低碳钢拉伸的真应力——应变曲线测量1)

针对低碳钢拉伸的真应力-应变曲线测量问题,开发了基于单相机三维数字图像相关的实验教学系统。该系统可测量低碳钢拉伸过程中的表面三维形貌和表面应变,并由此获得低碳钢拉伸的真应力-应变曲线。该实验有助于学生深入理解塑性金属材料的力学性能,培养其科研兴趣。     

应变率历史对应力应变曲线的影响

利用普通SHPB实验系统、双试件SHPB实验系统，对一特种钢材进行了不同应变率历史的动态压缩实验，获得了不同应变率历史所对应的应力应变曲线。通过量化平均应变率相同的情况下不同应变率历史所对应的应力应变曲线的差别，以及量化应变率历史的恒定程度，初步分析了应变率历史对应力应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明:特别是在较高平均应变率下，应变率历史对试件材料的应力应变曲线有明显的影响，在材料动态本构关系研究中应当考虑应变率历史的影响。     

薄膜应力应变曲线和基本力学性能测试

本文采用白光散斑和数字散斑两种方法测量了厚度在１－６０μｍ）之间康铜孤立膜和其上喷镀ＴｉＯ２后复合膜的应力应变曲线，并成功地利用一种新方法－复合材料分离法由孤立膜和复合膜应力应变曲线分离出ＴｉＯ２膜的应力应变曲线，同时给出了它们的基本力学性能（如（ｅ，ｑｓ，ｑｓ，Ｋ）测量结果表明这一方法对于微电子及其组件中常用的薄膜（１－６０μｍ）及超薄膜（０．１－１μｍ）的应力应变和基本力学性能的测量有普遍意义     

汽车薄钢板应力应变曲线及屈服轨迹的研究

采用十字形双向拉伸的实验方法对两种汽车用薄钢板BH220和SPEN进行了不同 加载路径下的双向拉伸试验，得到了不同应力状态下的应力应变关系曲线，同时，根据单位 体积塑性功相等的原则，确定了两种钢板等效塑性应变从0.2\%$\sim$2\%的实验屈服轨迹. 结果分析表明：不同加载路径下板料的应力应变关系不同，随着加载比例由单拉到等双拉状 态，板料的硬化指数逐步增大；实验屈服轨迹呈外凸性，且以等双拉为界的上下部分屈服轨 迹不对称，随着变形程度的增加，屈服轨迹向外扩大，但单拉时强化程度最小，而等双拉 时最大. 对BH220和SPEN钢板的实验屈服轨迹与几种常用理论屈服轨迹的比较发现，Hosford各向 异性屈服准则的理论轨迹与实验结果最为接近，Hill48准则与实验结果相差最大，此外一 向被视为只适用于各向同性材料的Mises准则与实验结果也较为接近，其他几个屈服准则的 理论屈服轨迹与实验点相差较大.     

混凝土剪切应力-应变曲线的研究

本文利用自行设计的混凝土剪切试件对混凝土剪切强度、剪切应力一应变曲线进行了研究,为混凝土结构的分析提供了必要的力学模型．     

等径圆球组简单压缩下的宏观应力-应变关系

应用虚功原理推导出规则排列等径因球颗粒在赫兹接触规律下简单压缩时宏观应力应变关系，并与TRUBAL程序离散元法模拟结果做了比较．比较发现规则排列模拟结果和理论结果是一致的．进一步模拟研究了随机排列，给出了等径圆球随机排列宏观应力应变关系拟合公式．     

循环冲击作用下岩石应力应变曲线及应力波特性

利用研制的岩石动静组合加载实验装置进行循环冲击实验,研究了在循环冲击过程中岩石典型的动态应力应变曲线及反射波和透射波的变化规律。结果表明:岩石在循环冲击过程中的动态应力应变曲线可分为压密阶段、弹性阶段、内部裂纹扩展的加载阶段、第1卸载阶段和第2卸载阶段等5个阶段。在相同入射波循环作用下,随着循环次数的增加,岩石的反射波峰值越来越大,反射波峰值出现的时间越来越迟,透射波峰值越来越小,透射波峰值出现的时间越来越早,表明在循环冲击过程中岩石内部损伤逐渐累积,从而导致抵抗外部冲击载荷的能力逐渐降低。     

准静态压缩应力-应变曲线测量方法的探索

本文介绍了用应变片直接测量材料的准静态应力-应变曲线的试验研究。在MTS810材料试验机上分别对93W、G50、砂浆等几种材料进行了准静态压缩试验。由于仪器的系统误差不能由MTSCod规准确的得到材料的真实的弹性变形。为此在试件的中部贴应变片得到材料的弹性变形,塑性变形仍旧由MTSCod规记录,从而得到试样的真实的应变,准确获得准静态压缩应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明:在试件中部贴应变片的方法能够准确得到该材料的杨氏模量;在试件两端垫块的刀口上安置Cod规可得到材料的应力应变曲线。两者的合理组合即可得到准确而完整的准静态压缩应力-应变曲线。试验中还发现准静态实验中试件的断面加工不平,偏心压缩等都会影响E的准确测量。     

冲击加载下材料应力应变曲线振荡现象的研究综述

在冲击加载下获得的材料应力应变曲线往往具有显著的振荡,长期以来由于很难判断振荡的真伪,即不确定振荡是试样材料的本征特性还是纯粹的机械加载等带来的影响,故曲线的振荡往往没有从真实应力应变曲线中直接消除。但这种振荡的存在掩盖了真实的材料响应,导致很难准确确定材料的动态屈服强度,也影响了材料动态本构关系的建立及本构模型参数的准确性,这对重大装备工程在冲击载荷下的优化设计及安全可靠性带来不利影响。针对这个长期困扰科研和工程技术人员的普遍性问题,本文综述了冲击加载下材料应力应变曲线振荡现象的研究进展,首先从加载系统设计、应力波传播、试样变形分布等方面分析了动态测试曲线中出现振荡的原因;其次依据振荡成因重点论述了抑制或消除振荡现象的方法;最后总结了现阶段研究的突出问题,并对未来发展方向提出一些建议。     

低碳钢拉伸的真应力–应变曲线测量

针对低碳钢拉伸的真应力–应变曲线测量问题,开发了基于单相机三维数字图像相关的实验教学系统。该系统可测量低碳钢拉伸过程中的表面三维形貌和表面应变,并由此获得低碳钢拉伸的真应力–应变曲线。该实验有助于学生深入理解塑性金属材料的力学性能,培养其科研兴趣。     

浇铸类炸药应力应变曲线的SHPB测量

浇铸类炸药由于质地软、波阻抗及波速都很低,通过传统SHPB实验方法无法得到准确的应力应变数据。透射杆信号幅值过低、试样应力平衡均匀性不高以及大应变加载引起的入射波反射波重叠失效,是进行浇铸类炸药SHPB实验的难点所在。本文中对传统SHPB实验方法进行改进,在试样两端面加装石英晶体应力计,引入石英计所获得的应力数据与应变片测得数据共同对试样应力应变状态进行计算。该方法可以提高透射信号幅值,提供试样大应变加载,避免了入射波反射波重叠导致的信号失效问题,修正了SHPB实验过程中的应力时空不均匀性的影响,提高了实验结果的可靠性。利用改进后的实验方法对典型浇铸类炸药进行了实验研究,得到了较准确的应力应变曲线。     

Single-test determination of the friction coefficient and stress-strain curve for application in metal-forming analyses

The compression test of a ring is customarily used to determine the friction coefficient in metal-forming problems. The aim of this paper is to describe a procedure to obtain, for metals in the large deformation range, the stress-strain curve and friction coefficient through the same test. The friction coefficient is evaluated by comparing curves obtained by a finite element code with the experimental curves. The stress-strain curve is obtained by inverting an analytical solution, calculated by a lower-upper-bound approach. Good results in terms of accuracy are obtained.     

Inversion of a full-range stress-strain relation for stainless steel alloys

This paper presents an approximate inversion of the stress-strain relation for stainless steel alloys. Using currently available stress-strain relations based on a modified Ramberg-Osgood equation, a new expression for the stress σ as an explicit function of the total strain ε is obtained. The new expression is valid over the full-range of the stress well beyond the 0.2% proof stress σ_0.2, defined as the stress level corresponding to the plastic strain value of 0.2%. The validity of the inverted expression is tested over a wide range of material parameters. The tests show that the new expression results in stress-strain curves which are both qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the fully iterated numerical solution of the full-range stress-strain relation.     

A split Hopkinson pressure bar technique to determine compressive stress-strain data for rock materials

This paper presents a split Hopkinson pressure bar technique to obtain compressive stress-strain data for rock materials. This technique modifies the conventional split Hopkinson bar apparatus by placing a thin copper disk on the impact surface of the incident bar. When the striker bar impacts the copper disk, a nondispersive ramp pulse propagates in the incident bar and produces a nearly constant strain rate in a rock sample. Data from experiments with limestone show that the samples are in dynamic stress equilibrium and have constant strain rates over most of the test durations. In addition, the ramp pulse durations can be controlled such that samples are unloaded just prior to failure. Thus, intact samples that experience strains beyond the elastic region and postpeak stresses can be retrieved for microstructural evaluations. The paper also presents analytical models that predict the time durations for sample equilibrium and constant strain rate. Model predictions are in good agreement with measurements.     

The effect of strain rate and heat developed during deformation on the stress-strain curve of plastics

Polymethylmethacrylate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polypropylene and nylon 6–6 have been characterized in compression at various strain rates from 10^?4 s^?1 to 10³ s^?1 at room temperature. A medium strain-rate machine and a split-Hopkinson-bar apparatus are used in conducting the experiments. The temperature rise developed during deformation is also measured by using a thermocouple. All four materials tested definitely show a viscous effect at the beginning of the deformation and a plastic flow follows thereafter. Test results also indicate that the temperature rise developed during deformation cannot be neglected in determining the dynamic response of those materials investigated in this study.     

低碳钢滑移带的实验观测

针对一些文献对低碳钢滑移带描述的不准确性以及实验教学的需要,提出一种观测低碳钢滑移带的实验方法.该方法采用数字图像相关技术提取低碳钢试件在单向拉伸过程中的表面位移场和应变场,直观的显示出滑移带产生和传播的过程.实验教学表明,该实验不但能有效地揭示低碳钢滑移带的特性,而且还能激发学生的科研兴趣,教学效果良好,值得推广.     

Analysis of the localization of damage and the complete stress-strain relation for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock subjected to compressive loads

A micromechanics-based model is established. The model takes the interaction among sliding cracks into account, and it is able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the localization condition of damage and deformation for brittle rock subjected to compressive loads. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock containing microcracks subjected to compressive loads was obtained. It is showed that the complete stress-strain relation includes linear elasticity, nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop and strain softening. The behavior of rapid stress drop and strain softening is due to localization of deformation and damage. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the exoerimental results.     

约束修正失效评定曲线及内压管道失效分析

用A2参数描述裂纹尖端约束效应,考虑裂纹尖端约束水平对断裂阻力的影响,对R6失效评定曲线进行修正。以X80钢为例,根据不同约束水平试件测试得到的JR–△a曲线,给出了与裂纹尖端约束相关的失效评定曲线。在使用有限元对带裂纹内压管道进行弹塑性分析的基础上,利用失效评定曲线对失效载荷进行预测;与试验结果比较表明:采用约束修正失效评定曲线,在对存在缺陷的构件进行安全性评定、寿命评估、失效概率计算时,考虑约束效应对断裂韧度的影响可以更充分地发挥构件的强度潜力。     

The velocity of ultrasound in low-carbon steel deformed at the low yield limit

The variation of a thin structure upon deformation of low-carbon steel at the yield limit is analyzed. The character of the interrelationship between the stage nature of a plastic flow of low-carbon steel and the velocity of ultrasound in it is established. It is shown that the velocity of ultrasound is a parameter for obtaining additional data on the development of plastic flow. The structural changes that exert an effect on the velocity of ultrasound in the deformation that corresponds to the yield site are studied. Institute of Strength and Materials Science Physics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634021. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 197–201, May–June, 2000.