单边噪声源环境下的格林函数提取

对单边噪声源环境下空间中存在散射体时的格林函数到达时间结构提取展开了实验性研究。通过对位于沙滩上的传声器上记录的海浪噪声进行互相关处理,成功提取出两传声器间的格林函数到达时间结构。到达时间结构中观察到伪散射路径,并且伪散射路径在幅值上远高于散射路径。针对上述现象给出了理论及仿真解释:当传声器对受噪声源单边照射时,广义光学定理失效,伪散射路径将会出现;同时,由于伪散射路径由所有方向噪声源贡献,散射路径仅有稳相点附近声源贡献,因此伪散射路径在幅值上可能高于散射路径。结果表明,在单边噪声源环境下,基于互相关技术可以提取伪散射路径。伪散射路径的短时稳定提取可以为散射体无源成像提供更多信息,在海洋声学、地震学等领域具有潜在应用价值。      

利用海浪噪声自相关实现散射体无源探测

提出了一种利用海浪噪声自相关实现散射体无源探测的新方法.将各接收器记录噪声信号的自相关减去所有接收器记录噪声信号自相关的平均值,得到散射信号的到达结构,然后结合基尔霍夫移位算法实现对散射体的探测.与利用背景噪声互相关提取格林函数从而实现散射体探测的方法不同,自相关无需考虑各个接收器之间的大量数据传输及时间同步问题,这为相距较远的多接收器和移动平台目标探测提供了极大的方便.将所提出的方法应用于实验数据中,最终探测结果与实际测量结果相比差别不大,验证了方法的有效性.     

Small-scale seismic inversion using surface waves extracted from noise cross correlation

Green's functions can be retrieved between receivers from the correlation of ambient seismic noise or with an appropriate set of randomly distributed sources. This principle is demonstrated in small-scale geophysics using noise sources generated by human steps during a 10-min walk in the alignment of a 14-m-long accelerometer line array. The time-domain correlation of the records yields two surface wave modes extracted from the Green's function between each pair of accelerometers. A frequency-wave-number Fourier analysis yields each mode contribution and their dispersion curve. These dispersion curves are then inverted to provide the one-dimensional shear velocity of the near surface.     

On the two-point cross-correlation function of anisotropic, spatially homogeneous ambient noise in the ocean and its relationship to the Green's function

It is well established that the free-space Green's function can be recovered from the two-point cross-correlation function of a random noise field if the noise is white and isotropic. Ambient noise in the ocean rarely satisfies either of these conditions. However, a non-uniform spectrum could be pre-whitened by the application of a suitable filter but anisotropy cannot be so readily eliminated. To investigate the effects of vertical anisotropy, three azimuthally uniform, spatially homogeneous noise fields are analyzed, two of which are idealized, while the third is representative of ambient noise in the deep ocean. In each case, the coherence function, the cross-correlation function, and the derivative of the latter with respect to the correlation delay, are derived for vertical and horizontal alignments of the sensor pair. With vertical sensors, any step-function discontinuity in the directional density function is mapped into a delta function at an appropriate time delay in the derivative (with respect to time delay) of the cross-correlation function. No such mapping occurs with horizontal sensors. In this case, only horizontally traveling noise can generate delta functions in the derivative of the cross-correlation function, and these always appear at the retarded time on either side of the origin.     

Using cross correlations of turbulent flow-induced ambient vibrations to estimate the structural impulse response. Application to structural health monitoring

It has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that an estimate of the impulse response (or Green's function) between two receivers can be obtained from the cross correlation of diffuse wave fields at these two receivers in various environments and frequency ranges: ultrasonics, civil engineering, underwater acoustics, and seismology. This result provides a means for structural monitoring using ambient structure-borne noise only, without the use of active sources. This paper presents experimental results obtained from flow-induced random vibration data recorded by pairs of accelerometers mounted within a flat plate or hydrofoil in the test section of the U.S. Navy's William B. Morgan Large Cavitation Channel. The experiments were conducted at high Reynolds number (Re > 50 million) with the primary excitation source being turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuations on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate or foil. Identical deterministic time signatures emerge from the noise cross-correlation function computed via robust and simple processing of noise measured on different days by a pair of passive sensors. These time signatures are used to determine and/or monitor the structural response of the test models from a few hundred to a few thousand Hertz.     

Recovering the acoustic Green's function from ambient noise cross correlation in an inhomogeneous moving medium

We study long-range correlation of diffuse acoustic noise fields in an arbitrary inhomogeneous, moving fluid. The flow reversal theorem is used to show that the cross-correlation function of ambient noise provides an estimate of a combination of the Green's functions corresponding to sound propagation in opposite directions between the two receivers. Measurements of the noise cross correlation allow one to quantify flow-induced acoustic nonreciprocity and evaluate both spatially averaged flow velocity and sound speed between the two points.     

利用海洋环境噪声估计海流流速

为了观测海流在短时间尺度上的变化,基于被动声层析原理,提出了一种利用浅海海洋环境噪声估计海流流速的方法.通过波束形成增加噪声互相关函数的能量积累,从环境噪声互相关函数提取出两个水平阵列间的经验格林函数,利用经验格林函数的时间到达结构反演阵列间的浅海海流流速.海上实验数据处理结果表明,该方法提取了2h时间平均的经验格林函...     

Time reversal of ocean noise

It has recently been shown [Roux et al., "Extracting coherent wave fronts from acoustic ambient noise in the ocean," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 1995-2003 (2004)] that the time-averaged correlation of ocean noise between two points yields a deterministic waveguide arrival structure embedded in the time-domain Green's function. By performing a set of these correlations between a vertical receive array and a single receiver, transfer functions necessary for time reversal can be extracted from ocean noise. Theory and simulation demonstrate this process and data of opportunity from the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory experiment confirm the expected performance of a noise-based time reversal mirror.     

Passive acoustic tomography of the ocean using arrays of unknown shape

It was recently established that ocean acoustic tomography based on an inversion of ray travel times can be implemented without use of any dedicated sound sources by cross-correlating the ambient noise recorded on two line arrays, the shapes of which are known. In contrast to active tomography, the amount of useful information from noise interferometry is proportional to the product of the numbers of receivers in the two arrays. In our study based on the 2D and 3D numerical experiments, we examine a hypothesis concerning the feasibility of simultaneous performance of a passive ray tomography and passive positioning of arrays through cross-correlation of ambient or shipping noise. The numerical experiments are conducted under conditions close to those of a field experiment on passive ocean tomography. It is demonstrated that, when using arrays of 20–40 hydrophones, the sound velocity profile and the array shape can be found from noise correlation to an accuracy adequate for oceanological and acoustic applications.     

Passive structural health monitoring of a high-speed naval ship from ambient vibrations

Previous studies have used the cross-correlation of ambient vibrations (CAV) technique to estimate the impulse response (or Green's function) between passive sensors for passive imaging purposes in various engineering applications. The technique (CAV) relies on extracting deterministic coherent time signatures from the noise cross-correlation function computed between passive sensors, without the use of controlled active sources. Provided that the ambient structure-borne noise field remains stable, these resulting coherent waveforms obtained from CAV can then be used for structural monitoring even if they differ from the actual impulse response between the passive sensors. This article presents experimental CAV results using low-frequency random vibration data (<50 Hz) collected on an all-aluminum naval vessel (the HSV-2 Swift) operating at high speed (up to 40 knots) during high sea states. The primary excitation sources were strong wave impact loadings and rotating machinery vibrations. The consistency of the CAV results is established by extracting similar coherent arrivals from ambient vibrations between the pairs of strain gages, symmetrically located across the ship's centerline. The influence of the ship's operating conditions on the stability of the peak coherent arrival time, during the 7 days trial, is also discussed.     

Cross-correlation in band-limited ocean ambient noise fields

Observations of ambient noise in the ocean are generally band limited, because of the natural spectral shape of the noise or the restricted bandwidth of the detection system. Either way, the noise may be regarded as white noise to which a band-limiting filter has been applied. An analysis of the two-point cross-correlation function of such filtered noise is presented for two cases, isotropic and surface-generated noise. The most pronounced effects occur with high-pass and bandpass filters when the low-frequency cut-off falls well above the first few zeros in the coherence function. In this situation, the sensor separation is very many times the longest acoustic wavelength (associated with the lowest frequency) in the passband. The filtering then produces sharp pulses at correlation delays equal to the numerical value of the acoustic travel time between the sensors. Although these pulses are narrow, they have a finite width, within which a fine structure appears in the form of multiple rapid oscillations, due to the differentiating action of the filter. The number of such oscillations increases as the low-frequency roll-off of the filter becomes steeper. This fine structure is evident in several recently published experimental determinations of the cross-correlation function of band-limited ocean ambient noise.     

利用环境噪声互相关实现散射体无源成像

最近研究表明利用环境噪声的互相关可以恢复两点之间的时域格林函数(声脉冲响应),这一原理在文献中被称为格林函数恢复。基于此原理,通过对多个传声器所接收的环境噪声进行互相关处理,获取与散射体相关联的散射波的到达时延信息,结合最小二乘反演算法和改进克希霍夫移位算法,分别获得道路交通噪声场中石柱以及海浪噪声场中塑料桶的空间位置,且其估计结果与实际测量相一致。实验结果表明将环境噪声作为探测信号进行散射体无源成像是可行的。这为设计室内无源声监测系统以及通过海洋环境噪声实现对水中静默目标成像提供了新思路和有益参考。      

Ambient noise cross correlation in free space: theoretical approach

It has been experimentally demonstrated that the Green's function between two points could be recovered using the cross-correlation function of the ambient noise measured at these two points. This paper investigates the theory behind this result in the simple case of a homogeneous medium with attenuation.     

Estimation of the detection range of a hydroacoustic system based on the acoustic power flux receiver

Approaches to estimating the detection range of systems based on vector receivers are considered. The approaches rely on a detailed analysis of the process of signal’s acoustic power flux formation in the presence of ambient sea noise and uncover the signal information parameters at the receiver output that provide the required statistically confident range of weak signal detection under these conditions. Based on the sonar equations and the known fundamental relationships between the outputs of a pressure receiver and a vector receiver for signal and noise, estimates of the maximum possible gain in the detection range of an acoustic power flux receiver are considered as a function of anisotropy of the ambient noise field in the area.     

多面转镜激光器扫频光学相干层析成像系统的全光谱重采样方法

在多面转镜激光器扫频光学相干层析成像系统中,激光器存在着输出光谱错位与扫频范围波动的问题.目前的重采样方法中,普遍利用互相关运算校正光谱错位,并进行大范围的截取,保证扫频范围的一致性,但这会导致成像信噪比与分辨率的降低.本文用马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)采集到的干涉信号对扫频范围波动的问题进行了详细的测量与分析,其中干涉信号的解缠相位曲线的非随机性和平行性,表明该类激光器输出光谱的波长分布具备一致性.在此基础上,提出了一种用最长扫频范围的MZI干涉信号,对样品干涉信号进行时域光谱对齐、然后进行一对多插值的重采样方法.实验与分析表明,该方法利用了所有的光谱信号,保证了样品干涉信号的能量利用率,能有效提高图像的信噪比与分辨率.     

Enhancing the emergence rate of coherent wavefronts from ocean ambient noise correlations using spatio-temporal filters

Extracting coherent wavefronts between passive receivers using cross-correlations of ambient noise (CAN) provides a means for monitoring the seismoacoustic environment without using active sources. However, using cross-correlations between single receivers can require a long recording time in order to extract stable coherent arrivals from CAN. This becomes an issue if the propagation medium fluctuates significantly during the recording period. To address this issue, this article presents a general spatio-temporal filtering procedure to enhance the emergence rate for coherent wavefronts extracted from time-averaged ambient noise correlations between two spatially separated arrays. The robustness of this array-based CAN technique is investigated using ambient shipping noise recorded over 24?h in the frequency band [250-850 Hz] on two vertical line arrays deployed 143?m apart in shallow water (depth 20?m). Experimental results confirm that the array-based CAN technique can significantly reduce the recording duration (e.g., from 22?h to 30?min) required for extracting coherent wavefronts of sufficient amplitude (e.g., 20?dB over residual temporal fluctations) when compared to conventional CAN implementations between single pairs of hydrophones. These improvements of the CAN technique could benefit the development of noise-based ocean monitoring applications such as passive acoustic tomography.     

Selection of modes from a shallow-water noise field by single bottom hydrophones for passive tomography purposes

The possibility of selecting modes that propagate between two spaced observation points without the use of vertical arrays and low-frequency emitters is considered. Modes are selected from the cross-correlation function of noise received by single hydrophones. It is shown that modes at frequencies near the minima of the dispersion dependences of their group velocities, where stationary phase regions are observed, make the main contribution to the noise cross-correlation function. This makes it possible to identify modes of different numbers and estimate their propagation times between hydrophones, which can be the basis for shallow-water passive mode tomography using data from single bottom hydrophones. The modes were selected based on data from a experiment carried out in the Barents Sea.     

水下目标对幅度高斯相关海面环境噪声场扰动特性的研究

理论探讨了水下目标受海面环境噪声场激发产生的散射场对海洋环境噪声场的扰动特性,基于幅度高斯型相关海面噪声源模型,利用任意声源分布声场的积分表达式和单极子源半无限空间格林函数的球面波展开式,获得了刚性球目标在海面单极子和偶极子源海洋环境噪声“照射”下的直达噪声场、散射噪声场、总噪声场,以及二接收点直达、散射和总噪声协方差的理论表达式,表明总噪声场除了和目标阻抗特性、接收点的方向有关外,还受到海面噪声源相关特性,以及直达与散射噪声场之间干涉的较大影响。数值计算结果给出较近距离范围内,刚球目标声学可见度约为4~5dB,并指出在海洋环境噪声场中,刚球目标散射的方向特性明显不同于平面波入射。      

利用海洋环境噪声直接提取海底反射系数

提出了一种利用海洋环境噪声直接(非迭代)提取海底反射系数的方法,基于海洋环境噪声垂直相关函数与方向密度函数的相似性,结合海洋环境噪声射线理论,由两个垂直排列的水听器实现海底反射系数的被动获取.方法适应性的仿真分析说明较高海况下且近场无航船干扰的海洋环境噪声数据有利于方法的实现;对于两层海底,海洋环境噪声垂直相干函数经高...     

管道结构中的类兰姆波层析成像

理论和实验上研究了层析成像在管道结构导波检测中的适用性。在管的两个圆周带上分别布置发射和接收换能器,形成多点发射-多点接收的几何结构。将管中绕管道沿最短路径的螺旋方向到达接收换能器的模式作为感兴趣的模式,它们看起来像在弯曲的板中传播,称之为类兰姆波模式。给出了类兰姆波各射线路径走时的理论计算方法,并采用联合迭代重建技术(SIRT)对走时数据进行慢度图像重建。数值模拟和实验研究了管中横穿孔缺陷层析成像的输出并对健康管和缺陷管中类兰姆波的走时数据进行比较,发现穿过缺陷区域的类兰姆波因为绕过缺陷传播而呈现出更长的走时。文中也给出了两缺陷管道类兰姆波层析成像的数值模拟和实验结果,相比单缺陷的情况,射线较少穿过区域缺陷的重建图像质量下降。研究结果为采用类兰姆波模式进行管道缺陷无损评价提供了理论依据。