An investigation into power attenuations in deformed polymer optical fibers under high temperature conditions

This study investigates the effects of temperature and the bend radius on the power loss and average plastic energy density (APED) in SH-4001, MH-4001 and GH-4001 polymer optical fibers (POFs) deformed at temperatures ranging from 25 to 80 °C. The results show that the APED index provides a viable means of predicting the power loss in the three POFs. Based on the experimental data, curve-fitted equations are derived to estimate the power losses in the three POFs under given deformation and temperature conditions. The difference between the estimated results and the experimental results is found to be less than 6%. The experimental results also indicate that, of the three POFs considered in the present study, the GH-4001 fiber has a higher glass transition temperature and has the best power loss resistance, particularly under higher temperature deformation conditions.     

Combined effects of bending and elongation on polymer optical fiber losses

The combined effects of bending and elongation on fiber losses as rays propagate along deformed polymer optical fibers (POFs) are investigated. The variations in power attenuation for various curvature radii and elongations are studied. The experimental results indicate that the combination of bending and elongation significantly affects the power loss of POF. From the results an equation is proposed to predict the power losses for different bent radii and elongations. The maximum difference between the proposed equation and the experimental results is less than 5%.     

Analysis of fissionability data at high excitation energies

A level density formula that takes into account the smoothed volume, surface and curvature dependence of the single particle level density at the Fermi surface using the results of Balian and Bloch, is shown to be compatible with the level spacings found in neutron resonance data if complemented by a simple Ansatz for shell effects (due to Ignatyuk) and pairing effects. The three parameters involved, a scaling parameter, a shell damping energy and a pairing energy shift are compatible, respectively, with known nuclear radii, microscopic level density calculations and odd-even mass fluctuations. At excitation energies on the order of the neutron binding energy no evidence for an absolute level density problem or a different behaviour of level densities (collective contributions) for deformed nuclei as opposed to spherical nuclei is found. The proposed level density formula allows to calculate a priori macroscopic ratios of level densities, e.g. at the groundstate and at the saddle point, removing this important parameter from the analysis of fissionability data. As a first application, the fissionability of a number of actinide nuclei at excitation energies a few MeV above the fission barrier is analysed.     

Increased Power Concentration and its Effects on the Discharge Parameters of the Low Pressure Hg-rare Gas Positive Column. II. Variation of Tube Radius

The reduction of the tube radius is an effective technique for enhancing power concentration. The increased wall losses are compensated by larger field strengths, which counteract the decrease in radiation efficiency with rising current density. The causal relationships are investigated for tube radii of 18-4 mm at constant discharge current i = 200 mA and constant current density j = 1.2 mA/mm² and for parameter variation of the field strength only. The measured efficiencies of the Hg-resonance lines 254 and 185 nm and the electron energy distribution functions agree well with the calculated values. Moreover, the results of the model calculations provide information on the elementary processes involved, such as elastic losses, collisions of second kind, stepwise processes and Coulomb interaction. The results show that Hg-rare gas discharge with tube radii R = 5–10 mm are no less suitable for light production than those with radii between 13 and 18 mm.     

Hysteresis loss subdivision

Assuming that different energy dissipation mechanisms are at work along hysteresis, a hysteresis loss subdivision procedure has been proposed, using the induction at maximum permeability (around 0.8 T, in electrical steels) as the boundary between the “low-induction” and the “high-induction” regions. This paper reviews the most important results obtained in 10 years of investigation of the effect of microstructure on these components of the hysteresis loss. As maximum induction increases, the “low-induction loss” increases linearly up to 1.2 T, while the “high-induction loss” is zero up to 0.7 T and then increases as a power law with n=5. Low-induction loss behavior is linearly related to H_c between 0.4 and 1.2 T. Grain size has a larger influence on low-induction losses than on high-induction losses. Texture has a much stronger influence on high loss than on low-induction loss, and it is related to the average magnetocrystalline energy. 6.5%Si steel shows smaller hysteresis loss at 1.5 T than 3.5%Si steel only because of its smaler high-induction component. The abrupt increase in hysteresis loss due to very small plastic deformation is strongly related to the high-induction loss component. These results are discussed in terms of energy dissipation mechanisms such as domain wall movement, irreversible rotation and domain wall energy dissipation at domain nucleation and annihilation.     

Nuclear symmetry energy effects in finite nuclei and neutron star

Within a relativistic mean-field model with nonlinear isoscalar–isovector coupling, we explore the possibility of constraining the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy from a systematic study of the neutron skin thickness of finite nuclei and neutron star properties. We find the present skin data supports a rather stiff symmetry energy at subsaturation densities that corresponds to a soft symmetry energy at supranormal densities. Correlation between the skin of ²⁰⁸Pb and the neutron star masses and radii with kaon condensation has been studied. We find that ²⁰⁸Pb skin estimate suggest star radii that reveals considerable model dependence. Thus precise measurements of neutron star radii in conjunction with skin thickness of heavy nuclei could provide significant constraint on the density dependence of symmetry energy.     

Magnetic losses at high flux densities in nonoriented Fe–Si alloys

We present and discuss power loss measurements performed in Fe–(3.5 wt%)Si nonoriented laminations up to very high flux densities. The results are obtained on disk samples using a 1D/2D single-sheet tester, where the fieldmetric and the thermometric methods are applied upon overlapping polarization ranges. The power loss in the highest polarization regimes (e.g. J_p>1.8 T) is measured, in particular, by the rate of rise of temperature method, both under controlled and uncontrolled flux density waveform, the latter case emulating the conditions met in practical unsophisticated experiments. Lack of control at such extreme J_p levels is conducive to strong flux distortion, but the correspondingly measured loss figure can eventually be converted to the one pertaining to sinusoidal induction at the same J_p values. This is demonstrated as a specific application of the statistical theory of magnetic losses, where the usual formulation for the energy losses in magnetic sheets under distorted induction is exploited in reverse fashion.     

Analysis of bend loss in waveguides employing photonic band gap effect

We analyse bend loss properties of a band gap-guided periodic structure, and give reasons for the effects found. In many cases, a tight bend produces only a slight reduction in power transmitted. We also make a comparison of bend losses in conventional waveguides and bend-resistant waveguides.     

相对论重离子碰撞中π源密度分布和小相对动量区域2π干涉学分析

用2π关联函数在小相对动量区域的幂级数展开,得到了不同π源密度分布下源的空间参数、平均半径和均方根半径间关系,与相对论重离子中心碰撞1.8A GeV Ar+Pb的实验结果一致. 给出了上述反应中π源的平均半径和均方根半径.对不同的源密度分布,计算了K_t的值.     

Theory of the Coulomb capture of negative mesonic particles

The Coulomb capture of negative mesonic particles is semiclassically calculated in closed form. Expressions are given for energy loss and angular momentum loss, capture ratios, and spectral flux densities of the slow particles in matter. The effect of a centrifugal barrier on the capture ratio and the spectral flux density is shown. Numerical results are given for gaseous Ar and a hypothetical solid of Z = 18 with an assumed atomic radius corresponding to average condensed matter. There is a great difference between the results for the two cases.     

Self-consistent calculations for highly excited compound nuclei

A method for self-consistently calculating average nuclear properties at high excitation energies is derived. Calculations using this formalism have been performed for a double-magic and a deformed nucleus employing the Skyrme force for the nucleon-nucleon interaction. The effects of excitation energy on the nuclear structure are discussed and a comparison of self-consistently calculated level densities with those obtained in the usual statistical method is made. The calculations for the deformed nucleus show the transition from the deformed to a spherical shape with increasing excitation.     

利用质子能损检测气体靶区有效靶原子密度的实验研究

准确测量气态靶区的有效靶原子密度能够提升离子与气体和离子与等离子体靶相互作用实验结果的精度和对物理过程的认识.实验中利用离子加速器引出的100 ke V质子束穿过一定长度的氢气靶,对质子的剩余能量进行了精确测量,获得了在气体靶内的质子能损数据,结合已有的能损研究结果,重新标定了气体靶区内的有效靶原子密度.分别比较了能损、电离型真空计IonIVac ITR 90和薄膜电容型真空计Varian CDG-500的实验测量结果,对比了修正后的电离型真空计有效气压曲线,结果发现质子束能损的测量方式具有原位、高准确性、在线监测等突出优势,为诊断气态靶有效原子密度提供了新的方法.     

数值模拟二维间隙表面等离子波导传输特性

利用表面等离子激元的新颖特性,设计了二维间隙表面等离子波导.以这种结构为基础通过变形和组合形成90°直角弯曲波导、T型光功率分配器和光开光,采用时域有限差分法研究了它们的传输特性.结果表明:不同于介质光波导的弯曲损耗来自于辐射泄漏,90°直角弯曲间隙表面等离子波导的能量损耗主要来自于金属中的欧姆热损耗.在间隙达到40 nm以上后,当直行段的长度适当时,弯曲段的透射率较相同长度的直波导的透射率要大.T型光功率分配器在两输出波导的间隙宽度比达到0.6及以上时,不同于传统介质波导的分光原则,能量主要沿等效折射率较小的输出臂流出.当两输入光的相位反相时,T型光开关处于输出截止的状态,当两输入光的相位同相时,T型光开关处于输出导通的状态.所有波导间隙均小于衍射极限,实现了超衍射极限传播,可用于未来了超大规模集成光路中.     

用于高速数据通信的梯度塑料光纤

概述了梯度塑料光纤的开发历史和现状。从应用于高速数据通信的角度 ,介绍了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、全氘化和全氟化梯度塑料光纤的损耗、带宽、稳定性和寿命。详细介绍了梯度塑料光纤的损耗光谱和损耗机制 ,介绍了制作梯度塑料光纤的界面凝胶聚合技术和两种扩散法 ,分析了梯度塑料光纤的制作方法同折射率剖面和带宽的关系 ,讨论了梯度塑料光纤的稳定性同掺杂物质的关系。同时介绍了高稳定性梯度塑料光纤的研究进展及今后的发展动向     

Verification of CuInSe2 density of states features by reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy

Reflection electron energy loss measurements of CuInSe₂ single crystals are reported and when possible, the losses are compared with former results by Kazmerski and Jamjoum et al. Their identification of the transitions is confirmed and refined by spectrum simulations with total and partial densities of states from band structure calculations of Jaffe, Bendt, Zunger, and Bullett.New conduction-band maxima at energies not covered by the available calculations, are proposed and their consistency with the experimental loss energies is shown by another simulation with Lorentzian density peaks.     

C波段磁绝缘线振荡器的数值模拟

 利用2维半全电磁PIC程序进行数值模拟，设计了一种C波段磁绝缘线振荡器。该振荡器在阴极电子发射起点加圆环,控制此处电子束的发射密度，来减少电子能量的损耗，改善束-波互作用；逐渐加大慢波结构的后两个叶片的内半径，增大微波群速度，便于谐振腔中的能量输出，提高微波输出效率；采用两个扼流片有效地阻止了微波功率向二极管区泄漏，相应减小了器件的尺寸。当外加电压为430 kV、束流46 kA时，饱和后输出微波平均功率2 GW，频率3.51 GHz，功率转换效率10%。     

Self-consistent theory of finite Fermi systems and radii of nuclei

Present-day self-consistent approaches in nuclear theory were analyzed from the point of view of describing distributions of nuclear densities. The generalized method of the energy density functional due to Fayans and his coauthors (this is the most successful version of the self-consistent theory of finite Fermi systems) was the first among the approaches under comparison. The second was the most successful version of the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock method with the HFB-17 functional due to Goriely and his coauthors. Charge radii of spherical nuclei were analyzed in detail. Several isotopic chains of deformed nuclei were also considered. Charge-density distributions ρ _ch(r) were calculated for several spherical nuclei. They were compared with model-independent data extracted from an analysis of elastic electron scattering on nuclei.     

含有杂质的托卡马克等离子体输运的数值研究

应用一维输运模型数值研究杂质及中性粒子对托卡马克放电的影响,对含氧杂质的ST和HT-6B放电进行计算模拟,结果与实验符合很好。     

Nuclear level densities with collective rotations included

The level density is calculated from the single particle energies in a Woods-Saxon potential with pairing included in the BCS approximation. The collective rotations are included by addition of a rotational band on top of each of the intrinsic levels. The nuclei investigated have mass numbers in the region 100 ≦ A ≦ 253. At the ground state deformation and at the neutron separation energy for the nucleus in question we compare calculated and observed level densities. The dependence on the parameters in the model are investigated. Considering the uncertainties in these parameters the calculated results are believed accurate to within a factor of 3. The rotations contribute typically a factor of 40. They must be included for deformed and not for spherical nuclei. We underestimate systematically the level density by a factor of 4 with fluctuations around the average value by a factor of 3. The nuclei lighter than ¹³⁸Ba are an exception. We obtain around a factor 100 too few levels in the calculation.     

CW mode locked Nd:YVO4 laser pumped by 20-W laser diode bar

The efficient cw mode locking (cw-ML) regime was demonstrated in Nd:YVO₄ laser by means of saturable absorber mirror (SAM). The 0.3-at.% Nd³⁺ doped 10-mm-long YVO₄ crystal end pumped by 20-W diode module with a beam shaper was applied as a gain medium located in the close vicinity to the rear flat mirror of the first arm of Z-type resonator of 316 cm total length with two curved mirrors of 100-cm curvature radii. The SAM of 2%-saturable absorptance and saturation fluence of 50 μJ/cm² was mounted at the opposite end of a resonator. The developed “dynamically stable” cavity design mitigates detrimental role of thermal aberration in gain medium, enforcing clean perfect mode locking even for the highest pump densities. The cw-ML pulses with 47.5 MHz repetition rate and pulse durations in the range of 15–20 ps were observed for a wide range of pump powers and output coupler losses. In the best case, for 32% of output coupler transmission, up to 6.2 W of average power with near 35% slope efficiency was achieved. The thresholds for Q-switched ML, cw-ML regimes were 2.67 W and 6.13 W of pump power, respectively. For the maximum pump power of 20 W we obtained 133 nJ of pulse energy with 16-ps pulse duration, resulting in a peak power higher than 8 kW. The threshold energy density at SAM giving the QML regime was estimated to be about 30 μJ/cm², threshold of cw-ML regime was 220 μJ/cm².