一种适用于生物油低温制氢的碳纳米纤维促进的镍催化剂

氢气作为一种高热值的清洁能源广泛地应用于工业中. 研究证明: 生物质通过化学过程可以转化为多种气体燃料(氢气), 液体燃料以及高附加值的化学品. 生物质作为一种环境友好型再生洁净能源, 其研究越来越受到关注. 本文旨在探讨利用生物油为原料, 通过水蒸汽重整方法制备富氢合成气的过程. 利用均匀浸渍的方法制备了一种高分散的碳纳米纤维促进的镍(Ni/CNFs)催化剂, 并将普通的Al₂O₃作为载体的Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂和Ni/CNFs作对比. 研究了重整温度以及水蒸汽和碳摩尔比(n_S/n_C)对生物油水蒸汽重整制氢的影响. 结果表明: 碳纳米纤维作为载体用于生物油水蒸汽重整制氢的效果要远优于普通的Al₂O₃载体, 利用22% Ni/CNFs 催化剂时, 在实验温度范围内(350-550℃), 最高生物油转化率和氢气产率分别达到了94.7%和92.1%, 通过研究重整条件以及对催化剂进行表征探讨了生物油在水蒸汽重整过程中催化剂的构效关系.     

Effects of Preparation Method on the Performance of Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by Bio-Oil Steam Reforming

Steam reforming of bio-oil derived from the fast pyrolysis of biomass is an economic and renewable process for hydrogen production. The main objective of the present work has been to investigate the effects of the preparation method of Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts on their performance in hydrogen production by bio-oil steam reforming. The Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by impregnation, co-precipitation, and sol?Cgel methods. XRD, XPS, H₂-TPR, SEM, TEM, TG, and N₂ physisorption measurements were performed to characterize the texture and structure of the catalysts obtained after calcination and after their subsequent use. Ethanol and bio-oil model compound were selected for steam reforming to evaluate the catalyst performance. The catalyst prepared by the co-precipitation method was found to display better performance than the other two. Under the optimized reaction conditions, an ethanol conversion of 99% and a H₂ yield of 88% were obtained.     

Ni/Al2O3改性催化剂催化重整生物油模拟物制氢研究

制备了Ni/Al₂O₃、Ni-Cu/Al₂O₃、Ni-Co/Al₂O₃和Ni-Co-Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂,研究了Co和Cu对生物油水蒸气催化重整的影响。实验表明,Co 能促进水汽变换(WGS)反应,提高氢气的产率,Cu能抑制反应中焦炭的形成,提高催化剂的稳定性。对催化剂Ni-Co-Cu/Al₂O₃进行工艺条件考察,当900 ℃、水油比为6 g/g、质量空速(WHSV)为1 h^-1时,碳选择性达到87.5%,氢气产率达到84.2%,潜在氢气产率达到92.4%。     

Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbons

In this review, we are reporting the catalytic reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels carried out in our research group, covering the catalytic reforming of iso-octane and toluene as surrogate of gasoline, gasoline fuel processor system and steam reforming of n-hexadecane and decahydronaphthalene, main constituents of diesel. The commercial ICI reforming catalyst is prone to be poisoned by sulfur contained in iso-octane. We investigated various supported transition metal formulations and developed Ni/Fe/MgO/Al₂O₃ (KIST-5) catalyst with prolonged catalytic stability (>760 h), higher activity and sulfur tolerance ability over commercial ICI and HT catalysts for ATR reaction of iso-octane. We found that the concentration of CO can be reduced to <1,800 ppm by the gasoline fuel processor system charged with KIST-5 reforming catalyst, commercial HTS catalyst and KIST Pt–Ni/CeO₂ LTS catalyst. The addition of Rh metal to spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst as promoter was found to be very effective in inhibiting the deactivation of spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst by sintering of reduced Ni metal at high temperature during steam reforming of n-hexadecane. A 0.3 wt% Rh loading on spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst was optimized to have the best performance for steam reforming of n-hexadecane among the prepared catalysts. The addition of Rh to spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst also restricted the deactivation of the catalyst due to carbon formation at high reaction temperature. In view point of prolonged stability and higher activity, these developed reforming catalysts have a good scope in the reforming process of gasoline and diesel for hydrogen station and fuel processor system applications.     

＂Intelligent＂ reforming catalysts： Trace noble metal-doped Ni/Mg（A1）O derived from hydrotalcites

Trace amounts of noble metal-doped Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts were prepared starting from Mg-Al hydrotalcites (HTs) and tested in daily start-up and shut-down (DSS) operation of steam reforming (SR) of methane or partial oxidation (PO) of propane. Although Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts prepared from Mg(Ni)-Al HT exhibited high and stable activity in stationary SR, PO and dry reforming of methane and propane, the Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts were drastically deactivated due to Ni oxidation by steam as purge gas when they were applied in DSS SR ofmethane. Such deactivation was effectively suppressed by doping trace amounts of noble metal on the catalysts by using a “memory effect” of HTs. Moreover, the noble metal-doped Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts exhibited “intelligent” catalytic behaviors, i.e., self-activation and self-regenerative activity, leading to high and sustainable activity during DSS operation. Pt was the most effective among noble metals tested. The self-activation occurred by the reduction of Ni2+ in Mg(Ni,Al)O periclase to Ni0 assisted by hydrogen spillover from Pt (or Pt-Ni alloy). The self-regenerative activity was accomplished by self-redispersion of active Ni0 particles due to a reversible reductionoxidation movement of Ni between the outside and the inside of the Mg(Al)O periclase crystal; surface Ni0 was oxidized to Ni2+ by steam and incorporated into Mg(Ni2+,Al)O periclase, whereas the Ni2+ in the periclase was reduced to Ni0 by the hydrogen spillover and appeared as the fine Ni0 particles on the catalyst surface. Further a “green” preparation of the Pt/Ni/[Mg3.5Al]O catalysts was accomplished starting from commercial Mg3.5-Al HT by calcination, followed by sequential impregnation of Ni and Pt.     

Design of Multiple Metal Doped Ni Based Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Bio-oil Reforming at Mild-temperature

A new kind of multiple metal (Cu, Mg, Ce) doped Ni based mixed oxide catalyst, synthesized by the co-precipitation method, was used for efficient production of hydrogen from bio-oil reforming at 250-500 oC. Two reforming processes, the conventional steam reforming (CSR) and the electrochemical catalytic reforming (ECR), were performed for the bio-oil reforming. The catalyst with an atomic mole ratio of Ni:Cu:Mg:Ce:Al=5.6:1.1:1.9:1.0:9.9 exhibited very high reforming activity both in CSR and ECR processes, reaching 82.8% hydrogen yield at 500 oC in the CSR, yield of 91.1% at 400 oC and 3.1 A in the ECR, respectively. The influences of reforming temperature and the current through the catalyst in the ECR were investigated. It was observed that the reforming and decomposition of the bio-oil were significantly enhanced by the current. The promoting effects of current on the decomposition and reforming processes of bio-oil were further studied by using the model compounds of bio-oil (acetic acid and ethanol) under 101 kPa or low pressure (0.1 Pa) through the time of flight analysis. The catalyst also shows high water gas shift activity in the range of 300-600 oC. The catalyst features and alterations in the bio-oil reforming were characterized by the ICP, XRD, XPS and BET measurements. The mechanism of bio-oil reforming was discussed based on the study of the elemental reactions and catalyst characterizations. The research catalyst, potentially, may be a practical catalyst for high efficient production of hydrogen from reforming of bio-oil at mild-temperature.     

Effect of ceria loading on the carbon formation during low temperature methane steam reforming over a Ni/CeO2/ZrO2 catalyst

The characterization and catalytic activity of a Ni/CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst for methane steam reforming at 600°C were investigated. The addition of ceria increased the surface area and basicity of the catalysts. The redox reaction capability of the ceria increased the hydrogen yield and carbon monoxide selectivity, and inhibited carbon formation.     

Catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass pyrolysis liquids in fluidized bed reactor with modified Ni/Al catalysts

Catalytic steam reforming of acetic acid and hydroxyacetone (acetol) as model compounds of the aqueous fraction of bio-oil (biomass derived pyrolysis liquids) was studied in fluidized bed reactor over Ni/Al catalysts modified with calcium or magnesium. Attrition tests showed that the use of small quantities of these promoters improved the mechanical strength of the reforming catalyst. An optimum Ca/Al molar ratio of 0.12 and a Mg/Al molar ratio of 0.26 leaded to attrition rates of 0.22 and 0.27 wt%/h, respectively. Steam reforming experiments were performed at 650 °C and a steam to carbon molar ratio (S/C) of 5.58. The promoted catalysts showed different acetic acid steam reforming activities depending on the Ca/Al or Mg/Al molar ratios. Magnesium modified catalysts with a Mg/Al molar ratios of 0.26 and 0.50 showed good performances with almost no activity loss with time in contrast to the calcium modified catalysts that showed higher CO and CH₄ yields. The addition of calcium generated a NiO phase with less interaction with the support. The highest H₂ yield and carbon conversion in acetic steam reforming were obtained by a magnesium promoted catalyst with a Mg/Al ratio of 0.26, while the nonpromoted Ni/Al catalyst showed the best performance in acetol steam reforming. Then, the nature of the organic compound influenced the performance of the different catalysts.     

C12A7-Mg催化剂水蒸汽重整生物油、石脑油和CH4制氢

Hydrogen production by catalytic steam reforming of the bio-oil, naphtha, and CH4 was investigated over anovel metal-doped catalyst of (Ca24Al28O64)4+￠4O-/Mg (C12A7-Mg). The catalytic steam reforming wasinvestigated from 250 to 850 ±C in the ˉxed-bed continuous °ow reactor. For the reforming of bio-oil, theyield of hydrogen of 80% was obtained at 750 ±C, and the maximum carbon conversion is nearly close to95% under the optimum steam reforming condition. For the reforming of naphtha and CH4, the hydrogenyield and carbon conversion are lower than that of bio-oil at the same temperature. The characteristics ofcatalyst were also investigated by XPS. The catalyst deactivation was mainly caused by the deposition ofcarbon in the catalytic steam reforming process.     

Effect of preparation method on structural characteristics and propane steam reforming performance of Ni–Al2O3 catalysts

Propane steam reforming was studied over Ni–Al₂O₃ catalysts that were prepared by a conventional impregnation (IM) method and a one-step sol–gel (SG) technique. Both Ni–Al₂O₃ catalysts showed similar initial activity. However, IM-Ni–Al₂O₃ deactivated severely with time-on-stream of propane steam reforming. The catalyst prepared using a SG technique demonstrated stable catalytic performance. The two catalysts also showed major differences in product distribution, with SG catalyst giving much higher yields of hydrogen. Catalysts were characterized with temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. It was revealed that, with sol–gel preparation, highly dispersed small Ni crystallites are formed with a strong interaction with the support. This is shown to be important for coke suppression and catalyst stability.