电子散斑干涉法在平面小振幅振动测量中的应用

用电子散斑干涉方法进行振动测量，因实验过程和条纹处理简单，已有较多应用，但迄今尚无振动测量中所形成的散斑条纹的完整解释，容易混淆条纹中所蕴含的实际物理意义，本文详细讨论了散斑测振中各种相关条纹的形成，并给出了相应的实验验证。     

一种经验型疲劳小裂纹扩展模型

金属材料疲劳寿命由裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展寿命两部分组成,其中对于萌生寿命中的小裂纹分析是精确描述裂纹萌生寿命的关键．而小裂纹在扩展过程中由于尺寸相对较小,导致传统线弹性断裂力学预测方法失效,需要对其进行改进,考虑裂纹尖端塑性区引起的残余压应力对小裂纹扩展速度的影响．本文针对此问题进行了初步分析,通过对塑性区引起的残余应力的量化,结合小裂纹门槛值特性,提出了一种经验型修正的小裂纹扩展模型,用于定量预测裂纹的萌生寿命．使用铝合金6082-T6缺口试样进行了疲劳实验,并与理论结果进行了对比,验证了所提模型的有效性．     

一种骨小管中液体流动产生的流量及切应力模型

骨组织受力变形后其内部液体就会流动,同时在其微观结构——骨单元壁中扩散,并进一步产生一系列与骨液流动相关的物理效应,如流体剪切应力、流动电位等,这些物理效应被细胞感知并做出破骨或成骨等反应,来使骨适应外部载荷环境.鉴于骨组织产生的内部液体流动很难实验测定,理论模拟是目前的主要研究手段.基于骨单元的多孔弹性性质建立了骨小管内部液体的流动模型,该模型将骨单元所受的外部载荷与骨小管内部液体的压力、流速、流量和切应力联系起来,并进一步可以研究其力传导与力电传导机制.骨小管模型的建立分别基于中空和考虑哈弗液体的骨单元模型,并考虑了骨单元外壁的弹性约束和刚性位移约束两种边界条件.最终得到骨单元在外部轴向载荷作用下,骨小管内部液体的流量及流体切应力的解析解.结果表明:骨小管中的液体流量与流体切应力都正比于应变载荷幅值和频率,并由载荷的应变率决定.因此应变率可以作为控制流量和流体切应力的一种生理载荷因素.流量随着骨小管半径的增大而非线性增大,而流体切应力则随着骨小管半径的增大而线性增大.此外,在相同的载荷下,含哈弗液体的骨单元的模型中,骨小管中液体的流量和切应力均大于中空骨单元模型.     

一种测量低密度混合流场浓度的新方法──热线法

本文介绍了一种测量低密度混合流场浓度的方法，采用热线浓度探头对Ａｉｒ－Ｈｅ组成的混合体系进行了标定测试。在不同真空度和不同结构探头下进行了一系列对比试验。同时考察了它们对测试精度的影响。     

小波多尺度分析在重力仪数据处理中的应用研究

为了有效地消除重力异常畸变对重力仪测量数据的影响，得到更高精度的重力异常测量值，在分析小波多尺度分析原理的基础上，首次将其应用到重力仪数据处理中，并与自适应卡尔曼滤波进行了对比分析，以实际数据与处理后数据偏差平方和的平均数作为衡量两种数据处理方法性能的指标。理论分析和仿真实验表明：小波多尺度分析和自适应卡尔曼滤波都能在一定程度上抑制重力异常畸变对重力仪测量数据的影响，但小波多尺度分析的性能优于自适应卡尔曼滤波。     

小比距离密闭空腔爆炸爆后气体温度和压力测量技术研究

为实现空腔爆炸温度、压力变化趋势的准确测量,基于铠装K型热电偶和压力变送器,建立密闭空腔爆后气体温度、压力测量系统。设计密封隔热防护装置,将传感器的敏感端与信号调理模块分别安装在两个密封腔内,有效提高了传感器在大当量爆炸冲击条件下的存活率。在0.86m/kg^1/3比距离密闭空腔大当量爆炸条件下,对传感器及防护装置的性能进行考核验证,爆后测量采集到了有效的气体温度及压力变化历程,且传感器状态能够最终恢复至正常状态。测试结果表明,使用密封隔热安装的K型热电偶和压力变送器可以满足小比距离密闭空腔爆后气体静态温度、压力测量需求。     

一种舰船变形测量方法的研究与应用

以舰船船体结构、惯性导航系统、被试导航设备以及天文经纬仪为物理对象，提出了一套利用光学系统原理和计算机图像处理技术对联合基座进行水平变形测量的方法，解决了各设备因安装位置的不同所造成的安装基座间产生的水平变形量问题。     

一种测量TBM滚刀受力的实验方法研究

为探索测量TBM掘进机滚刀受力特性的方法,本文提出了一种能够测试滚刀三向受力的方案。选择滚刀装配体上的垫块作为弹性体,以粘贴应变片的方式实现测量。利用数值计算方法找出垫块底端面和侧端面对所测力敏感而对作用力位置变化不敏感的区域作为贴片位置,分析了锁紧楔块对测试结果的影响。对滚刀装配体在不同工况下的受力情况进行了数值分析和实验测试。结果显示,若根据数值计算选定的位置贴片,垫块底端面和侧端面桥路应变总值的实验和数值结果相对误差介于1.06%和5.62%之间。滚刀强烈振动或更换刀具后可能使中心轴与垫块之间受力位置发生变化,结果确定其影响不超过2.75%。该方案不仅可以测出三个力的信号,还可用于分析滚刀振动状态,特别是滚刀发生偏磨后,刀刃与岩石之间强烈摩擦,振动状态与未偏磨时必然不同,因此还可通过分析由该方法测得的动态信号来识别偏磨。     

一种考虑虚拟质量力的井筒气液两相压力波色散经验模型

考虑虚拟质量力、管道特性、频率、空隙率等因素,建立气液双流体压力波速模型,结合小扰动理论,提出了一种新的考虑虚拟质量力的两相压力波色散经验模型,与前人气液两相流（12.5%空隙率）中波色散实验测试数据对比是一致的,且经验公式也可达到准确求解压力衰减系数的目的．对控压钻井两相压力波进行计算,结果表明：(1)随系统压力的增大,压力波衰减系数呈现减小趋势,随节流阀动作频率增大、温度增大,压力波衰减系数呈现增大趋势;(2)随空隙率增大,压力衰减呈现先增大后减小趋势,空隙率在8%≤φ≤40%区间,两相压力衰减系数存在最大峰值,当压力为0.2 MPa时,空隙率在19.5%时达到峰值2.78 dB/m;(3)在低频下,波色散主要受相间机械及热力学平衡机制的制约,波色散现象明显;在高频下,相间来不及进行动量及能量交换,气液状态达不到有序的状态,因而波色散现象不明显;(4)不考虑虚拟质量力,两相压力衰减系数呈现增大趋势,波色散现象显著性下降．     

一种惯性测量组件实时测温电路的研究及设计

介绍了一种采用三极管作为测温元件的惯性测量组件（IMU）实时测温电路的工作原理。该电路采用自闭环的工作方式，将温度值转换为二进制并行代码，具有电路体积小，响应快，对计算机时序要求低，构思巧等特点，在某型号空空导弹惯导系统中已经得到实际应用。     

对胡海昌的小参数法的补充

专著提出了计算特征向量摄动的一种非模态展开法，本文对这一方法中参数μ或者矩阵μ如何选取的问题进行了研究，分析了μ的数学本质，并指出对于重特征值问题，μ只要是一个适当选定的标量常数既可，无需是个矩阵。     

Experiments on the hydrodynamics of air-water countercurrent flow through vertical short multitube geometries

A series of experiments were performed to improve understanding of the hydrodynamic mechanisms relevant to the flooding phenomenon in gas-liquid countercurrent flow through vertical short multitube geometries. In addition to the conventional measurements of global hydrodynamic parameters such as phasic flow rates and two-phase pressure drops, the local time-varying thicknesses of the liquid films trickling down the individual tubes were measured by means of conductance probes mounted flush at different locations of the inner wall surfaces. A PC-based data acquisition and analysis system was developed to collect these highly fluctuating data and to make detailed statistical analyses. The experimental results and visual observations revealed two dominant hydrodynamic instability mechanisms that have not been well taken into account by the existing semiempirical models.     

等热流密度加热垂直下降液膜的研究

利用等热流密度加热条件下降膜流动的三维模型方程进行线性稳定性分析和数值模拟。线性稳定性分析表明,模型方程在小到中等Reynolds数下都适用,并且流向不稳定性增长率随着Reynolds数和Marangoni数增加而增加,展向不稳定性增长率则随着Marangoni数增加而增加,随着Reynolds数增加而减小,流向和展向对扰动波数都存在一个不稳定区间。三维数值模拟表明,在等热流密度加热条件下,液膜在随机扰动的情况下最终会形成带孤立波的三维溪流状结构,液膜与气体的换热也因溪流状结构的出现而加强;在随机扰动的基础上引入占优势地位的展向最不稳定扰动会使得换热增强,液膜会提前破裂;在随机扰动的基础上引入占优势地位的流向最不稳定扰动时,液膜的换热会增强,但不会提前破裂;在随机扰动的基础上同时引入占优势地位的流向和展向最不稳定扰动时,换热会加强且液膜会提前破裂。     

基于厚度法确定小冲杆试验能量转变温度

以A106管材钢为研究对象,进行了小冲杆断裂试验,获得断后试样的最小厚度;在对试样断裂后的变形分析中,建立了试样厚度减薄率与温度的关系,规避了低温试验中载荷和位移测量不准确导致小冲杆能量转变温度不确定的问题。结果表明:基于厚度法可以准确确定小冲杆断裂试验的能量转变温度;小冲杆断裂试验后,试样最薄厚度的减小率与温度曲线关系呈现S型,有上平台、转变区、下平台三个典型区域;根据厚度减薄率与温度曲线关系可以得到小冲杆的能量转变温度。采用厚度法得到的小冲杆断裂试验的转变温度与能量法获得的结果基本一致。     

云纹干涉反转倍增法及其在微电子组件变形场测量中应用

本文提出并介绍了云纹干涉反转倍增法，该方法将光学载波、反转剪切、富立叶变换倍增技术巧妙地结合于云纹干涉光路中。利用载波频率，把带载波的云纹干涉变形图在富立叶变换系统中进行条纹倍增，而试样变形信息也倍增了相同倍数，将云纹干涉的测量灵敏度又提高了一个数量级。在实验中实现了１６倍倍增，即位移测量灵敏度由０．４μｍ提高到０．０２５μｍ（虚栅频率１／２４００）。将这一方法用于测量热载下金属Ｎｉ膜／ＺｒＯ２陶瓷基界面裂纹尖端面内位移场，分析裂尖位移奇异性。实验表明：热载作用下，膜／基组件界面裂纹尖端的位移奇异性具有指数奇异特性，其奇异性指数与膜／基材料，界面层特性等有关     

A Direct Method for the Identification of the Permeability Field Based on Flux Assimilation by a Discrete Analog of Darcy's Law

Inverse models to determine the permeability are generally based on existing forward models for the pressure. The permeabilities are adapted in such a way that the calculated pressures match the specified pressures in a number of points. To assimilate a priori knowledge about the flux, we introduce the flux assimilation method, which is based on the vector potential–pressure formulation of Darcy's law. Thanks to an unconventional discretization technique – the edge-based face element method – not only the specified pressures, but also specified information about the flux density can easily be assimilated. A relatively simple, but insightful analytical example illustrates the potential of this method.     

Transient Free Convection from a Horizontal Surface in a Porous Medium Subjected to a Sudden Change in Surface Heat Flux

This paper presents an analytical and numerical study of transient free convection from a horizontal surface that is embedded in a fluid-saturated porous medium. It is assumed that for time steady state velocity and temperature fields are obtained in the boundary-layer which occurs due to a uniform flux dissipation rate q ₁ on the surface. Then, at the heat flux on the surface is suddenly changed to q ₂ and maintained at this value for . Firstly, solutions which are valid for small and large are obtained. The full boundary-layer equations are then integrated step-by-step for the transient regime from the initial unsteady state ( ) until such times at which this forward marching approach is no longer well posed. Beyond this time no valid solutions could be obtained which matched the final solution from the forward integration to the steady state profiles at large times .     

Free Convection from a Vertical Plate in a Porous Medium Subjected to a Porous Medium Subjected to a Sudden Change in Surface Heat Flux

An analysis is made of the transient free convection from a vertical flat plate which is embedded in a fluid-saturated porous medium. It is assumed that for time a steady state temperature or velocity has been obtained in the boundary-layer which occurs due to a uniform flux dissipation rate . Then at time the heat flux on the plate is suddenly changed to and maintained at this value for 0$$ " align="middle" border="0"> . An analytical solution has been obtained for the temperature/velocity field for small times in which the transport effects are confined within an inner layer adjacent to the plate. These effects cause a new steady boundary layer. A numerical solution of the full boundary-layer equations is then obtained for the whole transient from to the steady state, firstly by means of a step-by-step method and then by a matching technique. The transition between the two distinct solution methods is always observed to occur very near to the turning point of the plate surface temperature, a time at which the fluid temperature is close to its steady state profile. The solution obtained using the step-by-step method shows excellent agreement with the small time analytical solution. Results are presented to illustrate the occurrence of transients from both small and large increases and decreases in the levels of existing energy inputs.     

Stationary Discharge Sustained by Electron Thermal Conduction for Emergence of a Magnetic Flux Through an Insulator Surface

This paper considers a stationary surface discharge that arises when a magnetic flux emerges through an insulator surface (H-pushed discharge). It is assumed that the heat flux in the discharge is determined only by the electron thermal conductivity of the ionized vapor of the insulator and the Nernst effect. The main parameters of the discharge and the structure of the current layer are determined for the case of strong magnetic fields (above 0.1 MOe) and an aluminum oxide insulator.     

Heating of a Compressible Liquid by a Constant Heat Flux

Several variants of the problem of heating a compressible liquid by a timeindependent heat flux are numerically studied. It is shown that, after a certain time, the pressure everywhere behind the shock wave differs only little from some constant value. Approximate analytical formulas are obtained, which demonstrate independence of pressure of thermal conductivity and some other features of the relation between the pressure and the heatflux intensity. Several examples are given, which confirm the adequacy of formulas to numerical solutions of the problem.