微管内流动沸腾流型的可视化研究

本文设计了一套针对微圆管内流动沸腾现象进行实验研究的实验台,并对微圆管内流动沸腾的流型变化及分布进行了可视化实验研究。在一定质量流率、进口温度情况下,利用高速摄影仪对均匀受热的内径为530μm的水平布置的石英玻璃毛细管内水的流动沸腾流型进行拍摄,得到了相应条件下微管内的相变流型分布图。     

三维微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾流型与传热性能

采用三维微肋螺旋管进行了制冷剂R134a在管内的流动沸腾传热与流型可视化实验。随着流量和干度的变化,流型可划分为泡状流、塞状流、分层波状流、间歇流以及环状流。在Taitel-Dukler流型图上给出了流型的分区及其转变曲线,讨论了螺旋管内两相流动流型转变的特性。传热实验揭示了质量流量、热流密度及蒸汽干度对传热性能的影响,三维微肋螺旋管的强化因子为1.5-2.1。     

蒸汽加热竖直矩形窄通道流动沸腾换热的研究

为研究板式换热器内(蒸发-冷凝器)两相换热机理及流型特征,建立单侧蒸汽加热竖直矩形窄通道可视化实验系统,并进行实验研究。结果表明:在窄通道换热中,以核态沸腾换热机理更为活跃,流动沸腾受到抑制,表面换热系数最大值出现在核态沸腾区域;随着入口温度越高,表面换热系数最大点往左迁移,随着质量流量的增大,过冷段增加,沸腾起始点升高,表面换热系数最大点往右移;矩形窄通道主要出现泡状流、合并汽泡流、搅拌流和环状流四种流型;将实验数据与现有流型图进行对比,发现流型转变与质量流量、通道尺寸及加热方式有关。该研究为更好的设计板式换热器提供了理论依据。     

R134a卧式螺旋管内沸腾流型与阻力特性实验研究

在蒸发温度为5～15℃,热流密度范围为5～20 kW·m~(-2),工质质量流速变化范围为50～500kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和干度范围为0.01～0.9的条件下,对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的流动沸腾流型及阻力特性进行了实验研究。利用可视化技术对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的流动沸腾流型进行了观察分析,发现了两种新流型,对卧式螺旋管的上升段和下降段分别建立了流型图。获得了阻力特性的基础数据,通过对实验数据回归分析,发展了摩擦阻力系数计算关联式。     

垂直环形通道中低质量流速下弥散流传热实验研究

本文对低压、低质量流速下垂直环形通道中弥散流沸腾传热进行了理论分析和实验研究。本实验使用热块技术建立了稳定的于涸后传热工况,利用分离式抽汽热偶测量蒸汽的过热度,并在相同的流动、传热及入口参数条件下移动热块得到汽相温度沿轴向变化曲线,获得了七十余组的壁温及汽温实验数据。本文还推导出了一维的垂直环形通道的弥散流沸腾传热的计算模型,它同本实验数据吻合良好。     

烧结电镀强浸润管壁结构强化R245fa流动沸腾特性的实验研究

实验研究了有机工质R245fa在内径为10 mm的不锈钢光管和烧结电镀多尺度镀层强化管内的流动沸腾传热特性。实验工况为：饱和压力0.6 MPa，质量流速189.3～708.14 kg·s^-1·m^-2，热流密度4.94～44.74 k W·m^-2，干度0.01～0.9。实验结果表明：实验条件下观测到分层流与环状流两种流型，发现管内多尺度强浸润镀层能够促进环状流的转变提前。与光管相比，烧结电镀多尺度镀层强化管具有明显的强化沸腾换热的效果，其传热强化因子平均为1.87，最大强化效果为3.15。随着热流密度以及干度的增大，传热强化因子先增加后降低。流型可视化对比发现，强化管壁面的强润湿性促进上壁面液相吸附以及快速再浸润，对流动沸腾换热具有积极作用。     

单柱微通道流动沸腾换热数值模拟研究

高功率电子芯片的安全运行需要高效的散热技术。流动沸腾换热由于高换热系数受到广泛关注。为精确模拟微通道内流动沸腾复杂两相流过程,本文提出了耦合VOF方法的在相界面处迭代求解能量源项的相变模型。针对单微柱微通道内流动沸腾换热过程进行了数值模拟,分析了瞬态两相流过程及温度场演变规律,查明了热流密度及进口过冷度的影响机制。结果表明,由于局部蒸汽的覆盖,不同工况下微通道内流动沸腾存在热阻的转折点,高热流密度对应更高的气泡生长速度和成核面积,高过冷度会延缓转折点,但整体热阻将升高。     

矩形微槽道内R134a流动沸腾换热特性的实验研究

本文主要研究了制冷剂R134a.在水平矩形(截面为1 mm×1 mm)微槽道内的流动沸腾换热特性。通过可视化手段观察到流动沸腾过程中的流型变化。同时得到了质量流速在60~1100 kg/(m~2s)、热流密度在33~120 kW/m~2时的流动沸腾换热系数,并对R134a的沸腾曲线作了讨论。通过可视化结果,发现了从泡状流到干涸流的7种流型。换热系数随着热流密度的增加而增加,干涸流的出现会导致换热系数迅速减小。核态沸腾传热在受限气泡到弹状流阶段得到增强。在搅混-环状流到环状流阶段,R134a的传热系数稳定在一个较高的值。此外,质量流速越大,CHF值越高。     

工质对微通道沸腾液膜瞬态变化的影响

本文采用去离子水和无水乙醇两种工质,利用微通道流动沸腾同步测量实验系统,研究了液膜厚度的瞬态变化规律,实验发现流动沸腾形成的初始液膜厚度在毛细数Ca很宽的范围内都遵循Taylor流动原理;液膜形成后,在蒸发和蒸汽流动携带的耦合作用下,厚度迅速减薄直至蒸干;由于水的汽液黏度比小,速度梯度小,剪切作用带来的液膜厚度减少量小,且水的汽化潜热大,吸收相同热量时蒸发量小,导致水的液膜厚度变化斜率较小,通过理论分析提出了沸腾液膜厚度变化的计算模型,计算结果与实验结果的误差小于20%。     

方管两相流中微液膜的测量与分析

在微通道流动沸腾换热中,微液膜的蒸发对其起到了至关重要的作用,本文探究了0.6 mm方管在气液两相流条件下的液膜厚度变化,实验通过激光共聚焦位移计测量液膜厚度和高速相机采集图像,实现了同步测量。实验发现,当气泡速度小于1.27 m/s时,液体会集中在方管的四角,不会形成液膜;当气泡速度为1.21～2.71 m/s时,会在管壁形成液膜,液膜的变化呈阶梯式,并且随着气泡速度增大而增大;当气泡速度大于3.21 m/s时,流型会转变为环状流,液膜厚度会开始出现振荡。     

环路热虹吸管间歇沸腾可视化实验研究

针对两相环路热虹吸管中出现的间歇沸腾不稳定现象,分别以R134a、水和无水乙醇作为工质,通过流场可视化实验观测,探究了间歇沸腾出现的条件及其对环路传热特性的影响.实验结果表明,在中等充液率和中等加热热流密度条件下更容易发生间歇沸腾现象;流型的周期性变化引起环路内部压力和温度波动,同时会增加环路的均温性;流型变化和波动特...     

水在激光作用下的强制流动沸腾模型

通过分析影响沸腾的各种因素,结合水的流动特性以及激光在水中按照指数衰减的特点,利用单元差分方法着重分析了整个光斑所在区域过余温度的分布,借助水沸腾状态与过余温度之间的关系,建立了水在激光作用下的强制流动沸腾模型.环行光束被作为主要研究对象,对环行光束进行了数据模拟和实验验证.在实验中采用照相法记录下气团的形态,与模拟沸腾曲线具有较好的一致性.     

热激励下碳纳米管与水混合体系传质传热的分子动力学模拟

爆发沸腾换热和纳米流体传热具有很重要的理论和实用意义.但由于爆发沸腾传热过程中,液体内部空间温度梯度大,相变速度快,表现出一定的特殊性,纳米流体传热对其传热过程机理的研究,往往需要在实验条件难以实现的空间和时间极限下,充分研究液相和气相内部的温度、压力和运动状态及其空间分布.采用分子动力学的方法,通过对比研究纯水和碳纳米管/水混合体系爆发沸腾过程,对两种体系密度分布、温度场和应力场研究和对比分析,揭示碳纳米管/水混合体系的强化换热机理,探究碳纳米管对混合体系爆发沸腾换热和纳米流体传热的促进作用.     

非均匀加热条件下内插扭带管强化传热模拟分析

以水为工作介质,采用欧拉多相流模型和非平衡沸腾模型,当流速在0.3～0.7m·s-1范围内、工作压力为4.5MPa、热流密度为2MW·m-2时,数值模拟了内插扭带管和光管管内流动过冷沸腾传热.对比了两种管道的换热系数、气泡份额、流动速度、流场流线、固体组件温度和压降,分析了内插扭带管的综合性能.结果表明,与光管相比较,...     

Heat transfer and force balance approaches in bubble dynamic study during subcooled flow boiling of water–ethanol mixture

In this paper, the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of pure water, water–ethanol mixture and pure ethanol is determined experimentally in horizontal rectangular channels for various parameters like heat flux, mass flux and channel inlet temperatures. Flow visualization is carried out using high speed camera. The bubble departure diameter, growth period and waiting period of bubbles are determined. Correlations are developed for subcooled flow boiling Nusselt number of water–ethanol mixture based on force balance approach and heat transfer approach. The parameters considered for correlation are grouped as dimensionless numbers by Buckingham π-theorem. The significance of each dimensionless number on heat transfer coefficient is discussed. The correlations developed for subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient are validated with the experimental data. They are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the correlation based on force balance approach predicts the subcooled flow boiling Nusselt number well when compared with that of heat transfer approach correlation.     

Influence of nucleation on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of a refrigerant mixture under varied heat flux conditions

The influence of nucleation on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of R-134a/R-290/R-600a refrigerant mixture is experimentally studied in a smooth horizontal tube of 12.7 mm diameter. The heat transfer coefficients are experimentally measured for stratified flow patterns under a varied heat flux condition; a condition found in the evaporator of refrigerators and deep freezers. The experiments are conducted in a counter-current heat exchanger test section. By regulating the flow rate and inlet temperature of acetone, which is the heating fluid flowing in the outer tube, a varied heat flux is provided to the refrigerant flowing in the inner tube. The refrigerant mass flow rate is fixed between 3 and 5 g s⁻¹ and its inlet temperature between −8.59 and 5.33°C, which corresponds to a pressure of 3.2 to 5 bar. The significance of nucleate boiling prevailing in the above-mentioned evaporators is highlighted. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are also compared with well known heat transfer correlations.     

Infrared thermography on ocular surface temperature: A review

Body temperature is a good indicator of human health. Thermal imaging system (thermography) is a non-invasive imaging procedure used to record the thermal patterns using Infrared (IR) camera. It provides visual and qualitative documentation of temperature changes in the vascular tissues, and is beginning to play an important role in the field of ophthalmology. This paper deals with the working principle, use and advantages of IR thermography in the field of ophthalmology. Different algorithms to acquire the ocular surface temperature (OST), that can be used for the diagnosis of ocular diseases are discussed.     

Flow boiling heat transfer enhancement under ultrasound field in minichannel heat sinks

The enhancement of the heat transfer assisted by ultrasound is considered to be an interesting and highly efficient cooling technology, but the investigation and application of ultrasound in minichannel heat sinks to strengthen the flow boiling heat transfer are very limited. Herein, a novel installation of ultrasound transducers in the flow direction of a minichannel heat sink is designed to experimentally study the characteristics of heat transfer in flow boiling and the influence of operation parameters (e.g., heat flux, mass flux rate) and ultrasound parameters (e.g., frequency, power) on the flow boiling heat transfer in a minichannel heat sink with and without ultrasound field. Bubble motion and flow pattern in the minichannel are analyzed by high-speed flow visualization, revealing that the ultrasound field induces more bubbles at the same observation position and a forward shift of the onset of nucleation boiling along the flow direction, as ultrasonic cavitation produces a large number of bubbles. Moreover, bubbles hitting the channel wall on the left and right sides are found, and the motion speed of the bubbles is increased by 31.9% under the ultrasound field. Our results demonstrate that the heat transfer coefficient obtained under the ultrasound field is 53.9% higher than in the absence of the ultrasound field under the same conditions, and the enhancement ratio is decreased in the high heat flux region due to the change of the flow regime with increasing heat flux. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of an ultrasound field in minichannel heat sinks for the enhancement of flow boiling heat transfer.     

Experimental investigation on flow boiling bubble motion under ultrasonic field in vertical minichannel by using bubble tracking algorithm

Bubble dynamics is important in flow boiling of minichannel, and ultrasonic field effects bubble behaviors. However, flow boiling bubble movements in minichannels under ultrasonic field have received little research attention and are still poorly understood. In this paper, the effects of ultrasonic field on bubble dynamics are experimentally studied by capturing the bubble motion behaviors of the flow boiling bubbles. The ultrasonic frequencies are set to 23, 28, 32, and 40 kHz. Bubble tracking algorithm, which studies the growth, trajectories, velocities, and traveled distances for bubbles, is created to qualitatively describe bubble motion behavior of flow boiling in minichannel. It is found that after the application of ultrasound, the detachment frequency, velocity, and travel distance of the bubbles significantly increases, and the growth behavior and trajectory are extremely complex, the two-phase gas-liquid flow is extremely unstable. The bubbles gain kinetic energy as the ultrasound frequency increases. Finally, numerical simulations are used to quantitatively investigate the mechanism of bubble motion in microchannels under ultrasonic fields.