and ZrO₂(Ce/Zr 1), the partial OSC of a ceria--phase solid solution with a zirconia content of between 30 and 50mol% is much higher than that of a ceriazirconia solid solution of the same zirconia content. The partial OSC of a -phase and zirconia mixed oxide, which is formed by reducing the material at 1200 °C, reaches a value above 0.20 mol-O₂/mol-Ce (about 80% of the theoretical maximum value of the partial OSC), when the zirconia content is between 50 and 80 mol%.The Toyota Motor Corp. has put automotive three-way catalysts containing the first, second and third generations of CZ into practical use on a global basis.     

Doping of Ceria-Zirconia Solid Solution with Rare-earth Elements

The increasingly restrictive regulations on car exhaust emissions will necessitate the development of a new generation of three way catalysts (TWC) with better performance1. Ceria (CeO2) is the main component of the current TWC: its key role is to compensate the fluctuations in the exhaust stream composition, therefore, allowing to expand the air/fuel(A/F) operating window of catalytic converters2. This property is related to its oxygen storage capacity (OSC), associated to the redox couple Ce4+/Ce3+. However, CeO2 alone is easy to sinter to lost OSC at high temperature3.Ceria-zirconia (CexZr1-xO2) solid solutions by incorporation of Zr4+ in the CeO2 lattice have enhanced OSC and greater thermal stability, which are becoming the key materials for the new generation of TWC4. OSC of ceria-zirconia solid solutions can be further improved by the addition of M3+ dopants5. Besides Ce, other rare-earth elements such as Pr and Tb can vary their oxidation state. Pr and Tb are particularly suitable for making solid solutions with cerium because the known structure of PrO2 and TbO2 is of the cubic fluorite type, and the ionic radii of Pr4+ and Tb4+ are close to that of Ce4+6.In this paper, Ce0.6Zr0.3M0.1O2 (M=Y, La, Pr, Tb) were prepared by co-precipitation technique and characterized by a series of methods. Meanwhile, palladium-only TWCs were prepared by slurry coating and their catalytic activity was evaluated under the condition of simulated exhaust in the lab.XRD and FT-Raman spectra results show Ce0.6Zr0.3M0.1O2 have cubic fluorite structure which keep unchanging at high temperature. The different dopant ion radii brought different effect on the cell parameter of Ce0.6Zr0.3M0.1O2. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that the binding energy of Ce3d, Zr3d and O1s for Ce0.6Zr0.3M0.1O2 rose compared with that for Ce0.6Zr0.4O2, indicating dopant elements changed chemistry environment of solid solutions which was available to improve redox performance From TPR results, doping La can not change redox performance of solid solution, but doping Y decreased reduction temperature. Doping Pr and Tb notably improved redox performance of solid solutions due to appearance of low-temperature reduction peak in TPR profile which come from mobility of bulk oxygen.Compared with Pd/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2, doping Y and La unchanged A/F characteristic of TWCs, but doping Pr and Tb widen A/ F operating window and make HC, CO and NO have higher conversion.The light-off temperature of Pd/Ce0.6Zr0.3La0.1O2 was corresponded to that of Pd/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2.However, the light-off temperatures of Pd/Ce0.6Zr0.3M0.1O2 (M=Y, Pr, Tb) were lower than that of Pd/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2, which kept much lower after high temperature treatments. Among Pd/Ce0.6Zr0.3M0.1O2 (M=Y, La, Pr, Tb), Pd/Ce0.6Zr0.3Tb0.1O2 showed wider A/F operating window,higher conversion, lower light-off temperature and better high-temperature resistance     

氧化共沉淀法制备纳米级铈锆固溶体

采用改进的氧化共沉淀法制备了Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固溶体, 利用XRD和BET测定了其结构和比表面积. 采用H2的程序升温还原(TPR)研究铈锆固溶体的还原特性, 以考察它的低温还原特性. 改进的氧化共沉淀法制备的铈锆固溶体在550 ℃可形成立方相固溶体, 具有较大的比表面积和较小的晶粒度, 同时还具有良好的低温还原特性和较高的热稳定性, 经900 ℃焙烧6 h后比表面积达到34.37 m2*g-1.     

铈锆氧化物固溶体对全钯三效催化剂性能的影响

铈锆氧化物固溶体对全钯三效催化剂性能的影响     

Taguchi设计法铈锆固溶体的优化合成

为了消除各个因素之间的交互作用,在单一因素考察的基础上,引入taguchi设计法综合考察pH、Ce/Zr、老化温度、老化时间和表面活性剂加量等因素对固溶体结构的影响.结果表明,铈锆比对铈锆固溶体的结构影响最大,其次是溶液的pH值、表面活性剂加入量、老化温度,而老化时间对试样比表面积的影响最小;taguchi设计法优化后铈锆固溶体的比表面积可达88.0m2·g-1.     

铈锆固溶体制备方法的研究进展

铈锆固溶体具有优良的储释氧性能,在三效汽车尾气净化催化剂中起着重要作用,而铈锫固溶体的制备方法与其物化性质又有着密切联系.综述了近几年来国内外铈锆固溶体的制备方法(包括共沉淀法、模板剂法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法等).讨论了晶相结构、比表面积、热稳定性等对固溶体储释氧性能的影响,通过分析固溶体的程序升温还原(TPR)谱图,解释了不同制备方法对所得铈锆固溶体氧化-还原能力的差异.结合文献结果,可以认为寻找工艺简单、性能稳定、重复性好的可控制备方法将是此类材料得到大规模应用的努力方向.     

烟草模板制备掺杂过渡金属铈锆固溶体及其催化氧化CO性能研究

以烟梗丝、烟叶片和烟梗条等材料为模板掺杂过渡金属合成了一系列铈锆固溶体材料.对合成的材料进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N2吸附-脱附、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X-射线衍射法(XRD)、储氧量(OSC)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征.对铈锆固溶体材料进行CO氧化活性评价,结果表明不同烟草模板制备的铈锆固溶体性能不同.以烟叶片为模板制备的掺铜铈锆固溶体具有极高的储氧量,高达2961μmol/g,但该材料催化氧化CO的活性并非最强.以烟梗丝为模板制备的掺铜铈锆固溶体在铈锆比为45∶45∶10时,对CO氧化有着很好的催化活性,起燃活性温度(T50)为91℃.     

CeO2基氧化物储氧材料研究(Ⅱ)添加贵金属改进储氧能力

在高温老化的复合氧化物CZO和CZYO体系中,添加微量贵金属(Pt,Pd,Rh)明显提高还原速度并增加OSC.含贵金属的CZO或CZYO的OSC与其组成和贵金属的种类有关.较长时间(10 h)老化后含Pd的CZO3样品的OSC明显下降,CZYO2样品的OSC略有下降.含Pt/Rh,10 h老化后CZO3和CZY02样品的OSC均高于相应同条件老化的含Pd样品的OSC.