Hierarchically porous Fe2O3/CuO composite monoliths: Synthesis and characterization

In this paper, hierarchically porous Fe2O3/CuO composite monoliths were first successfully synthesized by a mild method using silica monoliths as templates. The structure of composite monoliths was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The results indicated that the molar ratio of Fe to Cu had a great influence on the crystal phase of Fe2O3, pore size and the structure of the macroporous wall. The Fe2O3/CuO composite monoliths consist of hierarchically macroporous and mesoporous structure, while the sample with the Fe/Cu molar ratio of 2 : 1 possesses tighter wall structure than other samples. It is expected that as-prepared Fe2O3/CuO composite monoliths have potential applications in several fields as catalysts, catalyst supports, chemical sensors and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).     

Preparation and characterisation of silica monoliths using a triblock copolymer (F68) as porogen

Silica-based monoliths with co-continuous structure were successfully prepared through a sol–gel process in the presence of a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (F68). The triblock copolymer was compared to the classical PEG, in the formation of silica monoliths and was demonstrated to lead to co-continuous structures in a wider composition range, presenting smaller through pores. Moreover, mesoporous structures templated at the sol–gel transition were assumed to occur at the surface of the silica skeleton while PEG exhibited no mesopore templating.     

Preparation and characterization of N-methylene phosphonic and quaternized chitosan composite membranes for electrolyte separations

Chitosan was functionalized either by introducing a phosphonic acid group or by quaternization of existing primary ammonium groups in order to make it a water-soluble material. Functionalized chitosans and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based nanoporous charged membranes were prepared in aqueous media and gelated in methanol at 10 degrees C to tailor their pore structure. These membranes were extensively characterized for their physicochemical, electrochemical, and permeation characteristics using FTIR, TGA, DSC, water content, ion-exchange capacity, ionic transport properties, and membrane permeability studies. N-Methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC)/PVA-based membranes exhibited mild cation selectivity and quaternized chitosan (QC)/PVA composite membranes had mild anion selectivity, while a blend of NMPC-QC/PVA membranes exhibited weak cation selectivity because of formation of zwitterionic structure. Viscosity measurements and interaction studies for individual and mixed solutions of NMPC and QC were carried out for the prediction of charge interactions between -PO3H2 and -N+(CH3)3 groups and effect on molecular weight due to functionalization. Elaborate electrochemical and permeation experiments were conducted in order to predict suitability of these membranes for the separation of mono- and bivalent electrolytes based on their hydrated ionic radius, and it was found that among all the synthesized membranes, PC/QC-30 had the highest relative permeability, which may extend its suitability for electrolyte separations. Observations were correlated with equivalent pore radius of the different membranes as estimated by membrane permeability measurements.     

Synthesis and application studies of chitosan acryloylthiourea derivative for the separation of rare earth elements

The adsorption behaviors of lanthanum (III) from an aqueous chloride medium, using Chitosan acryloylthiourea (CATU) derivative, were studied using an equilibrium batch technique. Here, the chemical modification of chitosan is of interest because the modification would not change the fundamental skeleton of chitosan, would keep the original physicochemical and biochemical properties, and finally would bring new or improved properties. The optimum pH value was defined to be 5.0 at a temperature of 298?K. Kinetic and isotherm experiments were carried out at the optimum pH. It was enough to reach the adsorption equilibrium at 4 hours and the maximum uptake capacity was 2.1?mmol?g^?1 at 25°C. Complexion, ion exchange, and electrostatic interaction were all believed to play a role in lanthanum adsorption on CATU derivative. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to a second-order kinetic equation. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm models were used to describe the adsorption process. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied for the determination of lanthanum in certified reference samples and ore sample with satisfactory results. The elution experiment was carried out by 0.05?mol/L CaCl₂ as an eluent.     

Preparation and characterization of collagen/chitosan poly (ethylene glycol)/nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffolds

Porous three‐dimensional collagen/chitosan scaffolds combined with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hydroxyapatite were obtained through a freeze‐drying method. Physical cross‐linking was examined by dehydrothermal treatment. The prepared materials were characterized by different analyses, eg, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), measurements of porosity and swelling, mechanical properties, and resistance to enzymatic degradation. The porosity of scaffolds and their swelling ratio decreased with the addition of hydroxyapatite. Moreover, after exposure to collagenase, the collagen/chitosan matrices containing PEG showed much faster degradation rate than matrices with the addition of hydroxyapatite. The results indicated that the addition of hydroxyapatite led to improvement of stiffness. The highest degree of porosity and swelling were demonstrated by collagen/chitosan/PEG matrices without hydroxyapatite.     

Preparation of chiral polystyrene monoliths by utilizing W/O emulsion polymerization and their optical resolution ability

We synthesized two kinds of chiral polystyrene‐based monoliths, which are macroporous gel with continuous open‐celled monolith structure. Thus, two chiral styrene monomers, (–)‐p‐[dimethyl(10‐pinanyl)silyl]styrene ((–)‐PSSt) and (–)‐p‐(menthoxycarbonyl)styrene ((–)‐MtSt]), were prepared and subjected to water‐in‐oil emulsion polymerization in the presence of divinylbenzene and AIBN. The macroporous structure of the obtained monoliths was directly confirmed by SEM observation. The obtained monoliths showed an optical resolution ability. That is, in the enantioselective adsorption using trans‐stilbene oxide, poly[(–)‐PSSt] monolith and poly[(–)‐MtSt] monoliths preferentially adsorbed (S,S)‐isomer [poly[(–)‐PSSt] monolith: α^(S,S) = 1.49 (0.25 wt % acetone solution); poly[(–)‐MtSt] monolith: α^(S,S) = 1.39 (0.25 wt % toluene solution)]. Depinanylsilylation of the poly[(?)‐PSSt] monolith and removal of menthyl groups from the poly[(–)‐MtSt] monolith were achieved by acid‐catalyzed scission of the Si? C bond and base‐catalyzed hydrolysis, respectively. In addition, de‐poly[(–)‐PSSt] and de‐poly[(–)‐MtSt] showed enantioselectivity ((S,S)‐isomer preferentially absorbed) in adsorption using trans‐stilbene oxide in spite of the absence of chiral substituents in the monoliths. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2348–2357, 2005     

Preparation of high loading PolyHIPE monoliths as scavengers for organic chemistry

A novel microcellular polyHIPE monolith of high functional group capacity has been prepared by a two-step process including the synthesis of the scaffold by polymerization of a highly concentrated emulsion and then the in situ surface polymerization of methacrylate monomers. Application of the resulting functionalized monolith is demonstrated in a scavenging reaction of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-grafted polyHIPE with 1-hexylamine. The open-cellular structure of the core combined with the good accessibility of the grafted functional polymer chains allows total scavenging of the amine in a relatively short period.     

阶层多孔二氧化硅块体材料的制备与表征

以正硅酸甲酯(TMOS)为前驱体、0.01 mol·L-1盐酸为催化剂、聚环氧乙烷(PEO,分子量为10 000)为相分离剂、环氧丙烷(PO)为凝胶促进剂、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为造孔剂,采用溶胶-凝胶伴随相分离制备阶层多孔二氧化硅块体材料,利用差热分析(DTA)、热重分析(TG)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附/脱附装置等测试技术对所制得的阶层多孔块体进行了表征,探究造孔剂SDS对大孔和介孔结构的影响机理。研究表明:SDS在凝胶过程中以胶束的形式进入到骨架中形成介孔孔道;当SDS为0.21 g时,块体材料的阶层多孔结构最优,大孔孔径为1~3μm,介孔孔径为4~5 nm,比表面积为650 m2·g-1;800℃热处理后,大孔结构和骨架上的介孔基本保持,比表面积仍能达到421 m2·g-1,体现出良好的热稳定性。     

阶层多孔二氧化硅块体材料的制备与表征

以正硅酸甲酯(TMOS)为前驱体、0.01 mol·L^-1盐酸为催化剂、聚环氧乙烷(PEO, 分子量为10 000)为相分离剂、环氧丙烷(PO)为凝胶促进剂、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为造孔剂, 采用溶胶-凝胶伴随相分离制备阶层多孔二氧化硅块体材料, 利用差热分析(DTA)、热重分析(TG)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附/脱附装置等测试技术对所制得的阶层多孔块体进行了表征, 探究造孔剂SDS对大孔和介孔结构的影响机理。研究表明:SDS在凝胶过程中以胶束的形式进入到骨架中形成介孔孔道;当SDS为0.21 g时, 块体材料的阶层多孔结构最优, 大孔孔径为1~3 μm, 介孔孔径为4~5 nm, 比表面积为650 m²·g^-1;800 ℃热处理后, 大孔结构和骨架上的介孔基本保持, 比表面积仍能达到421 m²·g^-1, 体现出良好的热稳定性。     

稀土萃取分离技术方法研究

稀土在工业诸多领域中发挥着关键作用,在增材制造材料和介电材料等高新技术领域均显示出可期的应用前景。稀土元素的分离是衔接稀土资源与高性能稀土功能材料的关键过程,所以高效提纯稀土元素变得尤为重要。本文梳理了化学沉淀法、离子交换与吸附法、萃取色层法、溶剂萃取法、液膜分离法这些经典方法和化学气相传输法、氧化还原法、萃取沉淀法、微生物法、非平衡溶剂萃取法这些新技术方法的优缺点和适用性,侧重分析了这些技术方法在节能减排方面的最新研究情况,并展望了稀土分离提纯领域的重点发展方向,以期为稀土资源的绿色高效开发利用提供依据和借鉴。     

Preparation of magnetic chitosan and graphene oxide-functional guanidinium ionic liquid composite for the solid-phase extraction of protein

A series of novel cationic functional hexaalkylguanidinium ionic liquids and anionic functional tetraalkylguanidinium ionic liquids have been synthesized, and then magnetic chitosan graphene oxide (MCGO) composite has been prepared and coated with these functional guanidinium ionic liquids to extract protein by magnetic solid-phase extraction. MCGO-functional guanidinium ionic liquid has been characterized by vibrating sample magnetometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. After extraction, the concentrations of protein were determined by measuring the absorbance at 278 nm using an ultra violet visible spectrophotometer. The advantages of MCGO-functional guanidinium ionic liquid in protein extraction were compared with magnetic chitosan, graphene oxide, MCGO and MCGO-ordinary imidazolium ionic liquid. The proposed method has been applied to extract trypsin, lysozyme, ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin. A comprehensive study of the adsorption conditions such as the concentration of protein, the amount of MCGO-functional guanidinium ionic liquid, the pH, the temperature and the extraction time were also presented. Moreover, the MCGO-functional guanidinium ionic liquid can be easily regenerated, and the extraction capacity was about 94% of the initial one after being used three times.     

Porous-conductive chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering, 1. Preparation and characterization

Novel porous-conductive chitosan scaffolds were fabricated by incorporating conductive polypyrrole (PPy) particles into a chitosan matrix and employing a phase separation technique to build pores inside the scaffolds. Conductive polypyrrole particles were prepared with a microemulsion method using FeCl3 as a dopant. The preparation conditions were optimized to obtain scaffolds with controlled pore size and porosity. The conductivity of the scaffolds was investigated using a standard four-point probe technique. It was found that several kinds of scaffolds showed a conductivity close to 10(-3) S.cm(-1) with a low polypyrrole loading of around 2 wt.-%. The main mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, breaking elongation and Young's modulus of the scaffolds, were examined both in the dry and in the hydrated states. The results indicated that a few different kinds of scaffolds exhibited the desired mechanical strength for some tissue engineering applications. The miscibility of polypyrrole and chitosan was also evaluated using a dynamic mechanical method. The presence of significant phase separation was detected in non-porous PPy/chitosan scaffolds but enhanced miscibility in porous PPy/chitosan scaffolds was observed.     

A novel composite chitosan membrane for the separation of alcohol-water mixtures

A novel alcohol dehydration membrane with a three layer structure has been prepared. The top layer is a thin dense film of chitosan (CS), and the support layer is made of microporous polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Between the dense and microporous layer, there is an intermolecular cross-linking layer. This novel composite membrane has a high separation factor of more than 8000 and a good permeation rate of 0.26 kg/m² h for the pervaporation of 90 wt% ethanol aqueous solution at 60°C, 0.8 kg/m² h flux for a n-PrOH/water system and around 1 kg/m² h flux for an i-PrOH/water system using 80 wt% alcohol concentration at 60°C. The separation factor for both cases is more than 10⁵. The separation performance varies with feed composition, operating temperature and conditions of membrane preparation. The results show that the separation factor and flux of this membrane increase with raising the operating temperature. At the same time, the crosslinking layer improves durability of the composite membrane, and the pervaporation performance can be adjusted by changing the structure of the cross-linking layer. The cross section of the composite membrane has been examined by SEM.     

Chemically induced phase separation in the preparation of porous epoxy monolith

A methodology for preparing porous epoxy monolith via chemically induced phase separation was proposed. The starting system was a mixture of an epoxy precursor, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA), a curing agent, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and a thermoplastic polymer, polypropylene carbonate (PPC). As DGEBA was cured with DDM, the system became phase‐separated having PPC particles dispersed in epoxy matrix. After PPC particles were removed by thermal degradation, a porous structure was obtained. The phase separation mechanism was determined by the initial composition and illustrated by a pseudophase diagram. The pore size increased with increasing the concentration of PPC and raising the curing temperature. The intermediate and final morphologies of the system were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010     

玉米醇溶蛋白/壳聚糖复合纳米微球的制备及性能研究

以生物相容性的玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)和壳聚糖(Chitosan)为原料,利用溶剂-非溶剂相分离法成功制备了玉米醇溶蛋白/壳聚糖复合纳米微球(NSZ/CS),运用FT-IR、SEM和TEM等对复合纳米微球进行了表征。采用罗丹明B(RB)为模型药物分子,研究了复合纳米微球的药物释放性能。与玉米醇溶蛋白纳米微球(NSZ)相比,复合纳米微球NSZ/CS对RB和Dox·HCl的包封率显著上升,分别可达83.5%和75.3%。NSZ/CS对RB的累积释放量也大幅度提高。在模拟人工胃液和人工肠液中,NSZ/CS对RB释放36 h后,累积释放量分别为85.2%和95.4%。进一步将NSZ/CS用于负载抗癌药物盐酸阿霉素(Dox·HCl),发现Dox@NSZ/CS在p H=7.4的磷酸缓冲液(PBS)中的累积释放量达91.0%。复合纳米微球NSZ/CS有望作为水溶性药物载体应用于生物医药领域。     

O-羧甲基黄原酸壳聚糖合成及应用研究

以壳聚糖(CS)为原料,先制备出O-羧甲基壳聚糖(OCMC),再和二硫化碳在碱性条件下合成O-羧甲基黄原酸壳聚糖(CXCS)。通过产物的含硫量对碱浓度、投料比和反应时间等因素进行了优化,采用固体13CNMR和SEM表征其结构。结果表明,合成CXCS的最佳条件为碱浓度10%,投料比1∶1,室温反应3h,产品的含硫量达10.22%。最后研究了CXCS对水溶液镉离子的吸附性能,结果表明CXCS具有优异的吸附性能,其最大吸附量可达288.5 mg/g,是壳聚糖吸附量的2.65倍。红外分析结果表明吸附主要依靠结构中的羧基和黄原酸基团。     

Preparation of uniform-sized pH-sensitive quaternized chitosan microsphere by combining membrane emulsification technique and thermal-gelation method

In this study, uniform-sized pH-sensitive quaternized chitosan microsphere was prepared by combining Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification technique and a novel thermal-gelation method. In this preparation process, the mixture of quaternized chitosan solution and alpha-beta-glycerophosphate (alpha-beta-GP) was used as water phase and dispersed in oil phase to form uniform W/O emulsion by SPG membrane emulsification technique. The droplets solidified into microspheres at 37 degrees C by thermal-gelation method. The whole process was simple and mild. The influence of process conditions on the property of prepared microspheres was investigated and the optimized preparation condition was obtained. As a result, the coefficient of variation (C.V.) of obtained microspheres diameters was below 15%. The obtained microsphere had porous structure and showed apparent pH-sensitivity. It dissolved rapidly in acid solution (pH 5) and kept stable in neutral solution (pH 7.4). The pH-sensitivity of microspheres also affected its drug release behavior. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug was encapsulated in microspheres, and it was released rapidly in acid solution and slowly in neutral medium. The novel quaternized chitosan microspheres with pH-sensitivity can be used as drug delivery system in the biomedical field, such as tumor-targeted drug carrier.     

海藻酸盐-壳聚糖复合微/纳米凝胶研究进展

综述了海藻酸盐-壳聚糖复合微/纳米凝胶研究进展.指出海藻酸盐与壳聚糖的生物相容性、黏附性和降解性良好,以其为原料制备微/纳米凝胶具有方法简便安全、对药物包载效果好等优点,且与常规尺寸凝胶相比分散性和透过性较好.两者复合制备微/纳米凝胶主要采用一步交联、两步交联、自组装等方法,与单一组分凝胶相比优势明显,在药物输送等领域具有良好的应用前景.     

Preparation of porous polylactide microspheres by emulsion‐solvent evaporation based on solution induced phase separation

Porous polylactide (PLA) microspheres were fabricated by an emulsion‐solvent evaporation method based on solution induced phase separation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations confirmed the porous structure of the microspheres with good connectivity. The pore size was in the range of decade micrometers. Besides large cavities as similarly existed on non‐porous microspheres, small pores were found on surfaces of the porous microspheres. The apparent density of the porous microspheres was much smaller than that of non‐porous microspheres. Fabrication conditions such as stirring rate, good solvent/non‐solvent ratio, PLA concentration and dispersant (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) concentration had an important influence on both the particle size and size distribution and the pore size within the microspheres. A larger pore size was achieved at a slower stirring rate, lower good solvent/non‐solvent ratio or lower PLA concentration due to longer coalescence time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

交联壳聚糖分离富集-火焰原子吸收法测定水样中痕量银

以甲醛、环硫氯丙烷为交联剂,由壳聚糖合成了一种新型的交联壳聚糖微球(FCCIS)分离树脂,研究了不同条件下FCCTS对Ag(Ⅰ)的吸附性能.在pH 3.6时FCCTS对Ag(Ⅰ)定量吸附,吸附在树脂上的Ag(Ⅰ)可用0.5 moL/L的氨水将其洗脱,用火焰原子吸收光谱测定.该法对Ag(Ⅰ)的检出限为61 ng/mL(3σ,n=8),相对标准偏差为2.2%(n=7,ρ=2μg/mL),线性范围为0.05～4μg/mL,加标回收率在98.8%～101.7%之间.该法已用于水样中痕量银测定.