变压吸附技术的应用研究进展1

变压吸附(PSA)技术是近几十年来在工业上新崛起的气体分离技术,是物理化学渗流理论在工业上的具体应用。自上世纪70年代以来,变压吸附技术因其优势明显,在化工分离中占有重要地位,受到关注和发展。文章简要综述了变压吸附技术的发展里程、理论基础及其研究进展、分离过程的计算机模拟和在国内外工业领域中的应用情况,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

煤矿瓦斯变压吸附提纯甲烷的研究进展

因煤层赋存条件和抽采技术水平限制,导致煤矿抽采瓦斯中甲烷(CH₄)浓度偏低,而直接排空处理将造成清洁能源浪费和温室效应加剧,因此研究煤矿瓦斯中CH₄提纯利用途径将对煤炭行业节能减排具有重要意义.相比于其它气体分离提纯技术,变压吸附分离技术具有操作简单、能耗低及工业化成熟度高等诸多优势.本文将以变压吸附分离技术提纯CH₄为核心,重点论述了近些年吸附剂类型、吸附分离机制和分子动力学模拟等方面的研究进展,然后列举变压吸附提纯CH₄工艺优化及工业大规模应用实例,最后结合基础研究和工程应用总结展望了变压吸附技术在CH₄提纯领域的发展前景,并指出低浓度瓦斯(<10%CH₄)提纯及真空变压吸附技术是为进一步提升煤矿瓦斯利用率而亟需攻坚克难的主要研究方向.     

膜吸附反应器（MAR）对饮用水系统中病毒的去除

以尺寸与人体肠道病毒相近的f2噬菌体作为模型病毒,本研究采用膜吸附反应器（Membrane adsorption reactor,MAR）,考察膜分离与纳米TiO2耦合工艺对饮用水中病毒的去除效果．两种不同孔径的PVDF（0．20μm）、PAN（0．05μm）平板膜在自来水体系中对f2噬菌体的截留效果分别为1．88～2．56log和4．78～5．95log,大大超过理论计算值,这与膜具有不规则孔型的重叠筛网状结构直接相关．吸附实验结果表明,纳米TiO2对f2噬菌体的吸附在60min内即可达到吸附平衡,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型qe=27．4·Ce1.24．两组MAR系统对f2噬菌体的总去除率分别高达3．88log与6．40log,这主要是由于纳米TiO2的吸附作用,以及运行中在膜表面形成有效的滤饼层．纳米材料与膜系统的耦合既保持了系统对病毒的高效去除,又实现了纳米颗粒的有效分离回收,操作简单、费用低．     

吸附分离技术在现代工业中的应用

概括介绍了吸附分离技术的发展,详细评述了吸附分离技术的最新进展和在现代工业中的应用,并预测了吸附分离技术未来的发展方向。     

分子印迹技术用于模拟酶及分子反应器的研究进展

分子印迹技术是制备特异性分子识别材料的新技术. 分子印迹聚合物(Molecularly-imprinted polymer, MIP)具有可同酶相媲美的选择性识别能力, 能够催化手性及区域选择性的反应, 是一种新型的分子反应器; 同时MIP具有良好的化学和物理稳定性, 因而在替代酶用于某些苛刻条件下的催化反应方面有良好的应用前景. 就近年来利用MIP模拟酶催化有机合成反应, 以及利用MIP作为分子反应器反面的研究进展进行了综述.     

生物吸附材料吸附水中砷的研究进展

砷是严重威胁人类健康的剧毒元素之一,近年来对砷的吸附研究成为人们关注的热点之一。壳聚糖、纤维素、微生物等生物吸附材料具有生产成本低、环境友好等优点,因而被作为新型的生物吸附材料得到广泛应用。本文综述了生物吸附材料在饮用水、地下水和工业废水处理中的应用研究,以及国内外的最新研究进展。     

气体超临界吸附研究进展

综述了近年来国内外学者对超临界气体在固体表面吸附的研究情况。指出了气体在临界温度以上吸附与临界温度以下吸附的不同之处;对现行的关于超临界气体的吸附理论研究进行了讨论,并在此基础上提出了研究中存在的总是及进一步的研究方向。     

分子筛膜反应器的研究进展

分子筛膜具有规整的微孔结构(<1 nm), 耐高温高压、 抗有机溶剂, 在液相和气相小分子分离中受到广泛关注. 分子筛膜可以与催化反应耦合于一体构成膜反应器, 使反应过程与组分分离同时进行, 促进反应平衡移动, 达到反应强化的效果. 本文概述了近十年不同类型分子筛膜反应器在催化反应中的应用研究进展, 并对分子筛膜反应器未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

水处理中多相光催化反应器的研究进展

 自从光催化技术应用于水处理以来,光催化反应器的研究就有了一些报道. 本文对影响光催化反应器效率的因素如光源种类、反应器结构、催化剂状态等进行了分析,总结了近年来国内外研制及应用的一些典型的光催化反应器,给出了其结构图. 指出了光催化氧化法应用过程中需要解决的一些关键问题.     

Pressure Transients in Gas Phase Adsorptive Reactors

The role of pressure and flow transients caused by strong adsorption on the behavior of gas phase adsorptive reactors was studied using a staged model. The general gas phase reaction A + B C is considered for two cases: (1) the product C is adsorbed and (2) both reactants A and B are adsorbed. Strong adsorption of one or more components causes a decrease in the pressure(s) in the stage(s). The pressure decrease causes variations in the inlet and outlet flow rates and in the case of multiple stages, it causes variations in the flows between tanks. In accordance with Le Chatelier's principle, the pressure decrease aids or inhibits product formation depending on whether there is an increase or decrease in total moles by reaction. Reactant flow into the section where adsorption occurs increases because of increased pressure drop behind the adsorption front. However, the residence time of the reactants behind the adsorption front is lower because of the higher velocity. The flow variations can aid or hinder product formation depending on the specific conditions. Thus, the adsorption-caused pressure variations directly modify reaction rates and product concentrations and, also indirectly, by causing flow variations which affect reaction rates and product concentrations. This study highlights the need to include pressure variations when modeling gas phase adsorptive reactors if adsorption is strong irrespective of the net change in the total moles by reaction. It also demonstrates a method to incorporate axial pressure drop in staged models.     

阿霉素的吸附伏安法研究

阿霉素在０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ底液，富集电位－０．２０Ｖ，富集时间１２０ｓ，扫速１００ｍＶ／ｓ等条件下，于悬汞电极上产生一灵敏的吸附伏安还原峰，峰电位为－０．４５ＢＶ，峰电流与ＡＤＭ浓度为１．０×１０１０＾－９－４．０×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内呈线性关系，检测限可达５．０×１０＾－１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

Adsorptive separation by thermal parametric pumping part I: Modeling and simulation

A detailed model for the recuperative parametric pumping is presented. The model includes intraparticle mass transfer resistance, axial diffusion and non-linear equilibrium represented by Langmuir equation. The sensitivity studies shows that process performance strongly increases when cycle time increases and _B / _T ratio and particle size decreases. It also shows that bottom and top dead volumes do not influence much the process performance. Evolution of the histories of concentrations and temperatures, the bed performance from cycle to cycle and the bed dynamics at the cyclic steady state have been discussed.The model revealed itself as useful to simulate the behavior of the recuperative parametric pumping process and was applied to predict optimal experimental results for the system phenol-water/Duolite ES-861 (Part II).     

铅-邻菲罗啉-镉试剂体系极谱法测定铅

在ｐＨ７．１的六次甲基四胺和０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣｌ底液中,Ｐｂ＾２＋－ｐｈｅｎ－Ｃａｄｉｏｎ于－０．４３Ｖ处产生灵敏的极谱波,铅浓度在３×１０＾－８￣１×１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ之间与峰电流成良好的线性关系,检测下限可达１×１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,线性回归方程为Ｉｙ＝５６５．０ Ｃｘ－４１．１０,相关系数为０．９９８１。测定废水中铅的标准加入回收率可达９６．２％￣１０１．７％。     

铕(Ⅲ)-钙试剂络合物吸附波及其应用研究

用线性扫描极谱法研究了在氨-氯化铵缓冲体系中Eu(Ⅲ)-钙试剂络合物的极谱行为。在pH10.2的NH3-NH4Cl缓冲介质中,Eu(Ⅲ)-钙试剂络合物在-0.82V(vs.SCE)处有一灵敏的导数极谱波,其峰电流与Eu(Ⅲ)的浓度在1.0×10-7~8.0×10-6mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为9.0×10-8mol/L。方法可用于试样中痕量铕的测定。本文还研究了极谱波的性质。     

Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry of Phytohemagglutinin

Abstract

The adsorptive stripping voltammetric behaviour of the lectin, phytohemagglutinin, has been optimised with respect to accumulation time, accumulation potential, pulse amplitude, scan rate and drop size. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry has also been used to study the interaction of this protein with nannose, galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.     

Adsorptive separation in the enhancement of butene dehydrogenation

Fixed-bed columns containing solid catalysts and adsorbents were employed for simultaneous reaction and separation. The models developed for butene dehydrogenation reaction were validated with experimental data. The model was then employed for variable bed configurations with and without the effect of pressure and vacuum swing reaction (PSR and VSR). The models for the mass and momentum transfer in the catalyst bed and adsorber were solved using orthogonal collocation within the method of lines. The reactor/separator performances were tested for beds with varying numbers of layers of catalysts and adsorbents arranged sequentially. The reaction columns behaved as reactor/separators in series. As the number of layers increased, a homogeneous distribution of the catalyst and adsorbent was approached in the limit. These configurations with variable catalyst/adsorbent distributions were investigated in terms of product purity, selectivity, conversion, recovery and yield. Improved reactor performance was observed with pressure and vacuum swing separation systems and in particular with close to well-mixed reactor/separator configurations.     

脱氧核糖核酸变性和损伤的吸附伏安法研究

本文用汞电极（ＨＭＤＥ）二次导数阴极吸附伏安（ＳＤ－ＡｄＣＳＶ）和碳电极（ＧＣＥ、ＣＰＥ）导数循环伏安（ＦＤ－ＣＶ）法研究了核酸受热、紫外线、超声波和丝裂霉素Ｃ（ＭＭＣ）作用下的变性作用。在０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４＋ＫＨ２ＰＯ４）－０．１ｍｏｌ．Ｌ ＮａＣｌ（ｐＨ７．０）底液中，吸附的单股（ｓｓ－）和双螺旋（ｄｓ－）ＤＮＡ分别在ＨＭＤＥ上得到特征还原峰Ｐ３和Ｐ２，和在碳电极上得到氧化峰Ａ。物     

铜-乙酰丙酮络合物极谱吸附波

在pH6.8的磷酸盐介质中,铜(Ⅱ)—乙酰丙酮络合物在单扫示波极谱上于-0.28V(vs.SCE)产生灵敏吸附波,铜的检测限为1×10~(-8)mol/L,常见离子不干扰铜的测定。