Liquid-phase oxidation of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene by cumyl hydroperoxide in the presence of catalysts based on supported metal oxides

The liquid-phase oxidation of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene by cumyl hydroperoxide in the presence of supported metal oxide catalysts was carried out in octane in an N₂ atmosphere at 50–80°C. The cumyl hydroperoxide, benzothiophene, and dibenzothiophene conversions and the yield of sulfones were determined for catalysts of various natures. In the presence of MoO₃/SiO₂, the most efficient and most readily regenerable catalyst, the benzothiophene conversion was ～60% and the dibenzothiophene conversion was as high as 100% upon almost complete consumption of cumyl hydroperoxide. The influence of unsaturated and aromatic compounds (oct-1-ene, toluene) on the catalytic effect was studied. The kinetics of substrate oxidation and cumyl hydroperoxide decomposition and an analysis of the cumyl hydroperoxide conversion products suggested a benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene oxidation mechanism including the formation of an intermediate complex of the hydroperoxide with the catalyst and the substrate and its transformation via heterolytic and homolytic routes.     

Ti-MWW分子筛催化叔丁基过氧化氢氧化脱硫

以Ti-MWW为催化剂,考察了不同氧化剂对分别含有苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩等有机硫化物模拟油品氧化反应的影响,结果表明,叔丁基过氧化氢对有机含硫化合物的氧化活性明显高于过氧化氢水溶液。以叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,三种噻吩类含硫化合物氧化的难易顺序为二苯并噻吩> 4, 6-二甲基二苯并噻吩> 苯并噻吩,其氧化活性顺序与含硫化合物中硫原子的电子云密度和空间位阻有关。考察了Ti-MWW/叔丁基过氧化氢催化氧化体系对成品柴油的催化氧化脱硫,结果表明,成品柴油中的含硫化合物可被有效地氧化脱除,在优化的反应条件下,经过两次氧化、萃取后,成品柴油中的总硫含量从1015μg/mL降低至11μg/mL,总脱硫率达到99%。     

过氧磷钨酸催化氧化脱除模拟油中的含硫化合物

考察了以H₂O₂为氧化剂, 过氧磷钨酸为催化剂催化氧化脱除模拟油中的含硫化合物苯并噻吩(BT)和二苯并噻吩(DBT). 讨论了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间和剂油体积比等因素对反应的影响. 实验结果表明, 当催化剂用量为0.48%(质量分数), V(H₂O₂)∶V(Oil)=1∶50, 反应时间为60 min, 反应温度为60 ℃时, BT的脱除率达到96.48%, DBT的脱除率达到99.42%. 动力学研究结果表明, 过氧磷钨酸为催化剂的氧化脱除模拟油中的含硫化合物的反应为表观一级反应.     

Nouveaux modeles polysilicies a partir d'indoles,du benzothiophene et du benzofuranne

Direct polysilylation of bicyclic heterosubstrates was performed without (in the case of indole or its N-methyl or N-trimethylsilyl derivatives) or with (benzothiophene, benzofuranne) ring-opening. Hexasilylation from benzothiophene occurred with desulfurization.     

脉冲电磁场辅助浸渍法制备CoMo/γ-Al_2O_3加氢脱硫催化剂

利用脉冲电磁场(PEMF)辅助浸渍法和常规等体积浸渍法制备了一系列CoMo/γ-Al_2O_3加氢脱硫催化剂样品。以噻吩、2-甲基噻吩或苯并噻吩为模型化合物,在微反装置上评价了催化剂的加氢脱硫活性,经200 V脉冲电磁场处理的催化剂上各硫化物的转化率均比常规催化剂明显提高。采用XRD、BET、H_2-TPR和TEM等方法表征了催化剂样品的表面状态和物化性质。结果表明,适当强度的脉冲电磁场与制备体系内带电粒子的交互作用有助于催化剂活性组分的分散,使活性组分在γ-Al_2O_3载体表面分布更为均匀,同时削弱了活性组分MoO_3同载体间的较强相互作用,降低了催化剂表面钼物种的还原温度,促进了CoMoS活性相的形成。     

Palladium-catalysed intramolecular enolate O-arylation and thio-enolate S-arylation: synthesis of benzo[b]furans and benzo[b]thiophenes

Enolates derived from α-(ortho-haloaryl)-substituted ketones undergo palladium-catalysed C-O bond formation to deliver benzofuran products in good yield. A catalyst generated from Pd₂(dba)₃ and the ligand DPEphos effects the key bond formation to deliver a variety of substituted products from both cyclic and acyclic precursors. The analogous thio-ketones undergo C-S bond formation using identical reaction conditions and are converted to benzothiophene products. A cascade sequence that produces the required α-aryl ketones in situ has also been developed, although the substrate scope is more restricted.     

Metal-Free Arylation of Benzothiophenes at C4 by Activation as their Benzothiophene S-Oxides

Benzothiophenes, activated by oxidation to the corresponding S-oxides, undergo C−H/C−H-type coupling with phenols to give C4 arylation products. While an electron-withdrawing group at C3 of the benzothiophene is important, the process operates without a directing group and a metal catalyst, thus rendering it compatible with sensitive functionalities—e.g. halides and formyl groups. Quantum chemical calculations suggest a formal stepwise mechanism involving heterolytic cleavage of an aryloxysulfur species to give a π-complex of the corresponding benzothiophene and a phenoxonium cation. Subsequent addition of the phenoxonium cation to the C4 position of the benzothiophene is favored over the addition to C3; Fukui functions predict that the major regioisomer is formed at the more electron-rich position between C3 and C4. Varied selective manipulation of the benzothiophene products showcase the synthetic utility of the metal-free arylation process.     

Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization by Visible‐Light‐Activated [2+2] Photocycloaddition

A novel method for the catalytic asymmetric dearomatization by visible‐light‐activated [2+2] photocycloaddition with benzofurans and one example of a benzothiophene is reported, thereby providing chiral tricyclic structures with up to four stereocenters including quaternary stereocenters. The benzofurans and the benzothiophene are functionalized at the 2‐position with a chelating N‐acylpyrazole moiety which permits the coordination of a visible‐light‐activatable chiral‐at‐rhodium Lewis acid catalyst. Computational molecular modeling revealed the origin of the unusual regioselectivity and identified the heteroatom in the heterocycle to be key for the regiocontrol.     

聚合离子液体磷钨酸盐合成及催化模拟油氧化脱硫

合成了新型的聚合离子液体磷钨酸盐(聚1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑磷钨酸盐)(PBVIm PW),采用FT-IR、XRD和TG进行表征,通过CHN元素和ICP分析确定其结构。催化剂用于过氧化氢为氧化剂的模拟油品氧化脱硫反应。考察反应温度、氧硫比、催化剂用量等对脱硫率的影响。结果表明,当反应温度为50℃,n(H_2O_2)/n(S)为8,n(PBVIm PW(P))/n(BT)为0.4∶1.0,反应时间150 min时,苯并噻吩(BT)的转化率可以达到99.4%。催化剂可回收重复使用四次,催化活性无明显下降。     

Tandem C-3/C-2 annulation of indole,benzofuran, and benzothiophene with 2-alkynyl benzylalcohol: an efficient approach to the diverse tetracyclic heteroazulene ring systems

We demonstrate an efficient and flexible strategy toward the synthesis of a library of biologically and pharmaceutically important tetracyclic heteroazulene derivatives in the presence of inexpensive and less toxic molecular iodine. The present strategy involves a sequential alkylation and alkenylation of indole/benzofuran/benzothiophene with o-alkynyl benzyl alcohols derivatives to obtain tetracyclic heteroazulene derivatives in moderate to good yields. Compared to other methodologies, the present strategy is more general, versatile, and environmentally friendly.     

Reactivity of silicon and germanium doped CNTs toward aromatic sulfur compounds: A theoretical approach

Adsorption processes of thiophene and benzothiophene on pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and on CNTs doped with Si or Ge, have been modeled with Density Functional. This is the first study on the chemical reactivity of such doped tubes. The calculated data suggest that the presence of silicon or germanium atoms in CNTs increases their reactivity toward thiophene, and benzothiophene. The adsorption of these species on pristine CNTs seems very unlikely to occur, while the addition products involving doped CNTs were found to be very stable, with respect to the isolated reactants, in terms of Gibbs free energy. Several of these adsorption processes were found to be significantly exergonic (ΔG < 0) in non-polar liquid phase. The results reported in this work suggest that Si and Ge defects on CNTs increase their reactivity toward unsaturated species, and could make them useful in the removal processes of aromatic sulfur compounds from oil-hydrocarbons. However, according to our results, CNTs doped with Si atoms are expected to be more efficient as aromatic sulfur compounds scavengers than those doped with Ge. These results also suggest that the presence of silicon and germanium atoms in the CNTs structures enhances their reactivity toward nucleophilic molecules, compared to pristine carbon nanotubes.     

Halogen Dance on 2-Iodobenzofuran and 2-Iodobenzothiophene and Related Reactions

When 2-iodobenzofuran was treated sequentially with lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide in tetrahydrofuran at −50 °C and an aldehyde, the 2-substituted 3-iodobenzofuran resulting from the halogen dance was the only isolated product. However, from 2-iodobenzothiophene, these conditions led to mixtures in which the 2-substituted 3-iodobenzothiophene was always accompanied by the 2-substituted benzothiophene. The use of 2-bromobenzothiophene as a catalyst made it possible to significantly reduce this competitive dehalogenation. To confirm the halogen dance reaction, the products were unambiguously synthesized by using direct halogenations and deprotolithiation-trapping sequences as key steps. Our efforts to access 2,7-disubstituted and 7-substituted derivatives of benzofuran and benzothiophene have also been reported.     

The Interrupted Pummerer Reaction in a Sulfoxide‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of 2‐Naphthols

A benzothiophene S‐oxide catalyst, generated in situ by sulfur oxidation with H₂O₂, mediates the oxidative coupling of 2‐naphthols. Key to the catalytic process is the capture and inversion of reactivity of a 2‐naphthol partner, using an interrupted Pummerer reaction of an unusual benzothiophene S‐oxide, followed by subsequent coupling with a second partner. The new catalytic manifold has been showcased in the synthesis of the bioactive natural products, (±)‐nigerone and (±)‐isonigerone. Although Pummerer reactions are used widely, their application in catalysis is rare, and our approach represents a new catalytic manifold for metal‐free C?C bond formation.     

Phosphomolybdic acid as a bifunctional catalyst for Friedel–Crafts type dehydrative coupling reaction

Phosphomolybdic acid (H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀) was found to be a bifunctional catalyst for C─C bond formation via the dehydrative reaction of diarylmethanols with various nucleophiles, including 2‐naphthols, indoles, benzofuran and benzothiophene. The protons in the catalyst might play a critical role in the activation of alcohol, while the polyanion was advantageous for stabilizing the carbocation species. The cooperative catalytic system showed its own merits, such as high reaction rate, low catalyst loading, mild conditions, excellent yields (up to 99%) and good functional group compatibility.     

Isotope exchange of heterocyclic compounds with D2O in the presence of transition metals

During a study of deuterium-hydrogen exchange of two-ring condensed heterocycles in the presence of a Pt catalyst it was observed that the degree of deuteration decreases in the order benzofuran naphthalene > benzothiophene. It was found that the degree of deuteration of 2-acetylbenzofuran is 80%, whereas for 2-propylbenzofuran it is only 8%. The degree of deuteration of hydrogenated derivatives decreases in the order coumarin > chromene > dihydrocoumarin; the formation of polydeuterated derivatives is observed for coumarin, whereas products of replacement of one hydrogen atom by deuterium predominate for chromene and dihydrocoumarin.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 451–453, April, 1981.     

Regioselectivity of the allylation of benzothiophene

The reaction of benzothiophene with allyl halides in the presence of silver trichloroacetate in chlorine-containing hydrocarbons was investigated. It was established by gas-liquid chromatography and ¹³C NMR and mass spectrometry that 3-allylbenzothiophene and diallylbenzothiophene are formed in this case. The ¹³C NMR spectra were interpreted on the basis of an additive scheme with the utilization of benzothiophene, thiophene, and 2- and 3-allylthiophenes as models.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1625–1627, December, 1977.     

Highly efficient mesoporous WO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>/KIT-6 catalysts for oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with hydrogen peroxide

Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of organic compounds containing sulfur element from a model oil was performed using tungsten oxide catalysts supported on mesoporous silica with cubic Ia3d mesostructure, well-defined mesopores (7.2 nm), high surface area (719 m²/g), and three-dimensional pore network (WO _x /KIT-6). The prepared WO _x /KIT-6 catalysts (5–20 wt% WO _x ) were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, N₂ sorption measurements, electron microscopy, H₂-temperature programmed reduction, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Among the mesoporous catalysts, 10 wt% WO _x /KIT-6 exhibited the best catalytic performance. Sulfur-containing organic compounds, such as dibenzothiophene, 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, and benzothiophene, were completely (100 %) removed from the model oil over 10 wt% WO _x /KIT-6 catalyst in 2 h. In addition, the catalyst could be reused several times with only slight decrease in catalytic activity.     

功能化含磷钼酸介孔硅材料的制备及其在深度氧化脱硫中的应用

随着全球工业的快速发展,化石燃料的消耗量日益增加,从而导致有毒污染物的排放量随之增加.燃料油中的含硫化合物燃烧后会形成SOx.SOx排放到大气中会形成酸雨污染环境.因此,超清洁燃料的生产迫在眉睫.目前主要的脱硫工艺为加氢脱硫(HDS).HDS能够有效脱除燃油中的硫醚、硫醇和二硫化物等含硫化物,但对于芳香族硫化物及其衍生物(如苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩等)的脱除效果较差,而且HDS需要在高温、高压且有合适催化剂存在的条件下进行反应.因此,开发操作简单、反应条件温和、能够高效脱除芳香族硫化物及其衍生物的脱硫工艺已成为目前研究的热点.催化氧化脱硫(CODS)能够在温和条件下高选择性脱除芳香族硫化物及其衍生物,作为HDS的有效补充,在深度脱硫领域的应用得到了广泛认可.目前适用于CODS的催化剂有分子筛、甲酸、过氧化物酶、氧化钼和杂多酸等.其中,含钼(VI)催化剂在CODS中表现出良好的性能,得到了广泛的研究和应用.在CODS中,催化剂载体同样起着重要作用.从实际应用角度出发,无定形二氧化硅在制备过程及经济性方面存在着不可替代的优势.到目前为止,无定形SiO2负载磷钼酸(HPMo)作为CODS催化剂的研究鲜有报道.本课题组以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为介孔模板剂,以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,通过沉淀法直接合成了功能化含HPMo介孔复合材料HPMo-SiO2.采用XRD,FT-IR,31P-NMR和XPS等测试手段对所制备的材料进行了表征.结果表明,作为催化活性位点的钼以磷钼酸的形式存在,磷钼酸的Keggen结构在负载过程中没有遭到破坏,并且活性磷钼酸能够均匀分散在二氧化硅载体上.HPMo-SiO2的比表面积为365.0 m2/g,总孔容为1.237 cm3/g,平均孔径为12.91 nm.本文系统研究了模型油脱硫反应条件、催化剂循环使用次数及催化反应动力学.结果表明,HPMo-SiO2具有高效的脱硫活性,在反应温度为55oC,催化剂与模型油质量比为0.7%,反应时间为10 min的条件下,二苯并噻吩(DBT)脱除率可达100%;在反应温度为60oC,催化剂与模型油质量比为1.0%,反应时间为30 min的条件下,苯并噻吩(BT)脱除率可达100%.同等反应条件下,DBT的反应活性大于BT.DBT及BT的氧化脱除反应均符合表观一级动力学模型,且DBT脱除反应的表观活化能小于BT脱除反应.所制备的催化剂经过10次循环使用,DBT脱除率仍可以达到95.2%(BT为95.7%),说明所制备的HPMo-SiO2催化剂具有高活性和强稳定性.通过气质联用及微库仑仪对反应产物进行了分析,结果表明,BT和DBT的氧化产物分别为苯并噻吩砜(BTO2)和二苯并噻吩砜(DBTO2),且氧化产物全部被催化剂吸附,油品中没有含硫化合物的存在,因此不需要后续的氧化产物分离操作,提高了整个脱硫工艺的经济性,并且有效减少了分离操作带来的油品损失.     

合成条件对磷钨酸负载的金属有机框架催化剂氧化脱硫性能的影响

通过一步水热合成法制备了大比表面积、高脱硫活性的磷钨酸(HPW)负载的金属有机框架HPW@MIL-101(Cr)催化剂,对其进行了FT-IR、XRD和氮吸附等表征,并研究了合成时间、合成温度、酸碱度及HPW负载量等参数对催化剂脱硫性能的影响。结果表明,随着合成时间的延长、合成温度的提高,HPW@MIL-101(Cr)孔道有序度提高;合成温度低于等于140℃时,不能形成M IL-101(Cr)晶体结构;酸性合成条件合成的HPW@M IL-101(Cr)的孔道有序度降低;随着HPW负载量的增加,HPW@MIL-101(Cr)的催化性能呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在12 h、220℃和中性条件下制备得到的负载量为3.5 g的HPW@MIL-101(Cr)催化剂具有最佳脱硫活性;在模拟油20 mL、催化剂用量0.24 g、氧硫比为8和50℃条件下反应120 min,对苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩脱硫率分别为99%、100%和99%;与HPW相比,苯并噻吩脱硫率提高了2.4倍。     

Palladium-catalyzed benzylic-like nucleophilic substitution of benzofuran-, benzothiophene- and indole-based substrates by dimethyl malonate anion

The palladium-catalyzed benzylic-like nucleophilic substitution of acetates derived from benzofuran, benzothiophene and indole was investigated. The asymmetric substitution on racemic 1-(2-benzofuryl)ethyl acetate gave disappointing results, but the substitution product was obtained in 98% ee from (S)-1-(2-benzofuryl)ethyl acetate with overall retention of configuration.