HCl-NaCl-C3H8O3-H2O体系溶液热力学性质

在恒定丙三醇质量分数x=0．1的条件下，测定了无液接电池（A）和电池（B）的电动势根据电池（A）电动势确定了丙三醇和水混合溶剂中的Ag－AgCl电极的标准电极电势，讨论了HCl的迁移性质；由电池（B）测得的电动势计算了HCl在该体系中的活度系数γA，计算的结果表明，对于所讨论的体系，在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定，HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则．在溶液组成恒定时，IgγA是温度倒数1／T的线性函数，讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓及介质效应．     

电动势法对LiCl-MgCl2-H2O体系热力学性质的研究

用自制的锂离子选择电极和经典的Ag-AgCl电极, 以电动势法测定了25 ℃时离子强度为0.05—6.0 mol·kg~(-1)范围的LiCl-MgCl_2-H_2O三元体系中LiCl的平均活度系数. 由实验数据, 求出了Pitzer方程、Harned方程和Scatchard方程的参数和系数. 用上述方程计算了LiCl 在该体系中的活度系数, 并与实验值进行比较, 标准偏差小于0.008. 与等压法测定的渗透系数拟合的Pitzer方程参数计算值比较在实验误差范围内. 同时计算了MgCl_2在该体系中的平均活度系数和混合溶液的渗透系数.     

电导法测定ErCl3在H2O中的活度系数

应用电导法测定了298K下E下ErCl3在水中的活度系数,并分析了浓度对电解质溶液活度系数的影响.     

水-醋酸体系中HCl的热力学性质研究

人们对混合溶剂中的电解质热力学性质虽然已进行了较广泛的实验研究,并提供了许多实验数据,为理论研究提供了方便,但还很不全面,即使象水-醋酸这样的混合溶剂体系,至今尚未见较全面的报道,为此,本文设计了如下电池:玻璃电极(H⁺)|HCl(m),HAc+H₂O|AgCl-Ag并测定该电池的电动势,以了解HCl在水-醋酸中的热力学行为及离子-溶剂相互作用特点。     

KCl-LiCl-H2O体系热力学性质的研究

用K-ISE、Li-ISE和Cl-ISE测定了25 ℃时体系中KCl、LiCl的平均活度系数, 溶液的离子强度从0.1～4.0 mol·kg~(-1), 组成范围从纯的KCl到纯的LiCl。将Pitzer方程应用于测定结果, 用多元线性回归方法求出了Pitzer参数。     

稀散金属化合物水溶液热力学研究Ⅰ.HCl+GaCl3+H2O体系

在HCl+GaCl3+H2O体系中,恒定五个总离子强度I=0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.5 mol/kg,控制混合电解质中氯化镓离子强度分数YB=0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7,并在278.15～318.15 K范围内测定了五个温度的无液接电池:Pt|H2 (101.325 kPa)| HCl (mA), GaCl3 (mB), H2O|AgCl|Ag的电动势.根据150个实验点的电动势数据,确定了HCl的活度系数及其随氯化镓浓度变化规律,结果发现HCl活度系数遵守Harned规则.同时本文在Pitzer电解质溶液理论基础上提出了一个确定氯化镓的Pitzer参数和活度系数的方法,指出了氯化镓在这个混合电解质溶液中遵守扩展的Harned规则.     

混合溶剂中多组分电解质溶液热力学性质的研究III: HCl-NaCl-i-PrOH-H2O体系(5-45℃)

在恒定溶液总离子强度I=1.00mol.kg^-^1, 改变异丙醇在混合溶剂中的摩尔分数x=0.025、0.075和0.100条件下, 测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势.Pt, H2(1.013x10^5Pa)|HCl(m), i-PrOH(x), H2O(1-x)|AgCl-AgPt, H2(1.013X10^5Pa)|HCl(mA), NaCl(mB), i-PrOH(x), H2O(1-x)AgCl-Ag (B)根据电池(A)的电动势, 确定混合溶剂中Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势, 讨论了HCl的迁移性质. 利用电池(B)的电动势, 确定HCl活度系数γA. 结果表明, 在恒定I为1.00mol.kg^-^1时, HCl的活度系数仍然服从Harned规则. 在恒定溶液组成时, lgγA对热力学温度的倒数1/T作图, 具有良好直线关系. 进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓和HCl的溶剂化数及介质效应.     

特丁醇和水混合溶剂多组分电解质热力学HCl—NaCl—tert—C_4H_9OH—H_2O体系(5～45℃)

本文在恒定特丁醇质量分数x=0.10的条件下,应用电动势法测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势:Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)HCl(m),tert.-C_(4)H_9OH(x),H_2O(1-x)AgCl-Ag(A)Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)|HCI(m_A),NaCl(m_B),tert,-C_4H_9OH(x),H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag(B)根据电池(A)电动势确定了混合溶剂中的Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势,讨论了HCl的迁移性质;利用电池(B)的电动势计算了HCl在该体系中的活度系数γ_A,结果表明,在恒定总离子强度下,HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则.计算了HCl的一级、二级和总介质效应.     

混合溶剂中多组分电解质溶液热力学性质的研究III: HCl-NaCl-i-PrOH-H2O体系(5-45℃)

在恒定溶液总离子强度I=1.00mol.kg^-^1, 改变异丙醇在混合溶剂中的摩尔分数x=0.025、0.075和0.100条件下, 测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势.Pt, H2(1.013x10^5Pa)|HCl(m), i-PrOH(x), H2O(1-x)|AgCl-AgPt, H2(1.013X10^5Pa)|HCl(mA), NaCl(mB), i-PrOH(x), H2O(1-x)AgCl-Ag (B)根据电池(A)的电动势, 确定混合溶剂中Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势, 讨论了HCl的迁移性质. 利用电池(B)的电动势, 确定HCl活度系数γA. 结果表明, 在恒定I为1.00mol.kg^-^1时, HCl的活度系数仍然服从Harned规则. 在恒定溶液组成时, lgγA对热力学温度的倒数1/T作图, 具有良好直线关系. 进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓和HCl的溶剂化数及介质效应.     

The system HCl+InCl3+H2O from 5 to 55°C: Application of Harned's rule

Electromotive-force measurements of cells containing hydrochloric acid and indium chloride have been made to determine the variation of the log of the activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid with change in the amount of indium chloride in the solution. The simpler Harned equations have been used to fit the data. The quadratic terms in the Harned equations for the activity coefficients of HCl in the salt mixtures are required for a good fit of the 968 experimental emf data points at all the experimental ionic strengths and temperatures. The more convenient Pitzer ion-interaction treatment of the data will be reported in a separate publication which will include the values of the Pitzer parameters for pure InCl₃(aq), and mixing parameters for H⁺–In⁺³ and H⁺–In⁺³–Cl^–. A comprehensive investigation on the mixed electrolyte solutions at 11 different constant total ionic strengths ranging from 0.05 to 3.5 mol-kg^–1 was made at 11 temperatures from 5 to 55°C using the cell without liquid junction of the type: Pt,H₂(g, 1 atm)|HCl(m _A)+InCl₃(m _B)+H₂O|AgCl,AG (A).     

Thermodynamics of the GaCl3-HCl-H2O System at 25°C

A comprehensive equation for the thermodynamic properties of the systemGaCl₃-HCl-H₂O at 25°C in the ion-interaction (Pitzer) equation form has been generatedon the basis of a recent and comprehensive array of electrochemical cellmeasurements of the HCl activity at total stoichiometric ionic strengths from 0.01 to 3.0mol-kg^–1. Alternate equations with and without explicit consideration of thehydrolyzed product GaOH²⁺ as a separate species have been tested. Excellentagreement is obtained between the calculated and measured cell potentials forthe formulation, which includes GaOH²⁺ as an additional species. The effect offurther hydrolysis as well as that of complex formation has been found to benegligible. While a satisfactory set of Pitzer parameters has been found, it wasnot possible to obtain a unique thermodynamic representation for this systembecause of large uncertainties in the first hydrolysis constant of Ga(III) and becauseof redundancies and intrinsic correlations between some of the Pitzer parameters.Deceased December 26, 1997     

HCl-CoSO4水溶液热力学性质

在HCl-COSO4-H2O体系中,恒定溶液总离子强度I分别为0．2、0．4、0．6、0．8、1．0、1．5mol/kg．CoSO4在溶液中的离子强度分数yB分别恒定为0．00、0．10、0．20、0．30、0．50和0．70条件下,应用经典的电动势方法测定无液体接界电池(A)在278．15—323．15K温度范围内的电动势为：Pt,H2(10^5Pa)|HCl(cA),COSO4(cB),H2O|AgCl-Ag(A) 根据测得电池(A)的电动势数据,考虑到该体系存在硫酸的二级解离,应用数学迭代方法确定平衡体系氢离子的浓度,进而确定了混合溶液中HCl的活度系数γA。结果表明,在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定时,HCl的活度系数服从Hamed规则。在溶液组成恒定时,log γA对热力学温度1／T作图,是一条直线。     

Activity coefficient measurements of the system HCl−ZnCl2−H2O at 25 and 35°C

Electromotive force measurements were carried out on the HCl–ZnCl₂–H₂O system at constant total ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mol-kg^–1 at 25 and 35°C using a cell consisting of Pt, H₂(g, 1 atm)|HCl(m_A), ZnCl₂(m_B)|AgCl/Ag. The data were interpreted by the mixed electrolyte equations of Pitzer and Kim in order to evaluate mixing ion-interaction parameters. The activity coefficients of ZnCl₂ and the Gibbs excess free energies of mixing are calculated and presented at I=2.0 mol-kg^–1 and compared with similar systems containing transition metal chlorides.     

The system H2O−HCl−NH4Cl at 25°C: A study of Harned's rule

Electromotive-force measurements of cells containing hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride at constant total molality have been used to determine the variation of the logarithm of the activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid with change in the amount of ammonium chloride in the solution. The results are interpreted in the light of the recent work of Pitzer, and it is found that Harned's rule holds for both electrolytes.On leave 1971–1973 from Drury College, Springfield, Missouri.     

Application of Pitzer's equations on the system HCl+MnCl2+H2O at various temperatures. V.

Activity coefficients of hydrochloric acid in mixed solutions of manganous chloride at twelve ionic strengths, from 0.1 to 5.0 mole-kg^–1, were obtained from emf measurements of cells without liquid junction at five temperatures from 5 to 45°C. The data were interpreted in terms of the simple and convenient Pitzer treatment. Activity coefficients for manganous chloride in the mixtures were also derived using Pitzer's equations. Hydrochloric acid follows Harned's rule fromI=0.1 to 3.0 mole-kg^–1, as concluded by Downes, whereas quadratic terms are warranted fromI=3.5 to 5.0 mole-kg^–1. Contrary to Downes' conclusion, Harned's rule clearly does not hold true for manganous chloride at most ionic strengths.     

Activity coefficients for ternary systems: VI. The system HCl + MgCl2 + H2O at different temperatures; application of Pitzer's equations

Electromotive-force measurements have been made on HCl–MgCl₂–H₂O mixtures at 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45°C at eleven different ionic strengths from 0.1–5.0 mol-kg ^–1 . The results are interpreted in terms of the simple Harned's equations, as well as the more complicated Pitzer ion-component treatment of multicomponent electrolyte mixtures. Activity coefficients for HCl in the salt mixtures obey Harned's rule up to and including I=5.0. For the salt in the acid mixtures, Harned's rule holds true up to and including I=0.5. The contribution of higher-order electrostatic terms (E and E') in the Pitzer equations is important for accurate evaluations of unlike cation-cation interactions (_H,Mg), and cation-anion-cation interactions (_H,Mg,Cl). The values of^S_H,Mg and _H,Mg,Cl (determined with E and E'), _H,Mg and _H,Mg,Cl (determined without E and E'), as well as the trace activity coefficients of HCl, _tr ^A , in solutions of MgCl₂ (where ionic strength fraction of the salt,y _B = 1) at all the experimental temperatures and ionic strengths, are reported. Results of this study are compared with those for similar systems. At I=0.1 and 25°C, the results of the Brönsted-Guggenheim specific interaction theory are discussed briefly.     

Mean activity coefficients at 25°C for NaBr−Ca(NO3)2−H2O mixtures,a ternary system without a common ion

The mean ionic activity coefficients of NaBr in aqueous mixtures of NaBr and Ca(NO₃)₂ were determined at 25°C at a total ionic strenghth of 3, 4.5 and 6 molal. The measurements were made using an electrochemical cell with the ion-selective electrodes (ISE), Na-ISE against Br-ISE as a reference electrode. The experimental mean activity coefficients of NaBr obey Harned's Rule. The mean activity coefficients of Ca(NO₃)₂ were calculated using the cross differentiation of the mean activity coefficients.