Angular distribution of transient radiation from an ultrarelativistic particle in a magnetic field

It is shown that a magnetic field acting on an ultrarelativistic charged particle escaping from a conductor changes the intensity of transient radiation. The angular and frequency distribution of transient radiation in the magnetic field is determined. The possibility of determining the energy of the ultrarelativistic particle from the change in the azimuthal asymmetry of transient radiation emitted by this particle in the magnetic field is discussed.     

Influences of magnetic particle–particle interactions on orientational distributions and rheological properties for a colloidal dispersion composed of rod-like particle with a magnetic moment normal to the particle axis

We have investigated mainly the influences of magnetic particle–particle interactions on the orientational distribution and viscosity of a semi-dense dispersion, which is composed of rod-like particles with a magnetic moment magnetized normal to the particle axis. In addition, the influences of the magnetic field strength, shear rate, and random forces on the orientational distribution and rheological properties have been clarified. The mean field approximation has been applied to take into account magnetic interactions between rod-like particles. The basic equation of the orientational distribution function has been derived from the balance of torques and solved by the numerical analysis method. The results obtained here are summarized as follows. For a strong magnetic field, the rotational motion of the rod-like particle is restricted in a plane normal to the shearing plane since the magnetic moment of the particle is restricted in the magnetic field direction. Under circumstances of a very strong magnetic interaction between particles, the magnetic moment is strongly restricted in the magnetic field direction, so that the particle has a tendency to incline in the flow direction with the magnetic moment pointing to the magnetic field direction. For a strong shear flow, a directional characteristic of rod-like particles is enhanced, and this leads to a more significant one-peak-type distribution of the orientational distribution function. Magnetic interactions between particles do not contribute to the increase in the viscosity because the mean-field vector has only a component along the magnetic field direction.     

圆柱体外SGEMP的三维数值模拟

研究复杂模型的系统电磁脉冲（SGEMP）特性,开发三维全电磁粒子模拟程序,用Monte Carlo方法计算电子发射的余弦角分布和指数能谱分布,作为校验,首先模拟光电子由圆柱端面向外发射的SGEMP模型,并与文献二维计算结果对比;用该程序对半径为10 cm,长度为20 cm的圆柱体只有一半侧面向外发射的三维SGEMP进行模拟,发现当发射电流为3.3A时,产生的电场最高可达56 kV·m^-1,磁场高达3.0×10^-6 T.     

Locally Resolving Measurements of PSD,Particle Concentration and Particle Velocity by Means of TFS with Dual Beams

Transmission fluctuation spectrometry with spatial correlation (TFS‐SC) is based on transmitting two beams of radiation through a flowing suspension, whereby the distance of the beam centers is varied. Thus, the spatial correlation of the transmission fluctuations of the two beams is determined as a function of the beam distance. By numerical modeling, the transition functions of the correlation are found as a function of beam distance, beam diameters, particle diameter and beam intersection angle. Experimentally determined spatial correlation spectra can be inverted to obtain the particle concentration and particle size distribution by using the theoretical transition functions for mono‐sized particles. In addition, time correlations can be used to extract information on particle velocity. Some experimental results obtained by TFS‐SC are presented and discussed. This method appears promising for application in the local resolving of measurements of PSD, particle concentration and particle velocity in two‐phase flows, both in the laboratory and in process control.     

Synergism in electron gas in crossed fields

An electron gas in crossed electric and magnetic fields of arbitrary strength is considered in the framework of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. It is known that more than one independent frequency existing in a system, which are of comparable magnitude, can generate coherent synergic radiation. In the present system three independent frequencies exist: viz the synchrotron frequency due to the magnetic field, the hopping frequency due to the electric field, and the plasma frequency. It is shown that all these can combine to generate a new synergic coherent radiation. The results also show the possibility of interpreting the quantum nature of Hall conductance as due to density function alone. Besides these, the solution admits the Schubnikov-de Haas oscillation of the electrical conductivity due to change in the fields.     

Transition radiation generated by a particle passing through the apex of a conducting cone

The spatial field distribution is determined for the transition radiation generated by a particle passing through the apex of a cone along its axis. Expressions for the angular distribution of the radiation intensity are obtained for apex angles between 0 and π. Characteristics of transition radiation emitted into a “funnel” and a dihedral angle are compared.     

Nonlinear cyclotron resonant wave-particle interaction in a nonuniform magnetic field

Quasilinear analysis of wave-particle interactions is presented for plasma flowing in a weakly nonuniform magnetic field configuration. The method presented is based on a scale separation between the length scales of quasilinear relaxation and the magnetic field inhomogeneity, allowing one to obtain large scale solutions for both particle distribution functions and wave spectra, without going into the details of the small scale quasilinear relaxation. The numerical example shows the existence of a secondary instability for an initially stable particle distribution function.     

HZETRN: neutron and proton production in quasi-elastic scattering of GCR heavy-ions

The development of transport models for radiation shielding design and evaluation has provided a series of deterministic computer codes that describe galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), solar particle events, and experimental beams at particle accelerators. These codes continue to be modified to accommodate new theory and improvements to the particle interaction database (Cucinotta et al., 1994, NASA Technical Paper 3472, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC). The solution employed by the heavy-ion transport code HZETRN was derived with the assumption that nuclear fragments are emitted with the same velocity as the incident ion through velocity conserving nuclear interactions. This paper presents a version of the HZETRN transport code that provides a more realistic distribution of the energy of protons and neutrons emitted from GCR interactions in shields. This study shows that the expected GCR dose equivalent is lower than previously calculated for water shields that are less than 110 g cm-2 thick. Calculations of neutron energy spectra in low Earth orbit indicate substantial contributions from relativistic neutrons.     

Dynamics of spinor condensates and stochastic approach

The dynamics of the collective spin for Bose-Einstein condensates with nonlinear interactions, is studied within the framework of the two-component spinor. We discuss the spin resonance when the system is submitted to a periodically-modulated magnetic field at the zero temperature. In this case, the nonlinearity parameter controls the critical change between a localized and a homogeneous spin state. When the temperature is finite – or a random magnetic field is considered – the movement of the collective spin is governed by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, from which the complete Fokker-Planck equation is derived. This equation is the essential tool to describe the time-evolution of the probability distribution function for the collective spin. The functional integral approach is used to solve analytically examples of BEC spin behavior in a static magnetic field at finite temperature. We show how such a method can lead effectively to the complete solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for this kind of problems.     

Two-Slit and Aharonov-Bohm Experiments in Magnetic Field

We discuss the two-slit experiment and the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) experiment in the magnetic field. In such a case the electron moving in the magnetic field produces so called synchrotron radiation. In other words the photons are emitted from the points of the electron trajectory and it means that the trajectory of electron is visible in the synchrotron radiation spectrum. The axiomatic system of quantum mechanics does not enable to define the trajectory of the elementary particle. The two-slit experiment and AB experiment in a magnetic field was never performed and it means that they are the missing experiments of quantum mechanics. The extension of the discussion to the cosmical rays moving in the magnetic field of the Saturn magnetosphere and its rings is mentioned. It is related to the probe CASSINI. The solution of the problem in the framework of the hydrodynamical model of quantum mechanics and the nonlinear quantum mechanics is also mentioned.     

Kinetic theory of long-range interacting systems with angle–action variables and collective effects

We develop a kinetic theory of systems with long-range interactions taking collective effects and spatial inhomogeneity into account. Starting from the Klimontovich equation and using a quasilinear approximation, we derive a Lenard–Balescu-type kinetic equation written in angle–action variables. We confirm the result obtained by Heyvaerts [Heyvaerts, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 407, 355 (2010)] who started from the Liouville equation and used the BBGKY hierarchy truncated at the level of the two-body distribution function (i.e., neglecting three-body correlations). When collective effects are ignored, we recover the Landau-type kinetic equation obtained in our previous papers [P.H. Chavanis, Physica A 377, 469 (2007); J. Stat. Mech., P05019 (2010)]. We also consider the relaxation of a test particle in a bath of field particles. Its stochastic motion is described by a Fokker–Planck equation written in angle–action variables. We determine the diffusion tensor and the friction force by explicitly calculating the first and second order moments of the increment of action of the test particle from its equations of motion, taking collective effects into account. This generalizes the expressions obtained in our previous works. We discuss the scaling with N$N$ of the relaxation time for the system as a whole and for a test particle in a bath.     

Radiation from relativistic electrons during entry into a magnetic field andβ decay in the field

This paper considers the radiation emitted when a nucleus experiences decay in a magnetic field, producing relativistic electrons. The spectral-angular distribution of the radiation from relativistic electrons in a sharply delineated magnetic field was also found.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 92–95, March, 1976.In conclusion, the authors express their gratitude to Prof. A. A. Sokolov for the stimulating interest he took in the paper and extend their thanks to V. Ch. Zhukovskii for his helpful discussion of the results obtained.     

Transition radiation emitted by a particle moving along the axis of a perfectly conducting conical surface

The spatial field distribution is determined for the transition radiation emitted by a relativistic particle moving along the axis of a perfectly conducting circular conical surface with a fixed apex. Emission from particles moving away from and towards the apex is examined. Expressions are obtained that can be used to calculate the angular distribution of radiation intensity for various apex angles between 0 and π. Significant differences are demonstrated between the spatial distributions of radiation generated by outgoing and incoming particles.     

Negative viscosity due to magnetic properties of a non-dilute suspension composed of ferromagnetic rod-like particles with magnetic moment normal to the particle axis

The negative viscosity of a colloidal dispersion composed of ferromagnetic rod-like particles, which have a magnetic moment normal to the particle axis, have been investigated. A simple shear flow problem has been treated to clarify the particle orientational distribution and rheological properties of such a semi-dense dispersion, under circumstances of an external magnetic field applied in the direction normal to the shear plane of a simple shear flow. The results obtained here are summarized as follows. For the cases of a very strong magnetic field and magnetic interactions between particles, the magnetic moment of the rod-like particles is significantly restricted in the magnetic field direction, so that the particle approximately aligns in the shear flow direction. Also, the particle can easily rotate around the axis of the cluster almost freely even in a simple shear flow. Characteristic orientational properties of the particle cause negative viscosity, as in the previous study for a dilute dispersion. However, magnetic particle-particle interactions have a function to make such negative viscosity decrease.     

On aggregate structures in a rod-like haematite particle suspension by means of Brownian dynamics simulations

We have investigated aggregation phenomena in a suspension composed of rod-like haematite particles by means of Brownian dynamics simulations. The magnetic moment of the haematite particles lies normal to the particle axis direction and therefore the present Brownian dynamics method takes into account the spin rotational Brownian motion about the particle axis. We have investigated the influence of the magnetic particle–field and particle–particle interactions, the shear rate and the volumetric fraction of particles on the particle aggregation phenomena. Snapshots of aggregate structures are used for a qualitative discussion and the cluster size distribution, radial distribution function and the orientational correlation functions of the direction of particle axis and magnetic moment are the focus for a quantitative discussion. The significant formation of raft-like clusters is found to occur at a magnetic particle–particle interaction strength much larger than that required for a magnetic spherical particle suspension. This is because the rotational Brownian motion has a significant influence on the formation of clusters in a suspension of rod-like particles with a large aspect ratio. An applied magnetic field enhances the formation of raft-like clusters. A shear flow does not have a significant influence on the internal structure of the clusters, but influences the cluster size distribution of the raft-like clusters.     

Effect of magnetic field on the character of fluorescence of dense and cold atomic ensembles excited by pulsed radiation

Specific features of fluorescence of dense and cold nondegenerate atomic ensembles in an external constant magnetic field are analyzed theoretically. The angular distribution, polarization properties, as well as the spectral composition of fluorescence radiation are calculated. The time variation of these characteristics after the end of the excitation pulse is analyzed. The dependence of the properties of secondary radiation on the duration and carrier frequency of the pulse is investigated. It is shown that, for dense clouds in which the free path length of quasiresonance photons is commensurate with the interatomic distance, the magnetic field significantly modifies all the observable properties of the radiation. Under these conditions, the trapping time may increase by tens of times. Magnetic field enhances the effect of quantum beats observed on time scales commensurate with the lifetime of the excited states of atoms. For individual polarization channels, this field also intensifies the phenomenon of coherent backscattering (CBS). The phenomena found are explained by the effect of magnetic field on the character of resonance dipole–dipole interaction and, as a result, on the specific features of collective phenomena in dense atomic ensembles.     

Flare heating by energetic nonthermal electrons

A model has been developed which includes, in a self-consistent fashion, the energy degradation and attendant bremsstrahlung emission of a high energy electron beam, the heating of the plasma by the beam and the subsequent cooling by thermal conduction and radiation. To assist in the interpretation of experimental diagnostics the model also characterizes the radiative behavior of iron ions present in the flare plasma. The electron deposition is described by the Fokker-Planck equation for an initial power law particle distribution. Results are presented for the bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by the incident beam as it impinges on the disturbed atmosphere. A comparison is made between the direct beam heating and thermal conduction heating of the flare plasma. Finally, the radiation emitted by several selected spectral lines from the Fe ions are shown as a function of time during and after the deposition.     

Spatial coherence in the transition radiation spectrum

The formal expression of the spectral distribution of the transition radiation intensity will be here derived in the case of a relativistic three-dimensional charged beam. Charged beams with a particle density such as is typically encountered in a particle accelerator will be considered. In particular, a sufficiently high particle density will be supposed so that a continuous spatial distribution function can be reliably attributed to the charged bunch. The formula of the spectral distribution of the transition radiation intensity originated by a relativistic three-dimensional charged beam - already presented in a previous work - will be here submitted to a formal check and interpreted in the physical consequences. The present work contains an additional mathematical derivation of the radiation energy spectrum consisting in a different method to implement the continuous limit in the distribution function of the particle coordinates. In the former derivation of the formula, the average operation with respect to the continuous distribution function of the particle coordinates was applied to the radiation intensity of a N electron bunch. In the present one, it is applied to the radiation electric field of a N electron bunch. The comparison of the two alternative but in any case equivalent formal routes to the spectral distribution of the transition radiation intensity will offer the possibility to directly cross-check the mathematical self-consistency of the presented results within the limits of applicability of the continuous limit approximation. According to such results, both the flux and the angular distribution of the photons emitted at a given wavelength - even shorter than the longitudinal length of the bunch - are expected to undergo a modification as the beam transverse size is varied with respect to the observed wavelength. As a function of the beam transverse size the spatial coherence degree of the transition radiation source is thus expected to change. The physical consistency of such an effect occurring in the transition radiation emission by a charged beam can be argued on the basis of a compatibility criterion with other similar relativistic electromagnetic radiative phenomena and interpreted in the framework of the temporal causality and the Huygens-Fresnel principles. Finally, the aspect of the applicability of the continuous limit approximation to the case of a charged beam in a particle accelerator is treated in terms of a practical quantitative criterion.     

Electromagnetic radiation from positive-energy bound electrons in the Coulomb field of a nucleus at rest in a strong uniform magnetic field

A classical analysis is presented of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by positive-energy electrons performing bound motion in the Coulomb field of a nucleus at rest in a strong uniform magnetic field. Bounded trajectories exist and span a wide range of velocity directions near the nucleus (compared to free trajectories with similar energies) when the electron Larmor radius is smaller than the distance at which the electron-nucleus Coulomb interaction energy is equal to the mechanical energy of an electron. The required conditions occur in magnetic white dwarf photospheres and have been achieved in experiments on production of antihydrogen. Under these conditions, the radiant power per unit volume emitted by positive-energy bound electrons is much higher than the analogous characteristic of bremsstrahlung (in particular, in thermal equilibrium) at frequencies that are below the electron cyclotron frequency but higher than the inverse transit time through the interaction region in a close collision in the absence of a magnetic field. The quantum energy discreteness of positive-energy bound states restricts the radiation from an ensemble of bound electrons (e.g., in thermal equilibrium) to nonoverlapping spectral lines, while continuum radiative transfer is dominated by linearly polarized bremsstrahlung.     

Measurement-induced decoherence and Gaussian smoothing of the Wigner distribution function

We study the problem of measurement-induced decoherence using the phase-space approach employing the Gaussian-smoothed Wigner distribution function. Our investigation is based on the notion that measurement-induced decoherence is represented by the transition from the Wigner distribution to the Gaussian-smoothed Wigner distribution with the widths of the smoothing function identified as measurement errors. We also compare the smoothed Wigner distribution with the corresponding distribution resulting from the classical analysis. The distributions we computed are the phase-space distributions for simple one-dimensional dynamical systems such as a particle in a square-well potential and a particle moving under the influence of a step potential, and the time-frequency distributions for high-harmonic radiation emitted from an atom irradiated by short, intense laser pulses.