蛋白质酪氨酸硝化的研究

蛋白质酪氨酸硝基化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,与多种病症相关.经由过氧亚硝酸根(ONOO-)和NO2-/H2O2/血红素过氧化物酶体系是促使蛋白质硝化最主要的两种途径,其反应为自由基机理.本文对体内蛋白质硝基化的途径、机制及其生物学意义作了综述,指出蛋白质的硝化具有选择性,特定酪氨酸残基发生硝化能够改变蛋白质的结构和功能,影响其免疫应答和可能涉及的信号转导过程,从而具有重要的生物学意义.     

蛋白质酪氨酸硝化的研究

蛋白质酪氨酸硝基化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,与多种病症相关。经由过氧亚硝酸根(ONOO-)和NO2-/H2O2/血红素过氧化物酶体系是促使蛋白质硝化最主要的两种途径,其反应为自由基机理。本文对体内蛋白质硝基化的途径、机制及其生物学意义作了综述,指出蛋白质的硝化具有选择性,特定酪氨酸残基发生硝化能够改变蛋白质的结构和功能,影响其免疫应答和可能涉及的信号转导过程,从而具有重要的生物学意义。     

蛋白质酪氨酸硝化的研究

蛋白质酪氨酸硝基化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,与多种病症相关。经由过氧亚硝酸根（ONOO-）和NO2^-／H2O2／血红素过氧化物酶体系是促使蛋白质硝化最主要的两种途径,其反应为自由基机理。本文对体内蛋白质硝基化的途径、机制及其生物学意义作了综述,指出蛋白质的硝化具有选择性,特定酪氨酸残基发生硝化能够改变蛋白质的结构和功能,影响其免疫应答和可能涉及的信号转导过程,从而具有重要的生物学意义。     

分子动力学研究亚铁血红素激活蛋白转录激活机理

以3种亚铁血红素激活蛋白(Heme activator protein, HAP)-DNA 复合物(野生型HAP1-wt, Ser63/Arg63突变HAP1-18 和 Ser63/Gly63突变HAP1-PC7)为对象对亚铁血红素激活蛋白的转录激活机理进行了分子动力学研究. 对3个复合物分子动力学轨迹的比较性分析显示, 涉及到上游活化序列(Upstream activation sequences, UAS)识别的蛋白质-DNA 相互作用分布与实验观测到的3种蛋白转录活性一致. 进一步对3个复合物进行柔性分析显示, 3个DNA分子具有相似的柔性, 而又有所不同, 特别在涉及UAS识别的N-端和Zn2Cys6结构域前部有明显的柔性差异. 蛋白质柔性的差别导致不同的蛋白质-DNA相互作用. 因此亚铁血红素激活蛋白的N-端和Zn2Cys6结构域前部的柔性大小能够调节亚铁血红素激活蛋白转录激活功能.     

PKA酶及其抑制剂balanol的计算化学*

蛋白激酶通过磷酸化蛋白底物来调节细胞内的信号转导途径,是重要的药物设计靶标。蛋白激酶A（PKA）是最早获得催化结构域X衍射晶体结构的激酶,是蛋白激酶家族中代表性结构。本文综述了PKA在计算化学领域的研究进展,包括PKA全酶以及它的催化（C）亚基和调节(R)亚基在水溶液中的分子动力学模拟研究,磷酰基转移机理和C亚基与其抑制剂balanol的结合自由能预测、柔性对接。分子动力学、分子对接、同源模建、QM/MM等计算机辅助设计方法在该体系中得到运用。     

NO分解催化剂的研究进展

本文对用于NO直接催化分解的贵金属、金属氧化物、钙钛矿型复合金属氧化物、分子筛和碳氮化合物5种代表性催化材料上NO的催化分解性能及反应机理进行了综述.介绍了各种催化材料在用于NO分解反应中所取得的成就和存在的问题.此外,也对计算机模拟技术在NO催化分解中的应用进行了简单介绍,说明计算机技术是一种重要的实验研究辅助手段,有助于对实验现象的理解并为开发新型催化材料提供理论指导.     

WO3改性CeO2-TiO2催化剂的低温NH3-NO/NO2 SCR活性和机理研究

在铈钛基NH3-SCR催化材料中,改性元素对催化材料的酸性位和氧化还原性能的影响较大.本文采用过量浸渍法分别制备了CeO2-TiO2(CeTi)和CeO2/WO3-TiO2(CeWTi)催化剂,研究了CeWTi催化材料结构、酸性位及氧化还原性能对NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应性能的影响.结果发现,CeTi和CeWTi样品均有较优异的NH3-NO/NO2 SCR催化性能,后者略高.WO3的加入增加了催化材料的表面酸性,对其氧化还原性能影响不大.通过对反应中间物种NH4NO3的研究,发现NH4NO3的分解主要与氧化还原性能相关,而NO还原NH4NO3的反应需要氧化还原能力和酸性位共同作用,即在氧化还原性能差异不大的条件下,酸性对该反应起到重要作用.而该反应也是NH3-NO/NO2 SCR的限速步骤,这是CeWTi催化材料活性高于CeTi催化材料的原因.同时,为了获得NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应的高活性,NO2:NO比例宜为1:1.然而现实情况中,预氧化催化材料的氧化活性、NOx浓度、温度等变量使得准确控制NO2的比例较难,因此,深入了解NO2浓度对NH3–NO/NO2 SCR反应的影响至关重要.本文探讨NO2:NO的比例、O2浓度等对NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应性能的影响;并研究了不同NO2含量条件下NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应网络.通过分析CeWTi材料上NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应网络可知,当NO与NO2比例为1:1时,NH3-SCR催化活性最高,并以快速SCR形式进行;当NO与NO2比例为1:1消耗完全之后,剩余的NO或NO2各自独立以标准或慢速SCR进行,不影响其本来的反应活性.催化材料的标准SCR、快速SCR和慢速SCR均取决于材料表面酸度和氧化还原性能,但快速SCR和慢速SCR对材料这两方面性能的要求相对较低.同时O2并不参与快速和慢速SCR,而NO2可以取代O2作为SCR反应中主要的氧化剂,氧化Ce4+为Ce3+,甚至比O2和NO再氧化活性位的能力更强,保持催化材料的高催化活性.低温条件时,慢速SCR和快速SCR反应均在材料表面生成硝酸铵中间物种,但由于慢速SCR气氛中缺乏NO将硝酸铵还原,进而引发快速SCR反应,因此材料表面快速SCR的NOx转化率要高于慢速SCR反应;高温条件下,由于硝酸铵容易热分解,导致硝酸铵的抑制效应不太明显.NH4NO3分解是NO2含量升高后N2O的形成的主要途径.     

高效 CeO2-MnOx-Al2O3催化剂的制备、表征及催化消除 NO性能

机动车在给人类生活带来便利的同时,也造成了严重的大气污染.其尾气净化成为人们关注的焦点.一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HCs)是机动车尾气中的三大典型污染物,主要通过三效催化(TWC)技术进行脱除. TWC技术涉及几个重要的催化反应,其中 CO催化还原 NO由于能够同时消除 CO和 NO两种污染物而引起研究者的极大关注.研究表明,负载型贵金属催化剂在该反应中显示出优异的催化性能,但存在资源匮乏、价格昂贵以及热稳定性欠佳等不足.因此,低价、高效的过渡金属氧化物催化剂成为近年研究重点.稀土金属氧化物 CeO2由于具有良好的氧化还原性能、较高的储释氧容量以及丰富的表面氧空位而被广泛用于 CO催化还原 NO反应.研究表明,对 CeO2进行离子掺杂可进一步增大其比表面积,改善其氧化还原性能和储释氧容量.并且,我们在先前的研究中还发现,将具有多种可变价态的钛离子或锡离子掺入 CeO2晶格由于掺杂离子能与 Ce4+/Ce3+发生电子转移而更有利于改善 CeO2的理化性质.此外,锰氧化物(MnOx)在氧化还原气氛中容易实现不同价态之间的切换,从而在一些重要的氧化还原反应中表现出优异的催化性能.近年来,有研究者将 CeO2与 MnOx相结合制备了 CeO2-MnOx催化剂用于 NO消除、碳烟燃烧和挥发性有机物(VOCs)氧化等反应,并取得一些有意义的结果.然而,对于实际应用来说, CeO2-MnOx催化剂存在比表面积偏小等不足.众所周知,γ-Al2O3是一种常用的具有高比表面积和高热稳定性的催化剂载体材料,可有效增大催化剂比表面积.我们前期研究结果表明,通过共沉淀法将 Al3+掺入铈基复合氧化物的晶格相比于以γ-Al2O3为载体更有利于改善铈基复合氧化物的理化性质和催化性能.因此,我们通过简单的氨水反滴加共沉淀法制备了一系列 CeO2-MnOx-Al2O3(Ce：Mn：Al摩尔比=6：4：x,x =0.25,0.5,1,2)复合氧化物催化剂用于 CO催化还原 NO反应.并运用 X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、氮气物理吸附、氢气程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱以及原位漫反射红外光谱等表征技术对上述催化剂进行了系统分析.重点考察了 Al3+掺杂量对 CeO2-MnOx-Al2O3复合氧化物催化剂理化性质和催化性能的影响.结果表明,在 CeO2-MnOx复合氧化物中掺入少量 Al3+会导致其晶粒尺寸减小,从而增大其比表面积和孔体积,并增加 Ce3+和 Mn4+的含量.比表面积和孔体积增大有助于催化剂与反应物分子之间充分接触; Ce3+和 Mn4+含量增加能分别促进 CO物种吸附以及吸附态 NO物种脱附、转化和解离.这些变化有利于提高 CeO2-MnOx复合氧化物在 CO催化还原 NO反应中的催化性能.最后,基于催化剂的理化性质表征及其催化性能评价,我们尝试提出了一个可能的催化反应机理,以进一步理解 CeO2-MnOx-Al2O3复合氧化物催化剂在 CO催化还原 NO反应中的优异性能.     

稀土-碱土-过渡金属类钙钛石(A2BO4)复合氧化物催化剂的固态物化性质及对Nox 消除反应的催化性能

用柠檬酸络合法制备了多个系列的类钙钛石(A2BO4)结构的复合氧化物催化剂, 系统地研究探讨了该类催化剂的晶体与光谱结构、缺陷结构、对NO和CO等小分子的吸附性能、对氧的吸脱性能及氧化还原性能和稳定性, 同时考察了上述多个系列催化剂对NO直接分解和CO还原NO反应的催化性能. 发现Ni系A2BO4复合氧化物是NO直接分解的高活性催化体系, 特别是LaSrNiO4-λ催化剂具有很高NO的分解活性, 其活性高于文献报道Y-Ba-CuO/MgO的和Co系ABO3催化剂. 同时发现LaSrCuO4-λ具有较高的CO还原NO催化性能. 提出了在类钙钛石复合氧化物催化剂上NO分解和还原反应统一的氧化还原反应机制, 并比较了两个反应的异同点, 确认了氧空位在上述反应中的作用. 并较深入的探讨了取代效应、过渡元素、稀土元素和结构效应对NO分解和CO还原NO反应的影响机制. 本文分析总结了作者在类钙钛石(K2NiF4)结构复合氧化物的固态物化性质及对 Nox消除反应的催化性能方面的基础性研究结果.     

汽车尾气中NO的脱除方法

对汽车尾气中NO的脱除方法进行了介绍。对于选择性催化还原,目前的方法主要有以NH3作为还原剂选择还原NO、以碳氢化合物作为还原剂选择还原NO和三效催化剂法。非选择性催化还原方法主要包括CO催化还原NO和H2催化还原NO等。NO的直接催化分解和贫燃条件下NO的催化还原也得到了广泛研究。低温等离子体技术、改性碳纤维以及TiO2光催化法等是近几年新发展的脱除方法。     

The Chemistry and Biology of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators and Activators

The vasodilatory properties of nitric oxide (NO) have been utilized in pharmacotherapy for more than 130 years. Still today, NO‐donor drugs are important in the management of cardiovascular diseases. However, inhaled NO or drugs releasing NO and organic nitrates are associated with noteworthy therapeutic shortcomings, including resistance to NO in some disease states, the development of tolerance during long‐term treatment, and nonspecific effects, such as post‐translational modification of proteins. The beneficial actions of NO are mediated by stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heme‐containing enzyme which produces the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Recently, two classes of compounds have been discovered that amplify the function of sGC in a NO‐independent manner, the so‐called sGC stimulators and sGC activators. The most advanced drug, the sGC stimulator riociguat, has successfully undergone Phase III clinical trials for different forms of pulmonary hypertension.     

Pt电极表面共吸附层NO和CO氧化还原的CV及原位FTIR研究

应用电化学循环伏安方法（CV）和原位傅里叶变换红外反射光谱（in situ FTIRS）研究了酸性溶液中Pt多晶电极表面NO和CO的共吸附行为及吸附态CO对吸附物种NO氧化还原反应的影响．研究结果表明,0．20V（VS．SCE）时,CO和NO能同时稳定吸附在Pt电极表面,CO以线性吸附态（CO L）存在,NO以桥式吸附态（NOB）和线性吸附态（NO L）共存．CO L 的共存使得NO的还原电流峰电位负移约0．024V,并且促使不易被氧化的NO B在0．93V处被氧化．原位FTIRS研究进一步表明,NO可以置换预吸附在电极表面的CO,NO和CO在Pt多晶电极表面的吸附是一个竞争吸附的过程．在0．45V-1．2V电位区间,NO和CO都能转化为环境友好产物,分别为NO3-和CO2．且Pt电极表面共吸附物种CO的量直接影响NO B的氧化产物NO3-的生成量．     

Prolonged exposure of chromaffin cells to nitric oxide down-regulates the activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase and corresponding mRNA and protein levels

Background

Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the main receptor for nitric oxide (NO) when the latter is produced at low concentrations. This enzyme exists mainly as a heterodimer consisting of one α and one β subunit and converts GTP to the second intracellular messenger cGMP. In turn, cGMP plays a key role in regulating several physiological processes in the nervous system. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of a NO donor on sGC activity and its protein and subunit mRNA levels in a neural cell model.

Results

Continuous exposure of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in culture to the nitric oxide donor, diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA/NO), resulted in a lower capacity of the cells to synthesize cGMP in response to a subsequent NO stimulus. This effect was not prevented by an increase of intracellular reduced glutathione level. DETA/NO treatment decreased sGC subunit mRNA and β₁ subunit protein levels. Both sGC activity and β₁ subunit levels decreased more rapidly in chromaffin cells exposed to NO than in cells exposed to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, suggesting that NO decreases β₁ subunit stability. The presence of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitors effectively prevented the DETA/NO-induced down regulation of sGC subunit mRNA and partially inhibited the reduction in β₁ subunits.

Conclusions

These results suggest that activation of PKG mediates the drop in sGC subunit mRNA levels, and that NO down-regulates sGC activity by decreasing subunit mRNA levels through a cGMP-dependent mechanism, and by reducing β₁ subunit stability.     

Nitric oxide interaction with cytochrome c' and its relevance to guanylate cyclase. Why does the iron histidine bond break?

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the mammalian receptor for nitric oxide (NO), is a heme protein with a histidine as the proximal ligand. Formation of a five-coordinate heme-NO complex with the associated Fe-His bond cleavage is believed to trigger a conformational change that activates the enzyme and transduces the NO signal. Cytochrome c' (cyt c') is a protobacteria heme protein that has several similarities with sGC, including the ability to form a five-coordinate NO adduct and the fact that it does not bind oxygen. Recent crystallographic characterization of cyt c' from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (AXCP) has yielded the discovery that exogenous ligands are able to bind to the Fe center from either side of the porphyrin plane. In this paper, we explore the molecular basis of the NO interaction with AXCP using hybrid quantum-classical simulation techniques. Our results suggest that Fe-His bond breaking depends not only on the iron-histidine bond strength but also on the existence of a local minimum conformation of the protein with the histidine away from the iron. We also show that AXCP is a useful paradigm for NO interaction with heme proteins, particularly regarding the activation/deactivation mechanism of sGC. The results presented here fully support a recently proposed model of sGC activation in which NO is not only the iron ligand but also catalyzes the activation step.     

Synergistic activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by YC-1 and carbon monoxide: implications for the role of cleavage of the iron-histidine bond during activation by nitric oxide

Background: Nitric oxide (·NO) is used in biology as both an intercellular signaling agent and a cytotoxic agent. In signaling, submicromolar quantities of ·NO stimulate the soluble isoform of guanylate cyclase (sGC) in the receptor cell. ·NO increases the V_max of this heterodimeric hemoprotein up to 400-fold by interacting with the heme moiety of sGC to form a 5-coordinate complex. Carbon monoxide (CO) binds to the heme to form a 6-coordinate complex, but onry activates the enzyme 5-fold. YC-1 is a recently discovered compound that relaxes vascular smooth muscle by stimulating sGC.Results: In the presence of YC-1, CO activates sGC to the same specific activity as attained with ·NO. YC-1 did not affect the NO-stimulated activity. The on-rate (k_on) and off-rate (k_off) of CO for binding to sGC in the presence of YC-1 were determined by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Neither the k_on nor the k_off varied from values previously obtained in the absence of YC-1, indicating that YC-1 has no effect on the affinity of CO for the heme. In the presence of YC-1, the visible spectrum of the sGC-CO complex has a Soret peak at 423 nm, indicating the complex is 6-coordinate.Conclusions: YC-1 has no effect on the affinity of CO for the heme of sGC. In the presence of YC-1, maximal activation of sGC by CO is achieved by formation of a 6-coordinate complex between CO and the heme indicating that cleavage of the Fe-His bond is not required for maximal activation of sGC.     

Binding of YC-1 or BAY 41-2272 to soluble guanylyl cyclase induces a geminate phase in CO photolysis

Soluble guanylyl/guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heme-containing heterodimeric protein of approximately 150 kDa, is the primary receptor for nitric oxide, an endogenous molecule of immense physiological importance to animals. Recent studies have identified compounds such as YC-1 and BAY 41-2272 that stimulate sGC independently of NO binding, properties of importance for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction and other diseases linked to malfunctioning NO signaling pathways. We have developed a novel expression system for sGC from Manduca sexta (the tobacco hornworm) that retains the N-terminal two-thirds of both subunits, including heme, but is missing the catalytic domain. Here, we show that binding of compounds YC-1 or BAY 41-2272 to the truncated protein leads to a change in the heme pocket such that photolyzed CO cannot readily escape from the protein matrix. Geminate recombination of the trapped CO molecules with heme takes place with a measured rate of 6 x 10(7) s(-1). These findings provide strong support for an allosteric regulatory model in which YC-1 and related compounds can alter the sGC heme pocket conformation to retain diatomic ligands and thus activate the enzyme alone or in synergy with either NO or CO.     

NO2 在第二电子吸收带的光解

运用单光子激光诱导荧光方法,研究了NO2分子在第二吸收带的光解反应动力学.首次报道了NO2(B2B2态)光解初生态产物NO自由基的v″=1,2的转动分布.发现了NO自由基v″=1的明显双模式分布.进而提出了可能有两种竞争机理控制该反应.     

C2(a 3Πu)+NO的反应机理研究

The reaction mechanism of C2（a 3Πu）+ NO is investigated at the level of G2（CC,MP2）. The equilibrium geometries,harmonic frequencies and energy of various stationary points on the potential energy surfaces have been calculated in the lowest doublet states. It is found that there are two reaction mechanisms:one is CCON mechanism that begins from O atom of NO attacks C2 and the intermediate is CCON;the other is called CCNO mechanism for its intermediate is CCNO formed by N atom of NO attacks C2 . In the same time,the five possible ground product pathways corresponding to these two mechanisms for this reaction are analysed and concluded that the pathway that O atom of NO attacks C2 to produce the major products CN+CO via CCNO mechanism is the most favorable pathway.     

The roles of cysteines in the heme domain of human soluble guanylate cyclase

Soluble guanylate cyclase(sGC) is a critical heme-containing enzyme involved in NO signaling.The dimerization of sGC subunits is necessary for its bioactivity and its mechanism is a striking and an indistinct issue.The roles of heme domain cysteines of the sGC on the dimerization and heme binding were investigated herein.The site-directed mutations of three conserved cysteines(C78A,C122A and C174S) were studied systematically and the three mutants were characterized by gel filtration analysis,UV-vis spectroscopy and heme transfer examination.Cys78 was involved in heme binding but not referred to the dimerization,while Cys174 was demonstrated to be involved in the homodimerization.These results provide new insights into the cysteine-related dimerization regulation of sGC.     

Is histidine dissociation a critical component of the NO/H-NOX signaling mechanism? Insights from X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The H-NOX (Heme-Nitric oxide/OXygen binding) family of diatomic gas sensing hemoproteins has attracted great interest. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the well-characterized eukaryotic nitric oxide (NO) sensor is an H-NOX family member. When NO binds sGC at the ferrous histidine-ligated protoporphyrin-IX, the proximal histidine ligand dissociates, resulting in a 5-coordinate (5c) complex; formation of this 5c complex is viewed as necessary for activation of sGC. Characterization of other H-NOX family members has revealed that while most also bind NO in a 5c complex, some bind NO in a 6-coordinate (6c) complex or as a 5c/6c mixture. To gain insight into the heme pocket structural differences between 5c and 6c Fe(ii)-NO H-NOX complexes, we investigated the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the Fe(II)-unligated and Fe(II)-NO complexes of H-NOX domains from three species, Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, Shewanella woodyi, and Pseudoalteromonas atlantica. Although the Fe(II)-NO complex of TtH-NOX is formally 6c, we found the Fe-N(His) bond is substantially lengthened. Furthermore, although NO binds to SwH-NOX and PaH-NOX as a 5c complex, consistent with histidine dissociation, the EXAFS data do not exclude a very weakly associated histidine. Regardless of coordination number, upon NO-binding, the Fe-N(porphyrin) bond lengths in all three H-NOXs contract by ~0.07 ?. This study reveals that the overall heme structure of 5c and 6c Fe(II)-NO H-NOX complexes are substantially similar, suggesting that formal histidine dissociation may not be required to trigger NO/H-NOX signal transduction. The study has refined our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying NO/H-NOX signaling.