In vitro percutaneous absorption of thiamine disulfide through rat skin from a mixture of propylene glycol and fatty acid or its analog.

Percutaneous absorption of thiamine disulfide, (TDS), a lipophilic derivative of thiamine, from a mixture of propylene glycol (PG) and fatty acid (FA) or its analog through rat skin was tested in vitro. Lauric acid (12:0) enhanced the absorption depending on its concentration in PG and showed a maximal enhancement at 10% w/w. At 10% w/v, lauryl alcohol also enhanced the absorption, but less than 12:0, which lauric acid methyl ester suppressed the absorption. The flux of TDS did not depend on the solubility of TDS in the vehicle, but on the permeability coefficient. From these results, it is suggested that FA increases the permeability coefficient not only because FA increases TDS diffusion by disrupting lipid packing in the stratum corneum but also, FA increases TDS partition to lipid phase by interacting with TDS.     

2-Phenylphthalimidine derivatives. A probable formation mechanism of adducts from 3-benzylidenephthalide and aniline

3-Benzyl-3-hydroxy-2-phenylphthalimidine ( 1 ) and 3-anilino-3-benzyl-2-phenylphthalimidine ( 2 ), the unusual adduct, are obtained from the title compounds. 3-Alkoxy-3-benzyl-2-phenylphthalimidines 3 are synthesized. The behaviour of 1 , 3-benzylidene-2-phenylphthalimidines ( 4 and 5 ), 3-(α-bromobenzylidene)-2-phenylphthalimidines ( 6 and 7 ) with respect to bases and the preparation of the open tautomer 13 of 1 and its hydrochloride are described. A hypothetical mechanism about the formation of 1 and 2 is suggested.     

Electrochemically induced processes of formation of phosphoric acid derivatives. 3. Electrosynthesis from white phosphorus in alcohol-water solutions

It has been established that the process of splitting of the P-P bonds of the white phosphorus molecules is initiated by cathode-generated nucleophiles (HO^–, RO^–), while functionalization of the P-H bond formed in phosphoric oligomers occurs under the action only of alcohol. The primary product after splitting of all the P-P bonds in phosphoric oligomers is dialkylphosphite (in alcohol-water media), or trialkylphosphite (in absolute alcohol), in the course of electrolysis being transformed into trialkylphosphate. Formation of esters of pyrophosphoric acid with reduced protogenic character of the medium was examined. It is proposed that under these conditions nucleophilic reagents of the type (P)_c-O^– form and participate in splitting of the P-P bonds.A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420083 Kazan. V. I. Ul'yanov-Lenin State University, 420008 Kazan. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2033–2038, September, 1992.     

Participation in the formation of iodo ureas from 3-buten-1-ol derivatives: A reinvestigation

Treatment of O-substituted derivatives of 3-buten-1-ol with silver cyanate and iodine, followed by ammonia, gave cyclic derivatives 5 and 6. These compounds were previously assigned the linear structures 3 and 4, respectively. Evidence in support of the proposed structural reassignment was obtained from high-field ¹H and ¹³C NMR studies. Both 5 and 6 undergo loss of the ureido group upon treatment with water to give 9 and 10, and 12, respectively. Potential mechanisms for the observed reactions are discussed.     

New 3-hydroxyflavone derivatives for probing hydrophobic sites in microheterogeneous systems

Nine new 3-hydroxyflavone derivatives as fluorescent molecular sensors having two well-separated emission bands were synthesized. These sensors can occupy well-determined locations and orientations in macromolecular ensembles, such as micelles due to their finely-tuned designs. These polarity-sensitive dyes can incorporate into the anhydrous hydrophobic core of aqueous micelles.     

Research on 2- acyl-3-aminobenzofurans II. Synthesis of heterocyclic systems from 2-acyl-3-aminobenzofuran derivatives

Various condensed heterocyclic systems were obtained from 2-acyl-3-aminobenzofuran derivatives.See [1] for communication I.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1319–1321, October, 1975.     

Cyclopropylidene formation in 7,7-dibromonorcar-3-ene oxides. Synthesis of derivatives of homobenzvalene oxide.

Treatment of $\text{4b}$, $\text{4c}$, and $\text{4d}$ with methyllithium affords $\text{5b}$, $\text{6b}$; $\text{5c}$, $\text{6c}$; and $\text{5d}$ respectively in serviceable yields $\text{via}$ carbenoid cyclization.