介孔分子筛的制备与苯加氢反应的催化性能

1992年美国Mobil公司的研究人员首次报道合成出具有规则孔结构的M41S系列介孔分子筛材料.由于介孔材料独特的性质,引起了人们极大的兴趣,在其合成与性能等方面进行了大量的研究,合成出了多种系列不同性能的介孔分子筛,并研究了介孔分子筛作为催化剂或催化剂载体在各类催化反应中的催化性能.     

水玻璃为原料在开放体系中快速合成介孔材料MCM-41

自从 M41 S系列硅基介孔分子筛被人工合成以来[1,2 ] ,有关分子筛的合成、性能、形成机理、结构和应用等方面的研究报道不断出现[3～ 5] .目前 ,由有机 -无机离子经分子水平的自组装结合而产生介孔材料的合成机理主要归结于在合成过程中表面活性剂的模板效应 ,如液晶模板机理[1,2 ] 、棒状自组装模型[6 ] 、电荷匹配机理[7] 、层状折皱模型[8] 和使用非离子表面活性剂合成介孔材料等效应[9] .本文以水玻璃作为硅源 ,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)阳离子表面活性剂为模板剂 ,在温和条件下 ,采用开放体系合成出具有 MCM-4 1结构特点的介…     

介孔分子筛的酸性和水热稳定性

介孔分子筛材料在催化、吸附与分离以及化学组装制备先进材料和分子器件等方面具有潜在的应用价值.但是,由于介孔分子筛材料较低的水热稳定性和较弱的酸性,极大地影响了其在催化研究中的广泛应用.本文系统地综述了最近几年在提高介孔分子筛酸性和水热稳定性的研究工作.其中包括:(1)将超酸组份负载于介孔分子筛的孔道中以达到提高介孔分子筛材料的酸强度的目的;(2)通过在合成介孔分子筛的过程中加入无机盐和有机胺等助剂或采用合适的后处理方法以提高介孔分子筛的水热稳定性;(3)通过新型模板剂来合成具有较高水热稳定性的介孔分子筛材料;(4)利用具有沸石分子筛基本结构单元的沸石分子筛导向剂与表面活性剂自组装来合成具有强酸中心和高温水热稳定的介孔分子筛材料.     

三头季铵盐表面活性剂导向合成新型立方相介孔二氧化硅

介孔分子筛因具有大而均一的孔道、高比表面积及相对良好的热稳定性而在精细化学品催化剂[1,2 ] 、生物大分子分离 [3] 和功能材料的主体 [4 ] 等领域有十分广阔的应用前景 .自 1 992年 Mobil公司合成 M41 S[5,6 ] 系列介孔材料以来 ,HMS[7] ,MSU[8] 和 SBA[9～ 12 ] 系列以及 FDU- 1 [13] 等不同结构的介孔分子筛材料相继被合成 .立方相介孔分子筛因具有三维网状结构和可通性较高的孔道而在反应中不易堵塞 ,相对于一维孔道结构的六角相 MCM- 41和 SBA- 1 5 ,其应用前途更加广阔 .迄今 ,人们已经合成了 MCM- 48[14～ 16 ]( Ia3d) …     

模板技术制备单块介孔分子筛

模板技术与溶胶 -凝胶过程结合是合成介孔分子筛的有效方法 .模板通常采用表面活性剂在一定条件下自组装形成超分子结构 ,在不同条件下 ,此超分子结构具有不同聚集形态 ,合成出的介孔分子筛也具有不同的孔道排列方式 [1～ 4 ] .溶胶 -凝胶过程是通过硅源体的水解缩合并缓慢蒸发除去溶剂实现的 .此过程及产物受体系的 p H值影响很大 .在碱性体系中制备的介孔材料通常为粉末状 ,不利于实际应用 ,因此人们更加重视合成具有规则外形的介孔材料[5] .目前报道大多是在酸性体系中制备不同形状的介孔材料 [6～ 12 ] .有关合成单块介孔分子筛的报道…     

有机官能化MSU-x孔分子筛的界面特征

MSU- x是自 M41S系列介孔分子筛问世以来所合成的另一类新型介孔分子筛材料 ,它具有三维立体交叉排列的 " worm- like"孔道结构特征及采用中性模板剂、廉价无毒等诸多合成优点 [1～ 4],有着潜在的应用价值 .为了改善纯硅的介孔材料的表面和孔道性质 ,扩大其应用领域 ,除了在骨架引入金属离子或在其孔道中负载催化活性物质外 ,对介孔材料进行有机官能化制备无机-有机杂化材料改善其骨架和孔道性质是当前研究的热点之一 [5].正是由于活性有机基团的存在 ,使得这些材料可直接用于催化反应 ,或作为中间介质成为其它络合离子的主体 .由于有机基…     

具有强酸位的六方和立方介孔硅铝分子筛合成及催化活性比较

六方 MCM- 41和立方 MCM- 48介孔分子筛是长程有序的介孔材料 ,由于其孔壁是无定形结构 ,具有较弱的酸性 ,限制了其应用范围 .若能提高它们的酸强度则可提高其在石油炼制和精细化工中的应用价值 .现已采用多种改进方法来提高其酸强度 [1～ 6 ] ,但所合成的介孔材料均为六方结构 ,而具有立方结构的材料未见文献报道 .本文采用两步晶化合成法 ,用低浓度的表面活性剂合成出具有强酸位的立方介孔分子筛 ( MB48) ,还通过调节溶液的酸碱性合成出六方介孔分子筛 ( MB41 ) ,对样品的结构、酸性和催化性能进行了表征和比较 .1　实验部分1 .1　 β…     

混合阳离子-非离子表面活性剂为模板剂合成含沸石次级结构单元的介孔分子筛

利用混合阳离子-非离子表面活性剂为模板剂采用两步晶化法合成了孔壁具有沸石次级结构单元的介孔分子筛，通过XRD、N2吸附-脱附、FT-IR以及异丙苯裂解探针反应等手段对样品进行了表征。结果表明，合成的介孔材料在结构上与相应的M41S材料类似，无微孔沸石相的存在。立方介孔材料具有较高的热稳定性和水热稳定性，在催化异丙苯裂解反应中，六方介孔材料的催化活性明显高于相似条件下用单一表面活性剂为模板剂合成的含沸石次级结构单元的六方介孔材料。     

介孔分子筛制备技术新进展—二次合成、超分子自组装和介孔生成剂法

具有内部介孔结构的多级孔分子筛兼具微孔分子筛和介孔材料的功能, 拥有良好的传质和催化特性. 在过去的几十年内, 介孔分子筛在催化、 吸附和分离领域发展迅速. 近年来, 新型合成方法的开发在很大程度上实现了介孔分子筛孔道结构、 组分及形貌灵活可控的调节. 本综述讨论了近期出现的多种新合成路径, 重点介绍了近期发展起来的二次合成制备低硅/铝介孔分子筛、 超分子自组装合成介孔分子筛及有机小分子原位合成介孔分子筛技术. 对这些合成技术的机理进行了讨论, 以期为介孔分子筛未来的发展提供思路. 文章的最后还讨论了不同的合成策略所面临的一些关键性挑战.     

以混合表面活性剂为模板可控合成MCM-48和MCM-41分子筛

利用阳离子和三嵌段共聚物混合表面活性剂为模板,在水热条件、碱性介质中可控合成出MCM-48和MCM-41分子筛。在固定P123(聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯三嵌段共聚物):TEOS(正硅酸乙酯)(物质的量的比)为0.01875的体系中,调节CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)∶TEOS(正硅酸乙酯)物质的量比值m,当m在0.12~0.13范围合成出MCM-48分子筛;当m在0.04~0.08范围合成出MCM-41分子筛。通过XRD,TEM,N2物理吸附,IR等方法进行了表征。结果表明:聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯三嵌段共聚物(P123)的加入可以更大程度地降低合成介孔材料所需阳离子表面活性剂的用量;可控合成的介孔材料具有高比表面积、高度有序的孔道结构、较集中的孔径分布。     

Design of heterogeneous catalysts via multiple active site positioning in organic-inorganic hybrid materials

Catalytic materials bearing multiple sulfonic acid functional groups and positioned at varying distances from one another on the surface of mesoporous solids are prepared to explore the effects that the spatial arrangement of active sites have on catalytic activity and selectivity. A series of organosiloxane precursors containing either disulfide or sulfonate ester functionalities (synthons of the eventual sulfonic acid groups) are synthesized. From these molecular precursors, a variety of organic-inorganic hybrid, mesostructured SBA-15 silica materials are prepared using a postsynthetic grafting procedure that leads to disulfide and sulfonate ester modified silicas: [Si]CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)SS-pyridyl, 2.SBA, [Si]CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)SSCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)[Si], 3.SBA, [Si]CH(2)CH(2)(C(6)H(4))(SO(2))OCH(2)CH(3), 4.SBA, and [Si]CH(2)CH(2)(C(6)H(4))(SO(2))OC(6)H(4)O(SO(2))(C(6)H(4))CH(2)CH(2)[Si], 6.SBA ([Si] = (tbd1;SiO)(x)()(RO)(3)(-)(x)()Si, where x = 1, 2). By subsequent chemical derivatization of the grafted species, thiol and sulfonic acid modified silicas are obtained. The materials are characterized by a variety of spectroscopic ((13)C and (29)Si CP MAS NMR, X-ray diffraction) and quantitative (TGA/DTA, elemental analysis, acid capacity titration) techniques. In all cases, the organic fragment of the precursor molecule is grafted onto the solid without measurable decomposition, and the precursors are, in general, attached to the surface of the mesoporous oxide by multiple siloxane bridges. The disulfide species 2.SBA and 3.SBA are reduced to the corresponding thiols 7.SBA and 8.SBA, respectively, and 4.SBA and 6.SBA are transformed to the aryl sulfonic acids 11.SBA and 12.SBA, respectively. 7.SBA and 8.SBA differ only in terms of the level of control of the spatial arrangement of the thiol groups. Both 7.SBA and 8.SBA are further modified by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide to produce the alkyl sulfonic acid modified materials 9.SBA and 10.SBA, respectively. The performances of the sulfonic acid containing SBA-15 silica materials (with the exception of 12.SBA) are tested as catalysts for the condensation reaction of phenol and acetone to bisphenol A. The alkyl sulfonic acid modified material 10.SBA derived from the cleavage and oxidation of the dipropyl disulfide modified material 3.SBA is more active than not only its monosite analogue 9.SBA, but also the presumably stronger acid aryl sulfonic acid material 11.SBA. It appears that a cooperative effect between two proximal functional groups may be operating in this reaction.     

Synthesis of Highly ordered Large Size Mesoporous Silica and Effect of Stabilization as Enzyme Supports in Organic Solvent

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Photosynthetic oxygen evolution in mesoporous silica material: adsorption of photosystem II reaction center complex into 23 nm nanopores in SBA

An oxygen-evolving photosynthetic reaction center complex (PSII) was adsorbed into nanopores in SBA, a mesoporous silica compound. We purified the dimer of PSII complex from a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Thermosynechococcus vulcanus, which grows optimally at 57 °C. The thermally stable PSII dimeric complex has a diameter of 20 nm and a molecular mass of 756 kDa and binds more than 60 chlorophylls. The SBA particles, with average internal pore diameters of 15 nm (SBA(15)) and 23 nm (SBA(23)), adsorbed 4.7 and 15 mg of PSII/g SBA, respectively. Measurement with a confocal laser-scanning microscope indicated the adsorption of PSII to the surface and the inner space of the SBA(23) particles, indicating the adsorption of PSII into the 23 nm silica nanopores. PSII did not bind to the inner pores of SBA(15). PSII bound to SBA(23) showed the high and stable activity of a photosynthetic oxygen-evolving reaction, indicating the light-driven electron transport from water to the quinone molecules added in the outer medium. The PSII-SBA conjugate can be a new material for photosensors and artificial photosynthetic systems.     

Influence of Pore Structure on Catalytic Properties of Mesoporous Silica-supported Co-B Amorphous Alloys in Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol

Co‐B amorphous alloy catalysts supported on three kinds of mesoporous silica (common SiO₂, MCM‐41 and SBA‐15) have been systematically studied focusing on the effect of pore structure on the catalytic properties in liquid‐phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol (CMO). Structural characterization of a series of different catalysts was performed by means of N₂ adsorption, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, hydrogen chemisorption, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Various characterizations revealed that the pore structure of supports profoundly influenced the particle size, location and dispersion degree of Co‐B amorphous alloys. Co‐B/SBA‐15 was found more active and selective to CMO than either Co‐B/SiO₂ or Co‐B/MCM‐41. The superior catalytic activity could be attributed to the higher active surface area, because most of Co‐B nanoparticles in Co‐B/SBA‐15 were located in the ordered pore channels of SBA‐15 rather than on the external surface as found in Co‐B/SiO₂ and Co‐B/MCM‐41. Meanwhile, the geometrical confinement effect of the ordered mesoporous structure of SBA‐15 was considered to be responsible for the enhanced selectivity to CMO on Co‐B/SBA‐15, inhibiting the further hydrogenation of CMO to hydrocinnamyl alcohol.     

Selective detection of Hg2+ ion in aqueous medium with the use of 3‐(pyrimidin‐2‐ylimino)indolin‐2‐one‐functionalized SBA‐15

An isatin‐based fluorophore, 3‐(pyrimidin‐2‐ylimino)indolin‐2‐one, was grafted on a large‐pore mesoporous silica material (SBA‐15) via a two‐step modification process. The obtained material (SBA‐Is‐Py) was characterized using various techniques and the characterization showed that the ordered porous structure was preserved after the post‐grafting procedure. The optical sensing ability of SBA‐Is‐Py was studied upon the addition of a variety of metal ions and a marked fluorescence quenching by Hg²⁺ ion was observed. SBA‐Is‐Py exhibited excellent Hg²⁺‐specific luminescence quenching over various competing cations. Furthermore, linear changes of the optical properties of SBA‐Is‐Py as a function of the concentrations of Hg²⁺ ion were found, with a calculated detection limit of 3.28 × 10^?7 M. In addition, SBA‐Is‐Py was successfully employed for the determination of Hg²⁺ in real water samples.     

Photocatalytic activity of structured mesoporous TiO2 materials

Starting from colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles in combination with tetraethyl orthosilicate using neutral Pluronic or cationic cetyltrimethylammonium as templates, a series of structured mesoporous silicas has been obtained. The structure of the mesoporous titania was confirmed by isothermal gas adsorption, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The pore diameter ranged between 3.8 and 10.9 nm, and the BET surface area varied from 99 to 584 m2 g(-1). The photocatalytic activity of these samples for the degradation of phenol in aqueous solution has been compared with that of standard P-25 TiO2. Even though the activity of these new mesostructured materials is lower that those found for P-25 TiO2, the turnover frequency of the photocatalytic activity (moles of phenol degraded per Ti atom present at initial reaction time) is much higher for the mesoporous titania, particularly with low titanium contents for those materials (mpTiO2-5 and TiO2SBA15-5).     

Restrictive Regulation of Ionic Liquid Quaternary Ammonium Salt in SBA-15 Pore Channel for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Conversion

Herein, the synthesis of a new type of catalyst, SBA−M (Schiff complex of different metal types grafted on SBA-15) based on a quaternization reaction, is described. Various amounts of ionic liquid were grafted into the pore channels of SBA-15 using the post-grafting method, which allowed the ionic liquid to be grafted into the pore channels restrictively. Notably, over six cycles, SBA−Mn (0.2) has been shown to maintain its catalytic activity and stability. In addition, a reaction mechanism for the cycloaddition of CO₂ with epoxides based on density-functional theory is proposed. The cycloaddition reaction of CO₂ and epoxides is an efficient way of carbon fixation. It is demonstrated that the metal coordinated with the oxygen atom of the epoxides and that a halogen attacked the carbon of epoxides. Moreover, theoretical calculations and synthesis strategy provide a new approach for CO₂ conversion.     

Study of the Pm3n space group of cubic mesoporous silica.

By using a Gemini surfactant, [C14H25N+(CH3)2-(CH2)2-N+(CH3)2C14H25]2 Br-(C(14-2-14)), with a short spacer group (s = 2) as structure-directing agent and sodium silicate as precursor, high-quality, ordered cubic mesoporous silica with space group Pm3n was prepared by the S+I-route (S = surfactants, I = precursor). The samples were characterized by small-angle X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption. The results showed that the pore structure of the resulting mesoporous silica belonged to the cubic system (space group Pm3n). The unit-cell parameter of the cubic system was in the range of 8.81-9.14 nm. The high-quality cubic mesoporous structure was formed at molar ratios of C(14-2-14) to sodium silicate of 0.33:1 to 0.16:1 and a molar ratio of ethyl acetate to sodium silicate of 2:1. N2 adsorption-desorption curves revealed type IV isotherms and H1 hysteresis loops. The primary pore volume, and the most probable pore size according to the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model, increased with increasing molar ratio of C(14-2-14) to sodium silicate.     

Composites of poly(L‐lactide‐trimethylene carbonate‐glycolide) and surface modified SBA‐15 as bone repair material

This work aims to develop novel composites from a poly(L ‐lactide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate‐co‐glycolide) (PLTG) terpolymer and mesoporous silica (SBA‐15) nanofillers surface modified by post‐synthetic functionalization. SBA‐15 first reacts with a silane coupling agent, γ‐aminopropyl‐trimethoxysilane to introduce ammonium group. PLLA chains were then grafted on the surface of SBA‐15 through ammonium initiated ring‐opening polymerization of L ‐lactide. Composites were prepared via solution mixing of PLTG terpolymer and surface modified SBA‐15. The structures and properties of pure SBA‐15, γ‐aminopropyl‐trimethoxysilane modified SBA‐15 (H₂N‐SBA‐15), PLLA modified SBA‐15 (PLLA‐NH‐SBA‐15), and PLTG/PLLA‐NH‐SBA‐15 composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption‐desorption, differential scanning calorimetry, contact angle measurement, and mechanical testing. The results demonstrated that PLLA chains were successfully grafted onto the surface of SBA‐15 with grafting amounts up to 16 wt.%. The PLTG/PLLA‐NH‐SBA‐15 composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break of the composite containing 5 wt.% of PLLA‐NH‐SBA‐15 were 39.9 MPa, 1.3 GPa, and 273.6%, respectively, which were all higher than those of neat PLTG or of the composite containing 5 wt.% of pure SBA‐15. Cytocompatibility tests showed that the composites present very low cytotoxicity.