基于二维DIC的脆性材料拉伸应力-应变曲线测定

在应变测量中,基于普通二维数字图像相关(2D-DIC)的光学引伸计易受到离面刚体位移的影响,从而使得应变测量精度不高。为此,提出了基于双反射镜成像技术的光学引伸计,将试样正反面同时记录在单相机的成像靶面上。在试样正反面对应位置各置一个光学引伸计,取两者应变平均值,则可消除离面刚体位移对光学引伸计应变测量结果的影响。基于该引伸计,开展了环氧树脂和铸铁两类脆性材料的单轴拉伸实验,分别得到了应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明,本文提出的引伸计比基于普通二维DIC的光学引伸计具有更高的应变测量精度,是一种便捷、高效、高精度的应变测量方法,非常适用于脆性试样的应变测量。     

高精度应变式引伸计的研究

大量程引伸计的弹性元件处于大变形工伯状态，引伸计的非线性矛盾较突出。实验研究表明，某些结构的弹性元件，其线性度与结构的组合尺寸有关，存在着最佳线性条件，根据最佳条件和对夹持机构的考虑，设计了两种新型高精度引伸计。     

接触式与非接触式引伸计应变和泊松比测量精度比较

接触式电子引伸计方法和非接触式视频引伸计方法是当前材料力学性能测试中应变测量的两种主要方法,其测量原理迥异,亦各具优缺点。本文对商业接触式电子引伸计和最新研制的基于数字图像相关方法(DIC)的先进视频引伸计的性能进行了系统比较,设计标准铝板试样单向拉伸实验定量比较了两种引伸计横纵应变与泊松比的测量结果。结果显示,两者测量纵向应变结果比较接近,接触式引伸计的精度略高,但两者的不确定度在相同的量级。考虑到视频引伸计使用便捷、适用测量对象和测量范围广泛的特点,因此应用前景更为广阔。     

基于双向光学引伸计的材料弹性常数测量

当前,光学引伸计虽然应用较为广泛,但仍然存在泊松比测量精度不高的不足,主要原因是难以同时获得具有高精度的轴向应变与横向应变．因此,本文提出将基于双向视场分离技术的远心光学引伸计应用到材料泊松比测量中．利用该引伸计,可以同时采集试件两个方向四个视场的表面信息;通过测得的双向应变—荷载曲线,得到准确的材料泊松比和弹性模量．基于该引伸计,开展了水泥试件压缩试验、不锈钢试件与环氧树脂试件拉伸试验,分别得到试件的弹性模量与泊松比．结果表明：与电测法的数据对比,该引伸计具有较高精度与较好稳定性的特点,在准确测量材料弹性常数方面具有广泛的应用前景．     

遥测自动云纹引伸仪——实时位移测量系统

云纹法是一种新的位移场或应变场测试技术，本文采用云纹法论述的遥测自动云纹引伸仪系统包括云纹引伸仪、位移信息转换和传输装置以及显示接收监测台。由于采用了轮形光栅从而使引伸仪突破了传统的测量限制，从理论上讲，量程可达无穷大。     

基于视场分割的双远心镜头高精度视频引伸计

本文设计了一种基于视场分割的双远心镜头视频引伸计.该视频引伸计通过4个平面反射镜将双远心镜头的视场分割为2个空间上分离的视场,并通过视场标定技术确定了测量系统的放大率和两视场间的距离.在此基础上,通过数字图像相关法(DIC)跟踪试件上2个标记点的运动,获得标距段的伸长量,进而计算出应变.本文通过视场分割的方法扩大了双远...     

三维DIC在铸铁拉伸试验中的应变测量精度研究

基于三维数字图像相关方法(3D-DIC)的拉伸实验研究了铸铁的拉伸力学性能,分别得到了应力-应变曲线、弹性模量、抗拉强度、延伸率等拉伸力学性能参数．将3D-DIC应力-应变的测试结果与目前实验中使用广泛的接触式引伸计方法的实验结果作了对比,得到两者的应力-应变曲线基本重合,弹性模量相差不超过4%．此外,还对3D-DIC和机械引伸计的应变绝对误差和相对误差作了详细比较,实验表明3D-DIC在铸铁拉伸力学性能测试中具有足够的应变测量精度,完全可以取代传统引伸计成为一种有效的非接触式变形测量手段．     

基于疲劳传感器的大型桥梁载荷谱检测研究

提出基于同一倍增器上双疲劳计的桥梁载荷谱检测方法,将疲劳传感器上两个疲劳计以不同方向粘贴得到不同放大系数,由恒幅标定数据和等效原理用插值方法得到复杂加载下疲劳响应计算方法,并根据桥梁载荷谱的瑞利分布特点,得到该分布下的疲劳响应计算方法.采用倍增器的双疲劳计结构设计,利用疲劳计响应的非线性特性,得到疲劳传感器电阻变化与桥梁瑞利载荷谱的对应关系.本文疲劳试验表明,试验载荷谱与预测载荷谱相当吻合,所设计的疲劳传感器性能良好,能够满足桥梁疲劳载荷检测要求.该传感器的检测原理提供了一种新的工程疲劳检测方法,它较目前采用的其它方法效率高、精度好,适用于长期疲劳监测.     

关于塑性动力学问题

塑性动力学是固体力学的一个较新的分支,它研究固体材料和各种结构物在短时强载荷作用下的弹塑性动力性态和应力与变形传播的规律。由于塑性动力学问题来自生产实践的各个领域,所以它和航空、造船、工业与民用建筑、水工建筑、矿山建筑、机械制造等工业的飞速发展有着直接的关系。同时由于塑性动力学是在弹塑性静力学和弹性动力学基础上引伸发展起来的,所以它和弹性、塑性理论,以及爆炸力学、地震力学、实验力学、计     

基于超灵敏视频引伸计的飞行器舵机连杆拉压刚度准确测量

舵机连杆拉压刚度的准确测量对于飞行器舵机的安全服役至关重要,而拉压刚度的准确测量则高度依赖于舵机连杆变形的高精度测量.传统的夹持式引伸计虽然可用于材料或结构拉压变形的精确测量,但其测量标距通常较为有限,不能满足复杂工程结构(如飞行器舵机连杆等)变形测量的实际需求.基于远心成像镜头的非接触光学视频引伸计也能满足结构变形的...     

Characterization of a Laser Extensometer for Split Hopkinson Pressure bar Experiments

This paper examines a laser extensometer to calculate the strain in a sample during split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments. This method offers a non-contact, direct method for measuring sample strain which does not rely on one-dimensional wave propagation assumptions. First a single bar experiment is used to compare the extensometer’s accuracy and frequency response against a laser vibrometer and an accelerometer. The extensometer showed a close match with the vibrometer up to a bandwidth of 10 kHz. With the performance validated, the extensometer is applied to a SHPB experiment with silicone samples. For low strains, the extensometer shows a good match to the strain determined by strain gauges on the bars. At higher strains, the radial expansion of the sample can interfere with the measurement beam from the extensometer and produce inaccurate results.     

An equiangular rosette-type extensometer

For complete determination of the state of stress at a surface point of an elastic body, it is in general necessary to measure the strain in three directions. This is usually made by means of strain rosettes of the bonded resistance-wire type. In this paper, a new type of extensometer is described which is capable of measuring the strains in three directions simultaneously.The extensometer consists of three parallel and equidistant legs which are flexibly connected to a central part and supplied with sharp indentors. The change in distances between equivalent points of these legs is proportional to the surface strains. Unbonded resistance wires or reluctance gages have been used for converting the displacements into electrical signals. Attachment is achieved by means of permament magnets or rubber cups.Restoring forces from flexible connections and strained wires are analyzed in detail. For an extensometer with 12 mm gage length and supplied with strained wires, these forces were found to be 21 g for a principal strain sum of 0.001 and 19 g for a principal strain difference of 0.001. When using reluctance gages, these figures are reduced to 5.8 and 12 g, respectively.Paper was presented by title at 1958 SESA Spring Meeting held in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 14–16.     

Design of a biaxial extensometer for measuring strains in cruciform specimens

A biaxial extensometer for measuring strains in flat cruciform specimens is presented. This extensometer allows for the use of two displacement or strain transducers to control and measure strains along mutually orthogonal directions in the plane of the specimen. The measurement and control of strains along each direction are completely independent of each other. The resolution and the measurable strain range of the biaxial extensometer depend on the particular displacement transducers employed. Independently adjustable gage lengths are incorporated along the two directions such that different strain ranges can be measured with the same transducer displacement range. The use of the biaxial extensometer with cruciform specimens and other applications, including the possibility for measuring triaxial strains in a plate specimen, are discussed.     

A laser extensometer for measuring strain at incandescent temperatures

A laser-extensometer system has been developed and installed in an electron-beam tensile vacuum furnace to measure the strain of tensile-test specimens at incandescent temperatures. The laser extensometer operates by measuring the length of time during which the laser light can be “seen” by a photosensitive device while the light beam is rotated at a constant angular velocity. The light can be “seen” by the photosensitive device only when the light passes through a gap between two opaque flags which are affixed to the specimen so that the change in the gap width is proportional to the strain in the specimen. Tests indicate that the laser extensometer is capable of measuring strain with a maximum error of less than 100 μin./in. based on a 1-in. specimen gage length. The sensitivity and accuracy of the first model of the laser extensometer increase with a decreasing strain rate and are well within the range of requirements for metallurgical evaluation of modern metals and alloys for use at very high temperatures. Operation of the extensometer has indicated that greatly improved sensitivity and reduction of electronic noise and drift can be achieved by simple modifications yet to be made.     

Comparison of low-cycle fatigue results with axial and diametral extensometers

Low-cycle fatigue tests at room temperature have been carried out on a stainless steel and an aluminum alloy utilizing an axial extensometer with cylindrical specimens and a diametral extensometer with hour-glass specimens. In all cases, the axial strain was the controlled parameter. The results obtained with both extensometers are compared. For the materials studied, it is found that the data obtained with a diametral extensometer correspond to a somewhat longer life (by a factor of the order of 1.6 for the parameters used). Furthermore, two tests have been carried out on cylindrical specimens with both extensometers where the axial-strain computed through the diametral strain was controlled throughout the material life and the measured axial strain was simultaneously recorded. Results indicate that geometry of specimen is the predominant factor influencing fatigue life.     

Mechanical testing of ultra-high temperature alloys

Specially designed facilities for tensile testing of ultra-high temperature alloys are presented. Ohmic heating is chosen for easy access to the sample, fast attainable heating and cooling rates, simplicity in design and operation. Strain is measured with a video extensometer by means of the software SuperCreep. The algorithm for the strain measurements is described. Stability and accuracy of the test system were determined by testing an oxide dispersion strengthened Pt alloy. Performance of the video extensometer was checked by thermal expansion tests on pure Pt. Tensile tests of the oxide dispersion strengthened alloy Pt-10 wt% Rh DPH at 1600°C have proven the reliability of the equipment.     

Under load strain partition of a ceramic matrix composite using an ultrasonic method

A method for carrying out strain partition under load is described. An ultrasonic device and a suitable extensometer are used simultaneously. Applied to a ceramic matrix composite, it allows one to evaluate the contribution of the various damage mechanisms on its highly nonlinear behavior.     

In situ determination of adhesive shear moduli using strain gages

A new, convenient and cost-effective method of determining in situ adhesive shear moduli using strain gages is proposed and evaluated. Thick-adherend lap shear specimens with stacked gage rosettes at the center of the bond line are loaded in tension for adhesive shear strain measurement. Experimental and numerical results indicate that the test specimen has a nonuniform adhesive shear stress (or strain) distribution in the test section and that this distribution (except at the center point of the bond line) is greatly affected by load eccentricity. In addition to the nonuniformity in the shear stress distribution, the issue of material nonhomogeneity in the gage-covered region affects the strain gage measurement. By taking into account these two issues and assuming linear-elastic behavior, two approaches for converting the gage-measured shear strain into the adhesive shear strain are developed and verified by experiment. It is shown that the strain gage measurement associated with either of two conversion techniques can determine the in situ adhesive shear moduli, which are comparable with moiré experiment and KRG-1 extensometer measurements.     

Characterization of mechanical properties of aluminum cast alloy at elevated temperature

The tensile response, the low cycle fatigue(LCF) resistance, and the creep behavior of an aluminum(Al) cast alloy are studied at ambient and elevated temperatures.A non-contact real-time optical extensometer based on the digital image correlation(DIC)is developed to achieve strain measurements without damage to the specimen. The optical extensometer is validated and used to monitor dynamic strains during the mechanical experiments. Results show that Young's modulus of the cast alloy decreases with the increasing temperature, and the percentage elongation to fracture at 100℃ is the lowest over the temperature range evaluated from 25℃ to 300℃. In the LCF test, the fatigue strength coefficient decreases, whereas the fatigue strength exponent increases with the rising temperature. The fatigue ductility coefficient and exponent reach maximum values at 100℃. As expected, the resistance to creep decreases with the increasing temperature and changes from 200℃ to 300℃.