Elastische Energieverluste kristallgestreuter Elektronen

Elastic energy losses due to scattering of fast electrons (20–40keV) by crystals into large angles (≧45⁰) are experimentally and theoretically investigated. Energy losses up to a few electron volts appear, which depend on the mass of the atoms composing the crystal, of the scattering angle, and of the primary energy of the electrons. These results agree with the assumption of elastic scattering by single atoms and not by the crystal as a whole. The width of the energy losses increases with the energy loss himself, and with the temperature of the crystal. In a first theoretical approximation this effect can be explained by the thermal motion of free atoms.     

Neutron scattering length of lithium and boron and their isotopes

Coherent neutron scattering lengths and free cross sections were measured in order to determine the spin dependent scattering lengths of the isotopes of Li and B. The transmission measurements on Li at neutron energies of 0.51 meV, 1.26 eV and 5.19 eV delivered data for the⁶Li-abundances in the samples and for the free scattering cross section of⁷Li. By means of experiments on 15 different samples of lithium compounds we obtained the complex spin state scattering lengths for the bound atoms to be: (ie81-01) Measurements on 3 boron samples with different enrichments led to (ie81-02) A review on slow neutron scattering and resonance data shows an over all consistency of all values.     

Thermal neutron scattering parameters for light nuclei (A=12 to 27)

Neutron scattering lengths and free scattering cross sections were measured for isolated isotopes and natural elements in the mass region fromA=12 toA=27. By means of the Christiansen filter technique values for the coherent scattering lengths were obtained for the bound atoms of^12C,^13C,^14N,^15N,^16O,^17O,^18O, Mg and¹⁹F. Transmission experiments with neutrons of 0.51 meV, 1.26 eV and 5.19 eV yielded data for the free scattering cross sections of^19F,²³Na, Mg and¹⁹F. From all these results and with previous data the fundamental spin state scattering lengths for the concerned light nuclei have been deduced. The comparison of these values with resonance parameters has shown that the resonance data are complete. Therefore, values for the potential scattering radii could be obtained and discussed.     

Galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects in compensated gallium arsenide

The kinetic effects:-Hall effect, magnetoresistance, and Nernst-Ettinghausen effect-are examined in n-type gallium arsenide having a free electron concentration at room temperature of less than 10¹⁵ cm^–3.The work was directed toward determining the dominating scattering mechanism in compensated material.At low temperatures the scattering is predominately by impurity atoms and optical vibrations (optical phonons); at high temperatures, by acoustic phonons.With simultaneous scattering by thermal vibrations and impurity ions, for temperatures T > 300 ° K, the second mechanism plays the basic role in the longitudinal Nernst-Ettinghausen effect.     

Theory of ion scattering from single crystals

The scattering of He⁺, Ne⁺ and Ar⁺ ions at 600 eV from Ni(110) in the [11̄0] direction is modeled using classical dynamics. The distributions of final scattering angles of the primary ions are displayed as contour plots over the surface impact zone. From the contour plots the regions of the surface that give rise to scattering at specific angles can be isolated. The majority of the inplane scattering arises from collisions of the primary ion with second layer or “valley” atoms. However, to correctly reproduce the experimental energy distribution curves of Heiland and Taglauer (J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. 9 (1971) 620), we must include a simple collision time correction to account for neutralization of the ion beam. This analysis predicts that the ions which collide with second layer atoms of the solid are preferentially neutralized. The energy distributions due to first layer collisions agree well with experiment. We find that a full molecular three dimensional model is needed to describe all of the ion scattering events since for most of the collisions, the ion is simultaneously interacting with at least two atoms of the solid. However, in agreement with other workers we find only a single collision is responsible for the “binary” peak in the energy distribution. In addition the relative scattering intensity at different angles is dependent on having a three-dimensional solid.     

Electron Transitions during the Capture of an Electron by a He<Superscript>2+</Superscript> Ion at the Argon Atom

We have measured the absolute values of the total cross section of the one-electron capture by He²⁺ ions in the kinetic energy range 2–30 keV at the Ar atoms. The absolute values of the differential scattering cross sections of He⁺ ions formed during the one-electron capture and the electron capture with ionization at energies of 2.2, 5.4, and 30 keV have been determined. The electronic states of the formed ions have been determined using collision spectroscopy based on analysis of the change in the kinetic energy of He⁺ after the interaction. We have measured doubly differential (with respect to the kinetic energy and the scattering angle) cross sections of the formation of free electrons. The free electron formation channels (direct ionization and electron capture with ionization) have been analyzed by calculating the electron terms of the (HeAr)²⁺ system. The calculated cross section of capture with ionization is in conformity with the cross section measured using collision spectroscopy.     

Inelastic magnetic neutron scattering from inner filled shells of impurity atoms in metals

The differential cross section of inelastic magnetic neutron scattering by paired electrons of inner filled s ² shells of impurity atoms in metals is first derived taking into account single electron excitations from the inner shell of the impurity to the free states of the metal. The energy-angle distributions of the scattered neutrons are calculated depending on the effective electronic mass near the Fermi surface.     

Differential elastic cross-sections of excited exotic hydrogen atoms

Differential cross-sections for the elastic scattering of excited exotic hydrogen atoms by hydrogenic atoms are calculated for the first time. The calculations are performed for exotic atoms (μ a,π a; a=p,d,t) in the states with the principal quantum numbers n=2-10 at relative motion energies E=0.001-15 eV and at scattering angles ϑ =0–180^00B0;. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Elastic scattering cross section of photons by water: limits for the free atom approximation

Several papers can be found in the literature in which elastic and inelastic experimental scattering cross sections of photons by water with energies in the keV range are measured. Usually, the authors use some kind of normalization with theoretical values, because of the difficulties in obtaining some parameters necessary to obtain absolute cross sections from the measurements. A reasonable range of momentum transfer has been covered, but nevertheless, inconsistencies and gaps still remain. In this work, we address the problem performing absolute cross section measurements in the high momentum transfer region (0.33 Å^?1 ≤ x ≤ 4.5 Å^?1), where no structure effects can be observed. We compare the results with theory to validate it in an intermediary region (0.33 Å^?1 ≤ x ≤ 1.72 Å^?1) and then use the experimental values to normalize data in the low‐energy region (0.078 Å^?1 ≤ x ≤ 1.72 Å^?1) to obtain the experimental cross section in that region. From the comparison, we concluded that for momentum transfers, x between 0.7 and 4.5 Å^?1 the scattering can be considered as being due to free atoms in free molecules. Therefore, the scattering cross sections may be considered as a sum of those from free atoms. Theoretically, the scattering cross sections can be obtained from the form factors as well as from the second‐order perturbation theory (S‐matrix) because there is no significant difference between both. On the other hand, for x ≤ 0.7 Å^?1, interference between the photon‐scattered amplitudes due to liquid structure generates oscillations in the cross section values. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strong interaction shifts and widths in light kaonic atoms

Energy shifts and line widths of X-ray transitions in kaonic atoms have been measured with an accuracy of about 10%. These data have been interpreted in terms of an optical potential. Whereas earlier approaches based on the free K⁻N scattering lengths fail to reproduce the data, a set of effective parameters consistant with all now available experiments could be derived.     

Hole-phonon scattering in zinc doped GaSb

The phonon thermal conductivity values in Zn-doped GaSb are explained for hole concentrations ranging from 2 × 10¹⁷ to 4 × 10¹⁹ cm^-3. The concentration dependence of thermal conductivity above 3 × 10¹⁸ cm^-3 is similar to other doped materials and is explained by considering the scattering of phonons by free electrons (holes) given by Ziman and Kosarev and applying the screening effects suggested by Crossby and Grenier. The density-of-states effective mass is kept constant and the dilatation deformation potential is found to increase with hole concentration. For impurity concentrations less than 3 × 10¹⁸ cm^-3, the thermal conductivity is found to increase with hole concentration. Since this concentration region is below the metal-insulator transition, the theory of scattering of phonons by holes bound to the impurity atoms explains the conductivity results. The values of acceptor hole radius and deformation potential constants are in agreement with the experimental values.     

Terahertz spectroscopy of AuFe spin glasses

The electrodynamic response of spin glasses (in the form of thin AuFe films) in the terahertz frequency range has been studied using backward-wave oscillator (BWO) spectroscopy (10–40 cm^?1) and optical ellipsometry (5000–33000 cm^?1) techniques at temperatures from 5 to 295 K. The room-temperature dynamic conductivity spectra of AuFe films are typical of metals and can be described within the framework of the Drude theory of conduction by free charge carriers. Changes in the microscopic parameters of charge carriers in AuFe films with increasing iron content, which are related to additional scattering of carriers on the impurity magnetic moments, have been studied on the quantitative level, including the carrier relaxation frequency and characteristic time, plasma frequency, and conductivity. It is established that the spin-glass phase at a temperature of ～5 K exhibits dispersion of the conductivity in the frequency range 10–40 cm^?1, which can be related to the appearance of a mobility gap in the subsystem of free electrons involved in the RKKY interaction between magnetic centers (Fe atoms).     

Search for states using the knock-out reaction at 600 MeV/c

The knock-out reaction has been used to search for narrow states. The experiment was performed using the 600 MeV/c antiproton beam at LEAR and the high-resolution and large-acceptance magnetic spectrometer SPES II. The A-dependence of the annihilation-induced proton spectra has been studied on ²H, ⁶Li, ¹²C, ⁶³Cu, ²⁰⁸Pb and ²⁰⁹Bi. The quasi-free elastic scattering observed in the lighter targets, and the comparison with the free scattering, also observed in this experiment, determine an effective proton number N_eff for 1s- and 1p-shell protons. No evidence for narrow bound or resonant states could be found. Upper limits for their production are one order of magnitude lower than certain theoretical predictions, but consistent with the properties of the interaction, as established from recent elastic and inelastic scattering as well as from studies of antiprotonic atoms.     

Stoßausrichtung in Molekularstrahlen

Collision alignment has been found in a beam of thermal Gallium atoms of² P _3/2-state emerging from an oven through a channel being wide compared with mean free path inside the oven and narrow compared with that one outside. Alignment effect is ascribed to “loss impacts” in the channel and the difference in scattering cross section for states of different orientation having been the subject of a previous paper. Calculation of the effect in linear approximation is discussed together with experimental data.     

Effect of MeV electron irradiation on the free volume of polyimide

The free volume of the microvoids in the polyimide samples, irradiated with 6 MeV electrons, was measured by the positron annihilation technique. The free volume initially decreased the virgin value from ～13.70 to ～10.98 Å³ and then increased to ～18.11 Å³ with increasing the electron fluence, over the range of 5?×?10¹⁴ – 5?×?10¹⁵ e/cm². The evolution of gaseous species from the polyimide during electron irradiation was confirmed by the residual gas analysis technique. The polyimide samples irradiated with 6 MeV electrons in AgNO₃ solution were studied with the Rutherford back scattering technique. The diffusion of silver in these polyimide samples was observed for fluences >2?×?10¹⁵ e/cm², at which microvoids of size ≥3 Å are produced. Silver atoms did not diffuse in the polyimide samples, which were first irradiated with electrons and then immersed in AgNO₃ solution. These results indicate that during electron irradiation, the microvoids with size ≥3 Å were retained in the surface region through which silver atoms of size ～2.88 Å could diffuse into the polyimide. The average depth of diffusion of silver atoms in the polyimide was ～2.5 μm.     

紫外激光离解四氯化钛产生的钛原子的受激喇曼散射

紫外激光(259—300nm)离解四氯化钛产生了大量钛原子,它们主要处于钛原子的基态a³F₂和亚稳态a³F_3,4上。通过近共振跃迁对处于a³F_2,3,4态上的钛原子进行泵浦,观测到一系列钛原子的受激喇曼散射和受激辐射,并对所有谱线进行了认证。钛原子的受激喇曼散射的脉宽和时间分辨谱表明,紫外激光离解四氯化钛产生钛原子的过程非常迅速,估计所需时间≤1ns。 关键词：     

Calculation of scattering parameters for ultracold ~6 Li-~7 Li elastic collisions

This paper theoretically studies the elastic scattering properties in a mixture of 6 Li and 7 Li atoms at cold and ultracold temperatures.Based on the constructed accurate interatomic potential of the triplet state for 6 Li 7 Li mixture by the mass scaling method,it calculates the interspecies s-wave scattering lengths and the p-wave scattering lengths by the variable phase method and the semiclassical method,respectively.The scattering length is in good agreement with the experiment.The partial-wave and total cross sections are also calculated and a rich resonance structure is found.     

Low-energy neon-ion scattering and neutralization on first and second layers of a Ni(001) surface

The scattering and neutralization of 2.4 and 5 keV Ne⁺ ions on the Ni(001) surface have been studied by time-of-flight (TOF) and electrostatic analyzer (ESA) techniques. The scattering yield of neutrals plus ions (by TOF) is strongly dependent on crystal orientation, in one direction being reduced by the shadowing of 2nd layer atoms by 1st layer atoms, or in another being increased by focussing of ions onto the 2nd layer by 1st layer atoms. Ion yields (by ESA) show little of this variation since the ions are largely neutralized on scattering from the second layer. The results thus demonstrate and explain the first layer selectivity of low-energy ion scattering by ESA for a case in which there is no shadowing of second layer atoms by the first layer. On the other hand, the ability to measure and distinguish first and second layer scattering of neutrals and ions by TOF suggests the possibility of composition analysis of individual layers of single crystal alloys and compound semiconductors.     

Bragg spectroscopy and Ramsey interferometry with an ultracold Fermi gas

We report on the observation of Bragg scattering of an ultracold Fermi gas of ⁶Li atoms at a dynamic optical potential. The momentum states produced in this way oscillate in the trap for time scales on the order of seconds, nearly unperturbed by collisions, which are absent for ultracold fermions due to the Pauli principle. In contrast, interactions in a mixture with ⁸⁷Rb atoms lead to rapid damping. The coherence of these states is demonstrated by Ramsey-type matter wave interferometry. The signal is improved using an echo pulse sequence, allowing us to observe coherence times longer than 100 μs. Finally, we use Bragg spectroscopy to measure the in-situ momentum distribution of the ⁶Li cloud. Signatures for the degeneracy of the Fermi gas can be observed directly from the momentum distribution of the atoms inside the trap.