Liquid–liquid extraction of uranium(VI) from weak sodium acetate medium using 2-octylaminopyridine: real sample analysis

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - The analytical technique has been developed for the extraction and determination of uranium(VI). This process is based on the ion-pair complex...     

Liquid–liquid extraction of uranium(VI) in the system with a membrane contactor

Raising role of the nuclear power industry, including governmental plans for the construction of first nuclear power plant in Poland, creates increasing demand for the uranium-based nuclear fuels. The project implemented by Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology concerns the development of effective methods for uranium extraction from low-grade ores and phosphorites for production of yellow cake—U₃O₈. The Liqui-Cel^® Extra-Flow 2.5 × 8 Membrane Contactor produced by CELGARD LLC (Charlotte, NC) company is the main component of the installation for liquid–liquid extraction applied for processing of post leaching liquors. In the process of membrane extraction the uranyl ions from aqueous phase are transported through the membrane into organic phase. The flow of two phases in the system was arranged in co-current mode. The very important element of the work was a selection of extracting agents appropriate for the membrane process. After preliminary experiments comprising tests of membrane resistivity and determination of extraction efficiency, di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was found to be most favourable. An important aspect of the work was the adjustment of hydrodynamic conditions in the capillary module. To avoid the membrane wettability by organic solvent and mixing two phases equal pressure drops along the membrane module to minimize the transmembrane pressure, were assumed. Determination of pressure drop along the module was conducted using Bernoulli equation. The integrated process of extraction/re-extraction conducted in continuous mode with application of two contactors was designed.     

Studies on liquid–liquid extraction of La(III) from acidic nitrate medium using TBP in petrofin

The present study aims at investigating the capability of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in petrofin as extracting agent for La(III) from acidic nitrate medium. The concentrations of TBP and sodium nitrate have positive influence while temperature shows a negative impact on the extraction. The values of standard enthalpy change and entropy change confirm the extraction process as exothermic with a decrease in randomness due to complexation. Regression analysis results fit well with the experimental data in the cases of TBP and nitrate concentration variation.     

Liquid–liquid extraction of mercury(II) from aqueous solution using furosemide in benzyl alcohol

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - A simple, efficient and economical liquid–liquid extraction method has been developed for quantitative extraction of mercury(II) from...     

Liquid–liquid extraction of uranium from Egyptian phosphoric acid using a synergistic D2EHPA–DBBP mixture

Extraction of uranium from Egyptian phosphoric acid with synergistic mixture of di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and di-butyl butyl phosphonate (DBBP) is reported in this paper. The influence of various factors such as D2EHPA concentration, DBBP concentration, phosphoric acid concentration, contact time, aqueous: organic phase’s ratio (aq:org) and temperature on the degree of extraction has been established. The data on the effect of temperature on the extraction showed that the enthalpy change is −23.12 kJ/mol. Uranium extracted by D2EHPA–DBBP is further subjected to a second cycle of extraction and scrubbing impurities. The uranium is finally converted to a high purity UO₃ product using precipitation with hydrogen peroxide and heat treatment at 375 °C.     

Solid-phase extraction–spectrophotometric determination of uranium(VI) in natural waters

A method for the extraction and determination of uranyl ion in natural waters using octadecyl bonded silica membrane disks modified with piroxicam and spectrophotometry with arsenazo(III) is proposed. The perconcentration step was studied with regard to experimental parameters such as amount of extractant, type and amount of eluent, pH, flow rates and tolerance limit of diverse ions on the recovery of uranyl ion. The limit of detection of the proposed method is 0.4 micro g L(-1) of uranyl. The method was applied to the recovery of uranyl from different water samples.     

Liquid–liquid extraction of trivalent americium from carbonate and carbonate–peroxide aqueous solutions by methyltrioctylammonium carbonate in toluene

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) of microamounts of americium(III) from Na2CO3 and Na2CO3–H2O2 aqueous solution using...     

Liquid–liquid extraction of thorium(IV) with N-n-heptylaniline from acid media

The extraction behavior of thorium(IV) from sulphuric acid medium with N-n-heptylaniline in xylene. Various parameters like reagent concentration, acid concentration, equilibration time, diverse ions and effect of diluents were studied. Thorium(IV) was selectively extracted and separated from many metal ions. The nature of the extracted species was determined. Thorium(IV) was analyzed from monazite ore and gas mantle.

     

Liquid–liquid extraction of copper(II) with substituted salicylideneanilines from sulfate media

The liquid–liquid extraction of copper(II) with Schiff bases in chloroform from sulfate media is studied for pH and concentration of the extractant. Stoichiometry coefficients of the extracted species are determined by the slope analysis method. With salicylideneaniline, the copper(II) is extracted as a mixed chelate complex, CuL₂HL. In the presence of substituent, the copper is extracted as simple chelates, CuL₂. The trends in the values of extraction constants were explained in terms of the nature of the substituents.     

Liquid–liquid extraction of scandium with nalidixic acid in dichloromethane

The extraction behavior of nalidixic acid (HNA) in CH₂Cl₂ has been studied for various di- and trivalent metal ions such as Cu(II), Fe(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Sb(II), Co(II), Sc(III), Y(III), Nd(III) and Eu(III) from aqueous buffer solutions of pH 1–7 with 0.1 mol dm⁻³ nalidixic acid in dichloromethane. Separation factors of Sc(III) from these metals has shown that its clean separation is possible at pH 3.4–4. The parameters affecting the extraction of Sc(III) were optimized. The composition of the extracted adduct was determined by slope analysis method that came out to be Sc(NA)₃. Extraction of Sc(III) was studied in the presence of various cations and anions. Among the anions studied only fluoride, citrate and oxalate have significant interference whereas, Fe(III) has reduced the extraction to 53% that can be removed by using ascorbic acid as reducing agent. The proposed extraction system proved good stability up to six extraction-stripping stages for the extraction of Sc(III).     

Liquid–liquid extraction of neodymium (III) and europium (III) using synergic mixture of furosemide and tribenzylamine in benzyl alcohol

The extraction behavior of Nd(III) and Eu(III) with 0.05 mol dm⁻³ furosemide in benzyl alcohol as single acidic extractant and then with equimolar (0.05 mol dm⁻³) synergic mixture of furosemide as acidic extractant and tribenzylamine as neutral donor in benzyl alcohol has been studied from aqueous solutions of pH 1 to 6. The effect of various parameters and of various cations and anions on the extraction of these metal ions was investigated. The composition of the extracted adducts was determined by slope analysis method that came out to be [(M(FS)₂)⁺ (CH₃COO)⁻] and [M(FS)₃·3TBA] where M = Nd(III) and Eu(III).

     

Selective extraction of uranium from uranium–beryllium ore by acid leaching

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Both uranium and beryllium are very important strategic metals and have been applied to many fields, such as nuclear industries, atomic energy,...     

Liquid–liquid extraction of tantalum and niobium by octanol from sulfate leach liquor

Extraction of tantalum and niobium from sulfate leach liquor of south Gabal El-A’urf polymineralized ore material was carried out by using octanol. The latter was contacted with the sulfate leach liquor prepared after fusing the highly mineralized ore sample with potassium bisulphate in a weight ratio of 1/3 at 650 °C for 3 h. From the McCabe–Thiele diagram, it is proposed that three extraction stages are sufficient to extract most of the Ta and Nb contents efficiently at the optimum extraction conditions of 100% octanol, and A/O ratio of 1/1.A highly pure product of Ta was achieved by keeping the pH of the leach liquor at 2.0 with contact time of 15 min. With respect to Nb, pH of 0.7 and contact time of 5 min were sufficient to extract most of the Nb contents efficiently. Finally, a technical flowsheet was constructed.     

Quantitative extraction of uranium(VI) in aqueous solutions with n-alkylamine intercalates of γ-titanium phosphate

The intercalation compounds Ti(C₃H₇NH₂)(HPO₄)₂·H₂O (18.4 Å) (-TiP/n-Pr) and Ti(C₄H₉NH₂)(HPO₄)₂·H₂O (20.5 Å) (-TiP/n-Bu) have been prepared using -titanium phosphate, Ti(HPO₄)₂·2H₂O (11.6 Å), as precursor. The retention of UO ₂ ²⁺ , in aqueous solutions by -TiP is very low being only a superficial adsorption phenomenon. When the intercalated materials are used, the retention is quantitative until 95% of the cation exchange capacity in the -TiP/n-Pr case (c.e.c.=6.30 mequiv./g), and over 80% for the -TiP/n-Bu compound (c.e.c.=6.04 mequiv./g).     

Separation through liquid–liquid extraction and spectrophotometric determination of U(VI) with the ortho-aminophenol reagent

The extractive properties of the ortho-aminophenol reagent upon U(VI) were investigated in two solvents: 4-chlor-acetophenone and acetylacetone, in a water-organic solvent system. The method here proposed is based on the complexation reaction of the uranyl ion, UO₂ ²⁺, with ortho-aminophenol dissolved in 4-chlor-acetophenone, at room temperature, over a pH interval = 4–6, followed by spectro-photometry of the organic phase, involving measuring of absorbancy at 569.6 nm. The Beer law is valid over the 1–12 μg U(VI)/mL concentration interval, with molar absorbtivity ε_max = 4.3 × 10⁵ mol⁻¹ cm² and Sandell sensitivity = 0.0526 μg cm⁻². The structure, stability and solubility of the formed complex was studied by UV–VIS and IR spectrometry, diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The mixed complex formed between the uranyl ion and the ortho-aminophenol dissolved in 4-chlor-acetophenone, [UO₂.(L)₂.(S)₄], is characterized by the following parameters: metal/ligand combination ratio: M/L = 1/2, stability constant β = 2.06 × 10⁶, distribution coefficient D = 66.56 (V_org = V_aq), percentage extraction E% = 98.52, and recovery factor, R%, ranging between 99.48 and 99.85%.     

Standardization of acidity scale in a toluene–ethanol medium

Non-aqueous (ethanol-toluene) standard buffer solutions are proposed on the basis of amines of various structures. The general trends in the change of acidity with the amine structure are revealed, which allow the prediction of the acidic properties of such buffer solutions and also the linearity range of the dependence of the activity index of hydrogen ions (pa _H) on the amine concentration. This makes possible the precise selection of a buffer solution of the desired acidity.     

Liquid–liquid extraction of thorium(IV) by fatty acids: a comparative study

In this paper, extractants that have the potential to be sustainably regenerated, are proposed for thorium(IV) removal from nitrate aqueous phases. These extractants are oleic (OA), palmitic (PA) and lauric (LA) acids. The advantages of using these acids are their sustainability, their biocompatibility and their non-toxicity, this makes these simpler and greener compared to other extractants (organophosphorus, azote derivatives, macrocyclic crown, etc…) used for metal extraction. These acids were applied as chelating agent for Th(IV) liquid–liquid extraction. The extractions were carried out in chloroform as an organic phase through the formation of thorium–OA, thorium–PA and thorium–LA complexes. The synergistic extraction of Th(IV) with these extractants in the presence of tributhylphosphine (TBP) has been investigated. The effect of different variables, such as time contact, pH of the aqueous phase, concentration of fatty acid, TBP addition on fatty acids, ionic strength and temperature, is reported. The results showed that the extraction kinetics using LA and OA were fast than with PA. The KNO₃ addition does not seem to highly influence the extraction yield, and no important synergy effect was noticed in the presence of TPB. Thermodynamic data for Th(IV) solvent extraction are also reported in this paper.     

N,N,N′,N′-tetrabutylmalonamide as a new extractant for extraction of nitric acid and uranium(VI) in toluene

N,N,N,N-tetrabutylmalonamide (TBMA) was synthesized and used for extraction of uranyl(II) ion from nitric acid media in toluene. The effects of nitric acid concentration, extractant concentration, temperature and salting-out agent (LiNO₃) on distribution coefficients of uranyl(II) ion have been studied. The extraction of nitric acid is also studied. The main adduct of TBMA and HNO₃ is HNO₃. TBMA in 1.0 mol/l nitric acid solution. The 1:2:3 complex of uranyl(II) ion, nitrate ion and TBMA as extracted species is further confirmed by IR spectra of the extraction of uranyl(II) ion with TBMA, and found that the NO ₃ ^– in the extraction species UO₂(NO₃)₂·3TBMA did not participate in coordination of uranyl(II) ion. The values of thermodynamic parameters have also been calculated.