W掺杂对Mo/HZSM-5催化甲烷无氧芳构化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Mo/HZSM-5、Mo-W/HZSM-5和W/HZSM-5三种催化剂。通过XRD、BET、Py-FTIR、H2-TPR、XPS、TEM、NH3-TPD、TPO、TG和Raman等技术对催化剂的物化性质进行表征,并考察其在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的催化性能。结果表明,相比于Mo/HZSM-5,Mo-W/HZSM-5催化剂表现出更高的CH_4转化率、芳烃收率以及催化稳定性。H_2-TPR和XPS结果表明,Mo-W/HZSM-5中存在更易被还原为W~(4+)的正八面体(WO_6)~(n-)前驱体,反应过程中W4+的形成有助于提高CH_4转化率。同时,积炭表征结果表明,石墨型积炭是导致Mo/HZSM-5催化剂快速失活的主要原因,W掺杂可以抑制MoW/HZSM-5催化剂上石墨型积炭的形成,进而提高催化剂的稳定性。     

Bifunctional catalysis of Mo/HZSM-5 in the dehydroaromatization of methane with CO/CO2 to benzene and naphthalene

The catalytic dehydrocondensation of methane to aromatics such as benzene and naphthalene was studied on the Mo carbide catalysts supported on micro- and mesoporous materials such as HZSM-5 (0.6 nm) and FSM-16 (2.7 nm). The Mo catalysts supported on H-ZSM-5 having appropriate micropores (0.6 nm size) and Si/Al ratios (20-70) exhibit higher yields (90-150 nmol/g-cat/s) and selectivities (higher than 74% on the carbon basis) in methane conversion to aromatic products such as benzene and naphthalene at 973 K and 1 atm, although they are drastically deactivated because of substantial coke formation. It was demonstrated that the CO/CO₂ addition to methane effectively improves the catalyst performance by keeping a higher methane conversion and selectivities of benzene formation in the prolonged time-on-stream. The oxygen derived from CO and CO₂ dissociation suppresses polycondensation of aromatic products and coke formation in the course of methane conversion. XAFS and TG/DTA/mass-spectrometric studies reveal that the zeolite-supported Mo oxide is endothermally converted under the action of methane around 955 K to nanosized particles of molybdenum carbide (Mo₂C) (Mo-C, coordination number = 1,R- 2.09 å; Mo-Mo, coordination number = 2.3–3.5;R = 2.98 å). The SEM pictures showed that the nanostructured Mo carbide particles are highly dispersed on and inside the HZSM-5 crystals. On the other hand, it was demonstrated by IR measurements of pyridine adsorption that the Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts having the optimum SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios around 40 show the maximum Brönsted acidity among the catalysts with the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios of 20–1900. There is a close correlation between the activity of benzene formation in the methane aromatization and the Brönsted acidity of HZSM-5 due to the bifunctional catalysis.     

Activation of Mo/HZSM-5 for methane aromatization

The effect of Mo/HZSM-5 pretreatment at 973 K in inert (He), oxidizing (artificial air), and carbu-rizing (CH4/He mixture) atmospheres on its performance in non-oxidative methane dehydroaroma-tization (MDA) was investigated. The effect of post-synthesis silylation on deactivation of external acid sites was also studied. Precarburization resulted in increased aromatic selectivity and im-proved catalyst stability. The benzene selectivity was the highest for the silylated Mo/HZSM-5 cata-lyst (benzene+naphthalene selectivity after 1 h on stream was close to 100%). The deactivation of precarburized zeolites was less pronounced than that of zeolites heated in air or He. During heating in air or He, larger fractions of the molybdenum oxide species diffused into the micropores than during heating in methane. Carburization of the molybdenum oxide species in the micropores dur-ing MDA resulted in the formation of molybdenum carbide particles, and these contributed to pore blocking, making the Br?nsted acid sites inaccessible. The formation of molybdenum carbides dur-ing heating in methane resulted in a less mobile Mo phase. It is argued that the presence of molyb-denum carbide particles in the micropores contributes to rapid catalyst deactivation, in addition to the formation of hard coke on the external surface.     

27Al和29Si MAS-NMR对Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的研究

使用＾２９Ａｌ固体离分辨核磁技术对甲烷无氧芳构化催化剂Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛进行了研究，发现ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛本体中仅含有少量非骨架Ａｌ，Ｍｏ物种与分子筛骨架Ａｌ的相互作用随Ｍｏ担载量以及焙烧的温度的升高而增加，在高温焙烧下，Ｍｏ物种会使分子筛骨架严重脱铝，并且生成Ａｌ２（ＭｏＯ４）３新相，最终导致分子筛骨架塌陷，催化性能下降。     

Resonance-enhanced 2-photon ionization studies of induction period of methane dehydro-aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5

The behavior of benzene produced during the fixed-temperature reaction and the temperature-programmed surface reaction of methane under non-oxidation aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst was monitored in real-time by the resonance-enhanced 2-photon ionization technique. A new phenomenon of benzene formation in the induction period is found to correspond to the migration of the molybdenum species in the catalyst. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of the activities of binder-added and binder-free Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts in methane dehydroaromatization at 1073 K in periodic CH4-H2 switch operation mode

Three industry-supplied,well-shaped Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts,two binder-added and one binder-free,were tested for the first time in methane dehydroaromatization to benzene at 1073 K and 10000 mL/(g h)in periodic CH4-H2 switch operation mode,and their catalytic performances were compared with those of three self-prepared,binder-free powder Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts.XRD,27Al NMR,SEM,BET and NH3-TPD characterizations of all the catalysts show that the zeolites in the two binder-added catalysts are comparable to those in the three binder-free powder catalysts in crystallinity,crystal size,micropore volume and Brnsted acidity.The test results,on the other hand,show that the catalytic performances of the two binder-added catalysts are worse than those of the four binder-free catalysts on both catalyst mass and zeolite mass bases.Then,TPO and BET measurements of all spent samples were conducted to get a deep insight into the negative effects of binder addition, and the results suggest that the binder additives functioned mainly to enhance the polyaromatization of formed aromatics to coke on their external surfaces and consequently lower the benzene formation activity and selectivity of the catalyst.     

A 13CO isotopic study on the CO promotion effect in methane dehydroaromatization reaction over a Mo/HMCM-49 catalyst

The promotion effect of CO in methane dehydroaromatization was investigated using 13CO probe molecules. By alternative injection of 13CO to the methane feed,the distribution of 13CxC6-xH6(x=0-3)products changed significantly,confirming the participation of13CO in the reaction network.The addition of 13CO did not change the conversion of CH4 but improved slightly the durability of the methane dehydroaromatization(MDA)reaction,which might be caused by the interaction of the dissociated oxygen species and the ...     

Solid state13C NMR spectra of metal carbonyl clusters

The solid state¹³C NMR spectra of four¹³CO enriched carbonyl clusters having a tri-iron metallic core have been analyzed to provide structural and dynamic information. In Fe₃(CO)₁₂ (1), the high temperature spectra suggest the occurrence of large amplitude motions of the CO groups around their position at the vertexes of the coordination polyhedron in addition to the motion involving the Fe₃-triangle previously detected in the VT-¹³C MAS spectra.¹³C and³¹P NMR data of Fe₃(CO)₁₁PPh₃ (2) indicates the presence of one molecule in the asymmetric unit in apparent disagreement with the previously reported X-ray data. Furthermore, we show that structural information can be obtained from the chemical shift tensor components readily available from the analysis of the spinning sideband manifold.     

Direct observation of the active center for methane dehydroaromatization using an ultrahigh field 95Mo NMR spectroscopy

The use of an ultrahigh magnetic field spectrometer and 95Mo isotope enrichment facilitate the direct observation of the local structure of Mo species on Mo/zeolite catalysts by 95Mo NMR. Top trace: The experimental 95Mo NMR spectrum of 6Mo/HZSM-5. Bottom traces: The simulated overall spectrum (orange), the spectral component corresponding to MoO3 (purple), and the component corresponding to the exchanged Mo species (green). The exchanged Mo species proved to be the active center for the methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) reaction.     

Au/HZSM-5沸石催化剂的正丁烷异构化反应性能的研究

采用脉冲微反装置评价了纯正丁烷、含有不同比例异丁烷的混合丁烷在Au改性的纳米HZSM-5催化剂上的反应活性和异构化选择性。结果表明,在300℃时,载金量为1.31%的催化剂上纯正丁烷原料的转化率可达7.0%,异丁烷选择性可达80%以上。相比之下,在纳米HZSM-5载体上正丁烷的转化率只有0.55%,异丁烷选择性仅为11.67%。在Au负载量为0.12%~1.91%,随着Au负载量的增加,正丁烷转化率先增后减,异丁烷选择性在低负载量时增加明显。在反应温度低于400℃时,纯正丁烷在载金催化剂上主要发生异构化反应;高于400℃时,主要发生裂解和芳构化等反应,即400℃是正丁烷在脉冲微反条件下异构化和裂解等反应的分水岭。另外,混合丁烷的组成对正丁烷异构化反应有一定影响,但在适当温度下正丁烷异构化时裂解产物很少,表现出金属-酸双功能催化特征。Au⁺在反应中发挥了脱氢和加氢作用。     

Investigation of the molybdenum state in the Mo(4%)/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane aromatization

The Mo(4%)/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane aromatization prepared by the impregnation of ammonium heptamolybdate followed by calcination at 700°C was studied. The formation of molybdenum ions in the oxidation state 5+ during catalysis and the presence of graphitized carbonaceous sediments on the surface of the catalyst were confirmed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ESR spectroscopy.     

分子筛性质对Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应的影响

 通过改变合成条件与合成体系，考察了不同硅源合成的HZSM－5分子筛对Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应性能的影响．结果表明，用水玻璃合成的HZSM－5分子筛负载Mo后，其催化性能优于用硅溶胶合成的分子筛．1HMASNMR测定结果表明，前者的Br¨onsted酸 浓度较后者大．通过改变合成条件，减小HZSM－5分子筛的粒度，可以提高催化剂在甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应中的稳定性．     

预处理条件对Mo/HZSM-5和Mo-Zn/HZSM-5甲烷芳构化性能的影响

甲烷无氧芳构化 ,具有选择性高、技术简单及产物易分离等特点 ,已引起人们的广泛关注 [1,2 ] .Mo/HZSM- 5是芳构化的良好催化剂 ,为了探讨预处理条件对反应的影响 ,我们对不同预处理条件下的 Mo/HZSM- 5及 Zn改性的 Mo/HZSM- 5催化剂上的甲烷无氧芳构化反应进行了研究 ,并以热重法对催化剂的稳定性进行了表征 .1实验部分1 .1原料和试剂钼酸铵 ( A.R.级 ) ,乙酸锌 ( A.R.级 ) ,铵型ZSM- 5分子筛 (硅铝比为 5 0～ 70 ) .1 .2催化剂制备铵型 ZSM- 5分子筛于 81 3K、空气气氛下焙烧3h,即成 HZSM- 5分子筛 .以一定浓度的钼酸铵溶液…     

Influence of Pretreatment Conditions on Methane Aromatization Performance of Mo／HZSM—5 and Mo—Cu／HZSM—5 Catalysts

Mo/HZSM-5 is a good catalyst for methane aromatization, and the reaction performance of Mo/HZSM-5 and Cu modified Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts under various pretreatment conditions has been studied. The results indicate that the catalyst presented a distinguished catalytic activity, benzene selectivity and a high stability when the bed temperature was raised in N2 atmosphere.     

Solid state13C NMR spectra and intermolecular tautomerism of 4-arylazo-1-naphthols

The¹³C NMR spectral data obtained for 4-(p-nitrophenyl)azo-1-naphthol in the solid phase are presented. The intermolecular mechanism of the azoquinonehydrazone tautomerism in compounds of a similar type is examined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2302–2308, October, 1991.     

Methane dehydrogenation and aromatization in the absence of oxygen on Mo/HZSM-5: A study on the interaction between Mo species and HZSM-5 by using Al and Si MAS NMR

By using a high-resolution solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer with ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si probes, the interaction between Mo species and HZSM-5 of frsol|Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts has been studied. The results show that there is a strong interaction between Mo species and HZSM-5 zeolite. The framework aluminum in the zeolite can be easily extracted by the introduction of Mo species. The extractability of framework aluminum by Mo species increases with increasing Mo loading and the calcination temperature. The extraction process leads to the formation of non-framework Al at first and then a new crystalline phase of Al₂(MoO₄)₃. The dealumination of the catalyst having a Mo loading of 15% and had been calcined at 973 K is so severe that all the aluminum in the framework are extracted and no framework Al could be detected by ²⁷Al MAS NMR. The catalyst, therefore, lost its catalytic activity for methane dehydrogenation and aromatization in the absence of oxygen. The Si/Al ratio measured from ²⁹Si MAS NMR further confirms the dealumination process observed by ²⁷Al MAS NMR. The MAS NMR results give us an evidence that Al₂(MoO₄)₃ crystallites are much less active for the reaction.     

13C NMR studies of methylnucleosides

The ¹³C chemical shifts of 22 methylated ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides have been measured and assigned. The chemical shift differences between methylated and unmodified nucleosides are correlated with their characteristic modifications of structure. The significance of the chemical shift and tautomeric variations is discussed.     

Solid state 13C NMR can distinguish between bronsted and Lewis acid adducts of amines

The solid ¹³C NMR spectra of solid complexes of phenethylamine with SnCl_4, Me₃SnCl, AlCl_3, and HCl are presented and discussed as a means of distinguishing between Bronsted and Lewis acid adducts of alkyl amines. Solution ¹³C NMR results are discussed in terms of species present in complex equilibria and their detection using the two NMR methods.     

硅烷化处理对Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷脱氢芳构化活性的影响

 结合催化剂的活性评价及固体高分辨核磁共振谱、X射线光电子能谱和X射线荧光光谱和热重等技术,考察了硅烷化处理对Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷脱氢芳构化活性的影响. 结果表明,采用大分子有机硅烷对HZSM-5分子筛进行硅烷化处理,除去了分子筛外表面的酸性位,并使分子筛本身发生了脱铝. 硅烷化处理使Mo/HZSM-5催化剂在进行甲烷脱氢芳构化反应时催化剂上总的积碳量明显减少,从而提高了催化剂的活性.