Cascaded Fresnel holographic image encryption scheme based on a constrained optimization algorithm and Henon map

We propose an image encryption scheme using chaotic phase masks and cascaded Fresnel transform holography based on a constrained optimization algorithm. In the proposed encryption scheme, the chaotic phase masks are generated by Henon map, and the initial conditions and parameters of Henon map serve as the main secret keys during the encryption and decryption process. With the help of multiple chaotic phase masks, the original image can be encrypted into the form of a hologram. The constrained optimization algorithm makes it possible to retrieve the original image from only single frame hologram. The use of chaotic phase masks makes the key management and transmission become very convenient. In addition, the geometric parameters of optical system serve as the additional keys, which can improve the security level of the proposed scheme. Comprehensive security analysis performed on the proposed encryption scheme demonstrates that the scheme has high resistance against various potential attacks. Moreover, the proposed encryption scheme can be used to encrypt video information. And simulations performed on a video in AVI format have also verified the feasibility of the scheme for video encryption.     

Optical encryption scheme for multiple color images using complete trinary tree structure

We propose an optical encryption scheme for multiple color images based on the complete trinary tree structure. In the proposed encryption scheme, the encryption modules (EMs) are taken as branch nodes, and the color components of plain images are input as leaf nodes. In each EM which consists of phase truncated Fresnel transforms and random amplitude-phase masks, three input images are subsequently encoded into a complex function and finally encrypted to a real-value image. The proposed encryption scheme can encrypt multiple color images into a real-value grayscale cipher image, and make different color images have different encryption and decryption paths. By the proposed encryption scheme, we can realize an authority management with high security among multiple users. In addition, the proposed scheme possesses the advantages such as high robustness against various attacks and high encryption efficiency. Moreover, as the number of plain color images increases, high quality of the decrypted color images can still be maintained. Extensive simulation results have shown the performance of the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme can also be directly extended to encrypt multiple gray images.     

基于级联相位恢复算法的光学图像加密

在虚拟光学数据加密理论模型的基础上,提出了一种光学图像加密的可视化密码构造算法。该加密算法基于自由空间传播的光学系统,利用级联迭代角谱相位恢复算法把待加密图像分别编码到两块相位模板之中,从而实现图像的加密。该加密技术不但可通过同时调整两块相位模板的相位分布的搜索策略来扩大搜索空间,提高安全强度,而且扩大了系统密钥空间,使系统获得更高的安全性,且能通过简单的数值运算或光学实验装置得到质量非常高的解密图像,还从理论上分析了该算法的时间复杂度。计算机模拟结果表明,该加密算法的收敛速度快,能迅速找到非常好的近似解,解密图像质量高且系统安全性良好。     

Optical image conversion and encryption by diffraction,phase retrieval algorithm and incoherent superposition

In this paper, an optical encryption system is proposed based on tricolor principle, Fresnel diffraction, and phase iterative algorithms. Different from the traditional encryption system, the encrypted image of this system is a color image and the plaintext of it is a gray image, which can achieve the combination of a color image and a gray image and the conversion of one image to another image. Phase masks can be generated by using the phase iterative algorithms in this paper. The six phase masks and the six diffracting distances are all essential keys in the process of decryption, which can greatly enhance the system security. Numerical simulations are shown to prove the possibility and safety of the method.     

Image encryption using fractional Mellin transform,structured phase filters,and phase retrieval

An image encryption scheme has been presented by using two structured phase masks in the fractional Mellin transform (FrMT) plane of a system, employing a phase retrieval technique. Since FrMT is a non-linear integral transform, its use enhances the system security. We also add further security features by carrying out spatial filtering in the frequency domain by using a combination of two phase masks: a toroidal zone plate (TZP) and a radial Hilbert mask (RHM). These masks together increase the key space making the system more secure. The phase key used in decryption has been obtained by applying an iterative phase retrieval algorithm based on the fractional Fourier transform. The algorithm uses amplitude constraints of secret target image and the ciphertext (encrypted image) obtained from multiplication of fractional Mellin transformed arbitrary input image and the two phase masks (TZP and RHM). The proposed encryption scheme has been validated for a few grayscale images, by numerical simulations. The efficacy of the scheme has been evaluated by computing mean-squared-error (MSE) between the secret target image and the decrypted image. The sensitivity analysis of the decryption process to variations in various encryption parameters has also been carried out.     

Incoherent digital holographic spectral imaging with high accuracy of image pixel registration

Fresnel incoherent correlation holography(FINCH) is a unique three-dimensional(3 D) imaging technique which has the advantages of scanning-free,high resolution,and easy matching with existing mature optical systems.In this article,an incoherent digital holographic spectral imaging method with high accuracy of spectral reconstruction based on liquid crystal tunable filter(LCTF) and FINCH is proposed.Using the programmable characteristics of spatial light modulator(SLM),a series of phase masks,none of whose focal lengths changes with wavelength,is designed and made.For each wavelength of LCTF output,SLM calls three phase masks with different phase constants at the corresponding wavelength,and CCD records three holograms.The spectral images obtained by this method have a constant magnification,which can achieve pixel-level image registration,restrain image registration errors,and improve spectral reconstruction accuracy.The results show that this method can not only obtain the 3 D spatial information and spectral information of the object simultaneously,but also have high accuracy of spectral reconstruction and excellent color reproducibility.     

Information verification and encryption based on phase retrieval with sparsity constraints and optical inference

A novel optical information verification and encryption method is proposed based on inference principle and phase retrieval with sparsity constraints. In this method, a target image is encrypted into two phase-only masks (POMs), which comprise sparse phase data used for verification. Both of the two POMs need to be authenticated before being applied for decrypting. The target image can be optically reconstructed when the two authenticated POMs are Fourier transformed and convolved by the correct decryption key, which is also generated in encryption process. No holographic scheme is involved in the proposed optical verification and encryption system and there is also no problem of information disclosure in the two authenticable POMs. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the validity and good performance of this new proposed method.     

基于菲涅耳变换的图像加密算法

针对相位截断加密算法无法抵御信息泄露问题,文章提出了一种基于相位截断菲涅耳变换与随机振幅掩模的加密算法,以抵御信息泄露问题;算法首先将原彩色图像分为3个独立的颜色通道,在对其进行菲涅耳变换后加入随机振幅掩模通道,将4个通道分别进行菲涅耳衍射截断处理;算法通过级联处理不仅提高了秘钥与密文间的关联性,还消除了信息泄露的风险;通过仿真试验与结果分析可知,本算法不仅在波长与自由空间传播错误距离参数、密文噪声、遮挡污染、密文泄露以及不同攻击等情况下有较好的鲁棒性,还解决了信息泄露问题。     

Logarithms-based RGB image encryption in the fractional Fourier domain: A non-linear approach

We propose a non-linear image encryption scheme for RGB images, using natural logarithms and fractional Fourier transform (FRT). The RGB image is first segregated into the component color channels and each of these components is hidden inside a random mask (RM) using base changing rule of logarithms. Subsequently, these channels are encrypted independently using random phase masks (RPMs) and the FRT. The fractional orders of the FRT, input random masks and random phase masks used in each channel serve as the keys for encryption and decryption. The algorithms to implement the proposed scheme are discussed, and results of digital simulation are presented. The robustness of the technique is analyzed against the variation in fractional orders of the FRT, change of RMs and RPMs, and occlusion of the encrypted data, respectively. Performance of the scheme has also been studied against the attacks using noise and partial windows of the correct RPMs. The proposed technique is shown to perform better against some attacks in comparison to the conventional linear methods.     

Color image encryption based on interference and virtual optics

We propose two approaches to encrypt color images based on interference and virtual optics. In the first method, a color image is first decomposed into three independent channels, i.e., red, green and blue. Each channel of the input image is encrypted into two random phase-only masks based on interference. In the second method, a color image is first converted into an image matrix and a color map, and only the image matrix is encrypted into random-phase masks based on interference. After the phase masks are retrieved, a concept based on virtual optics is further applied to enhance the security level. Numerical simulations are demonstrated to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

Color image encryption and decryption using fractional Fourier transform

We propose the encryption of color images using fractional Fourier transform (FRT). The image to be encrypted is first segregated into three color channels: red, green, and blue. Each of these channels is encrypted independently using double random phase encoding in the FRT domain. The different fractional orders and random phase masks used during the process of encryption and decryption are the keys to enhance the security of the proposed system. The algorithms to implement the proposed encryption and decryption scheme are discussed, and results of digital simulation are presented. The technique is shown to be a powerful one for colored text encryption. We also outline the implementation of the algorithm and examine its sensitiveness to changes in the fractional order during decryption.     

Optical color image encryption based on Arnold transform and interference method

In this paper, we propose a novel method to encrypt a color image based on Arnold transform (ART) and interference method. A color image is decomposed into three independent channels, i.e., red, green and blue, and each channel is then encrypted into two random phase masks based on the ART and interference method. Light sources with corresponding wavelengths are used to illuminate the retrieved phase-only masks during image decryption. The influence of security parameters on decrypted images is also analyzed. Numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

用多重菲涅耳衍射变换和相位密码板实现图像加密的技术

基于多重菲涅耳衍射变换和相位密码板,设计了一种新的图像加密计算方法.待加密的明文图像在多重离散菲涅耳衍射变换和相位密码板的共同作用下,变换为一个具有随机码特征的密文矩阵;衍射距离和相位密码板是主要的密钥.只有当所有密钥都正确时,才能成功地解密密文.结果表明,该加密算法能抵抗JPEG有损压缩、图像剪切、重度噪音污染和重采样等攻击,因此该法具有较强的鲁棒性;由于很难破解多重密钥,所以该算法具有极高的安全性.     

基于联合菲涅耳变换相关器和矢量分解的光学加密方法研究

为提高光学图像加密系统的安全性,利用双光楔联合菲涅耳变换相关器和矢量分解设计了一种非线性光学图像加密系统。通过矢量分解将原始图像分解为两个相位模板,其中一个相位模板f1(x)放置于双光楔联合菲涅耳变换相关器物窗口实现图像加密;携带另一相位模板f2(x)信息的光束与解密系统输出的携带f1(x)信息的光束相干叠加得到解密图像。数值模拟了加密系统的加、解密过程,对于灰度图像和二值图像,当光楔楔角为1.8°和相位模板f1(x)与密钥k(x)的中心间距为18 mm时,解密图像与原始图像的相关系数分别为0.812 7和0.810 9;分析了密钥模板相位分布错误对解密效果的影响,验证了加密方法的可行性。模拟分析表明,密钥k(x)的位置和光楔楔角作为附加的密钥参量,有效扩展了加密系统密钥空间,并能抵御唯密文攻击、已知明文攻击和选择明文攻击。     

Double phase-image encryption using gyrator transforms,and structured phase mask in the frequency plane

Fully-phase image encryption is considered more secure as compared to an amplitude image encryption. In the present paper, an encryption scheme is proposed for double phase-images. The phase-images are bonded with random phase masks and then gyrator transformed. The two resulting images are then added and subtracted to give intermediate images which are bonded with a structured phase mask (SPM) based on devil’s vortex Fresnel lens (DVFL) in the frequency plane. Thereafter, the images are once again transformed using a gyrator transform (GT) to give the corresponding encrypted images. The use of a structured phase mask enhances the key space for encryption and also overcomes the problem of axis alignment associated with an optical set-up. The decryption process is the reverse of encryption. The validity of the proposed scheme is established from the computer simulation results using MATLAB 7.1 platform. The performance of the scheme is evaluated in terms of mean-squared-error (MSE) between the input-, and the decrypted images. In addition, the sensitivity to encryption keys such as SPM parameters, and transform angles of GT is investigated. The technique is likely to provide enhanced security in view of the increased number of encryption parameters. Robustness of the system against occlusion and noise attacks has also been investigated.     

Multiple color-image fusion and watermarking based on optical interference and wavelet transform

A novel multiple color-image fusion and watermarking using optical interference and wavelet transform is proposed. In this method, each secret color image is encoded into three phase-only masks (POMs). One POM is constructed as user identity key and the other two POMs are generated as user identity key modulated by corresponding secret color image in gyrator transform domain without using any time-consuming iterative computations or post-processing of the POMs to remove inherent silhouette problem. The R, G, and B channels of different user identity keys POM are then individually multiplied to get three multiplex POMs, which are exploited as encrypted images. Similarly the R, G, and B channels of other two POMs are independently multiplied to obtain two sets of three multiplex POMs. The encrypted images are fused with gray-level cover image to produce the final encrypted image as watermarked image. The secret color images are shielded by encrypted images (which have no information about secret images) as well as cover image (which reveals no information about encrypted images). These two remarkable features of the proposed system drastically reduce the probability of the encrypted images to be searched and attacked. Each individual user has an identity key and two phase-only keys as three decryption keys besides transformation angles regarded as additional keys. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results validate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

前向迭代多随机相位光学图像加密方法的研究

基于光学4f级联系统,采用前向迭代算法和通过产生多个随机相位板对图像进行了加密和解密。给出了该方法的原理和迭代实现的过程。对该方法在收敛速度、解密图像质量、相位板数目和相位量化阶数对解密图像质量的影响以及保密和安全性能等方面进行了分析和研究。模拟结果表明,该方法收敛速度快,解密图像质量好,可以降低相位板相位量化阶数有限所引起的误差对解密图像质量的影响,图像的安全和保密性能也得到了很大的提高。     

基于空间光调制器的非相干数字全息单次曝光研究

菲涅耳非相干相关全息术(Fresnel incoherent correlation holography,FINCH)利用在空间光调制器(spatial light modulator,SLM)上加载双透镜模式对同一物点光分束自相干,并通过改变加载的相位因子得到不同的相移全息图.本系统利用SLM可分区编码调制特性,将FINCH成像中SLM上分三次加载的0°,120°,240°相位双透镜掩模各提取1/3组成一幅复合相移模式加载,并研究了三种相位分布方式对FINCH成像质量的影响.结果表明:三个相位在SLM上分布间隔越大,再现像越清晰.在此基础上,提出了一种新的掩模加载方式,在SLM加载透镜阵列,每一个相位因子对应一个双透镜,具有一个光轴.实验表明,通过这种加载方式,通过SLM后形成的三个相移图能够一次在电荷耦合器上记录,并且三个相移图不重叠,然后通过MATLAB编程计算将不同相移角度的全息图分别提取出来,通过三步相移计算合成一幅包含有物光波的复值全息图,最后通过数值再现算法重建待测样品.此系统可用于对光源相干性较低的实时成像系统,也为微小形变测量、动态物体的观测提供了新方法,为非相干数字全息术的发展提供了新思路.     

Optical noise-free image encryption based on quick response code and high dimension chaotic system in gyrator transform domain

A novel optical image encryption scheme is proposed based on quick response code and high dimension chaotic system, where only the intensity distribution of encoded information is recorded as ciphertext. Initially, the quick response code is engendered from the plain image and placed in the input plane of the double random phase encoding architecture. Then, the code is encrypted to the ciphertext with noise-like distribution by using two cascaded gyrator transforms. In the process of encryption, the parameters such as rotation angles and random phase masks are generated as interim variables and functions based on Chen system. A new phase retrieval algorithm is designed to reconstruct the initial quick response code in the process of decryption, in which a priori information such as three position detection patterns is used as the support constraint. The original image can be obtained without any energy loss by scanning the decrypted code with mobile devices. The ciphertext image is the real-valued function which is more convenient for storing and transmitting. Meanwhile, the security of the proposed scheme is enhanced greatly due to high sensitivity of initial values of Chen system. Extensive cryptanalysis and simulation have performed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Secret shared multiple-image encryption based on row scanning compressive ghost imaging and phase retrieval in the Fresnel domain

A multiple-image encryption method is proposed that is based on row scanning compressive ghost imaging, (t, n) threshold secret sharing, and phase retrieval in the Fresnel domain. In the encryption process, after wavelet transform and Arnold transform of the target image, the ciphertext matrix can be first detected using a bucket detector. Based on a (t, n) threshold secret sharing algorithm, the measurement key used in the row scanning compressive ghost imaging can be decomposed and shared into two pairs of sub-keys, which are then reconstructed using two phase-only mask (POM) keys with fixed pixel values, placed in the input plane and transform plane 2 of the phase retrieval scheme, respectively; and the other POM key in the transform plane 1 can be generated and updated by the iterative encoding of each plaintext image. In each iteration, the target image acts as the input amplitude constraint in the input plane. During decryption, each plaintext image possessing all the correct keys can be successfully decrypted by measurement key regeneration, compression algorithm reconstruction, inverse wavelet transformation, and Fresnel transformation. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations both verify the feasibility of the proposed method.