DFt study of the regioselectivity of addition of sulfenylchloride to ethenes

The electrophilic addition reactions of methylsulfenyl chloride to the double bonds of functionalized ethenes have been studied theoretically. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been applied for starting species and ethene‐based sulfonium intermediates bearing substitutes at α‐carbon atom to study geometrical parameters and electronic states of plausible intermediate forms. The quantum chemical optimizations of intermediates indicate that the episulfonium ion is the most likely methyl‐ or carboxyl‐substituted ethane‐based intermediate. However, with phenyl substituents the intermediate is more like a carbonium than an episulfonium ion. The role of sulfur appears to be that of directing the stereochemistry of the addition reaction of chloride, forming the trans product upon nucleophilic attack on the C—C bond of the episulfonium ion. The regioselectivity features of the opening of the episulfonium ion by the chloride anion depend on the LUMO and LUMO+1 of the episulfonium ion and the approaching HOMO of chlorine. The results of the theoretical investigations are in agreement with experiment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:695–703, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20378     

Synthetic applications of dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium fluoroborate: Sulfenyletherification and sulfenyllactonization

A new method for the formation of cyclic ethers and lactones is described. Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium fluoroborate (DMTSF) initiates formation of an episulfonium ion, which is followed by internal nucleophilic displacement to give the products in good yields.     

A general strategy for stereoselective glycosylations

The principal challenge that the synthesis of oligosaccharides of biological importance presents is the development of a general approach for the stereoselective introduction of a glycosidic linkage. It is shown here that a (1S)-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl moiety at C-2 of a glycosyl donor can perform neighboring group participation to give a quasi-stable anomeric sulfonium ion. Due to steric and electronic factors, the sulfonium ion is formed as a trans-decalin ring system. Displacement of the sulfonium ion by a hydroxyl leads to the stereoselective formation of alpha-glycosides. NMR experiments were employed to show convincingly the presence of the beta-linked sulfonium ion intermediate. The (1S)-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl moiety could be introduced by reaction of a sugar alcohol with acetic acid (1S)-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl ester in the presence of BF(3)-OEt(2). Furthermore, it could be removed by conversion into acetate by treatment with BF(3)-OEt(2) in acetic anhydride. The introduction as well as the cleavage reaction proceeds through the formation of an intermediate episulfonium ion. The use of the new methodology in combination with traditional neighboring group participation by esters to introduce beta-glycosides makes it possible, for the first time, to synthesize a wide variety of oligosaccharides by routine procedures. The latter was demonstrated by the synthesis of the Galili trisaccharide, which has been identified as an epitope that can trigger acute rejections in xeno-transplantations, by the one-pot two-step glycosylation sequence.     

Asymmetric oxidation and determination of the configurations of an optically pure sulfoxide and an I-menthoxysulfonium salt of 1,9-bis(methylthio)dibenzothiophene by x-ray crystallographic analysis

1,9-Bis(methylthio)dibenzothiophene (1a) was treated with one equivalent of bromine and pyridine in the presence of l-menthol and then with aqueous sodium hydroxide to give optically active 1-(methylsulfinyl)-9-(methylthio)dibenzothiophene (2a) enriched by the S isomer (ee: 57%). The configuration of optically pure sulfoxide (2a) was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis to be the S configuration at the sulfinyl sulfur atom. On the other hand, 1-(methyl-l-menthoxysulfonio)-9-(methylthio)dibenzothiophene tetrafluoroborate (4a) was isolated as an intermediate of this asymmetric oxidation in an optically pure form, as yellow crystals. The absolute configuration of this sulfonium salt (4a) was verified by X-ray crystallographic analysis as the R configuration. Optically pure sulfonium salt (4a) also gave partially optically active sulfoxide (2a) with net inversion on its hydrolysis. It was suggested that the hydrolysis reaction of the sulfonium salt (4a) accordingly proceeds, not only via a sulfurane having a simple S_N2 type of geometry but also by a front side attack ofhydroxide anion, with respect to the l-menthoxy group, on sulfur, and the sequential elimination of the l-menthoxy group from the tetracoordinated intermediate. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis of a sulfonium ion analogue of the glycosidase inhibitor swainsonine

The synthesis of a bicyclic sulfonium ion analogue of a naturally occurring indolizidine alkaloid, swainsonine, in which the bridgehead nitrogen atom is replaced by a sulfonium ion, has been achieved by a multistep synthesis starting from (2S,3S,4R)-2,3-dibenzyloxy-4-formaldehyde-thiolane. The synthetic strategy relies on the intramolecular displacement of a leaving group on a pendant acyclic chain by a cyclic thioether. This bicyclic sulfonium salt provides a candidate with which to further probe the hypothesis that a sulfonium salt carrying a permanent positive charge would be an effective glycosidase inhibitor.     

Indium-mediated beta-allylation,beta-propargylation,and beta-allenylation onto alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones: reactions of in-situ-generated 3-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxyalk-2-enylsulfonium salts with in-situ-generated organoindium reagents

3-tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxyalk-2-enylsulfonium salts, generated in situ from the reaction of alpha,beta-enones with dimethyl sulfide in the presence of TBSOTf, underwent a novel nucleophilic substitution with allylindiums to give silyl enol ethers of delta,epsilon-alkenyl ketones in good yields, which correspond to formal Michael addition products. In a similar manner, 1,4-propargylation of propargylindiums onto the sulfonium salts produced the corresponding silyl enol ethers of delta,epsilon-alkynyl ketones in good yields. Organoindium reagents derived from gamma-substituted propargyl bromide and indium afforded the corresponding silyl enol ethers of beta-allenyl ketones in good yields. The reaction proceeds via an addition-substitution mechanism involving the formation of allylic sulfonium salts. The presence of the intermediate sulfonium salt was confirmed by observation of the low-temperature (1)H NMR spectra.     

Grafting of a bicycloorthoester onto polymers bearing sulfonium salt structures

Graft copolymerization of a bicycloorthoester (BOE) with polymer-supported sulfonium salts was studied. Several polymer-supported sulfonium salts were prepared by the homopolymerizations of p-vinylbenzyl tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate ( 2 ) and 4-(p-vinylphenyl)butyl tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate ( 3 ), and by the copolymerizations of 2 with some vinyl monomers (n-butyl vinyl ether, styrene, acrylonitrile, and p-styrenesulfonic acid potassium salt). These sulfonium salts could initiate the polymerization of BOE to give grafted polymers. Temperature dependences of the catalytic activity of them were not so dramatic as that of benzyl tetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate ( 1 ), but the activities of them were higher than that of 1 at temperatures lower than 80°C. The conversion of BOE in the polymerizations with these polymer initiators was ca. 30–70% at 120°C for 7 h. An effect of the comonomer structure on the catalytic activity was observed and styrene was the best comonomer for 2 in terms of the reactivity of the copolymer. The spacer-modified sulfonium salt (homopolymer of 3 ) was slightly lower than polymer-supported benzyl type sulfonium salt (homopolymer of 2 ) in the catalytic activity.     

Palladium‐Assisted “Aromatic Metamorphosis” of Dibenzothiophenes into Triphenylenes

Two new palladium‐catalyzed reactions of aromatic sulfur compounds enabled the conversion of dibenzothiophenes into triphenylenes in four steps. This transformation of one aromatic framework into another consists of 1) 4‐chlorobutylation of the dibenzothiophene to form the corresponding sulfonium salt, 2) palladium‐catalyzed arylative ring opening of the sulfonium salt with a sodium tetraarylborate, 3) an intramolecular S_N2 reaction to form a teraryl sulfonium salt, and 4) palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular C? S/C? H coupling through electrophilic palladation. Symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical triphenylenes of interest were synthesized in a tailor‐made fashion in satisfactory overall yields.     

Structural anisotropy in unstretched and uniaxially stretched poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)

Poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) or PPV is gaining increasing importance because of its superior electroluminescent efficiency and electrical conductivity. The most widely followed synthetic route for PPV involves synthesis of a precursor polymer using a sulfonium monomer salt. Previous studies have proven that the monomer salt which contains cyclic sulfonium groups yields better quality PPV than when the monomer containing dialkyl sulfonium groups is used. The structure of PPV synthesized using cyclic sulfonium precursor has not been as widely reported as that synthesized using dialkyl sulfonium monomer. In the current work, the structure of PPV, synthesized using a cyclic viz. tetrahydrothiophenium monomer salt, has been studied in detail using the wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) technique. The study reveals that even in the cast (unstretched) form, PPV shows considerable biaxial orientation in the plane of the film. This preferred orientation is found to occur during the casting process and is independent of the solvent used and casting substrate. On stretching these films to a final draw ratio of 7 : 1, this biaxial orientation is transformed into uniaxial orientation with nematic ordering of PPV chains along the stretch direction and PPV chains assuming three preferred orientations in the plane of the film. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 605–614, 1999     

10-(4-联苯基)-2-异丙基噻吨酮硫鎓六氟磷酸的合成与表征

以2-异丙基硫杂蒽酮为原料,乙腈为溶剂经硝酸铈铵氧化得到中间体2-异丙基硫杂蒽酮亚砜,在硫酸存在的条件下,再与联苯反应得到锍盐中间体,最后以醇类和水为混合溶剂,锍盐中间体与六氟磷酸钾进行离子交换得到10- (4-联苯基)-2-异丙基噻吨酮硫鎓六氟磷酸,通过紫外光谱、红外光谱和核磁共振测定,对产物进行了结构确证。     

Synthesis and properties of novel polymers having S-methyldibenzothiophenium salt moieties

A polymer having dibenzothiophenium salt moieties [poly(sulfonium salt), 2 ] was prepared by the reaction of poly(2-vinyldibenzothiophene) ( 1 ) with CH₃I and AgBF₄ in CH₂ClCH₂Cl at room temperature for 24 h. The obtained polymer 2 was found to contain 71% of the methyldibenzothiophenium tetrafluoroborate unit. A monomer carrying the sulfonium salt moiety, i.e., 5-methyl-2-vinyldibenzothiophenium tetrafluoroborate ( 4 ), was independently prepared and subjected to radical polymerization to give a polymer ( 5 ) in 88% yield (methyldibenzothiophenium tetrafluoroborate unit: 79%). The thermal decompositions of 2 and 5 took place in two steps; the first step involved the formation of polymer 1 by demethylation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1779–1784, 1998     

β-(Trifluoromethyl)vinyl sulfonium salts: preparation and reactions with active methylene and methenyl compounds

Two trifluoromethyl-substituted building blocks β-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl sulfonium salts 1 and 2 were developed. Reactions of β-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl sulfonium salt 1 with active methylene compounds containing electron-withdrawing groups using DBU as the base in DMSO occurred to give trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclopropane derivatives 7 as the major products. In contrast, reactions of β-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl sulfonium salt 2 with active methylene compounds occurred with the migration of one of the electron-withdrawing groups to give the products 8 as the major products when NaH was used as the base in DMSO. Moreover, when NaH was used as base in THF/CH(2)Cl(2) at -78 °C, reaction of β-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl sulfonium salt 1 gave trifluoromethyl-substituted 2,3-dihydrofuran derivatives 9 as the major products. A working mechanism was proposed to explain the different behaviors of the β-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl sulfonium salts 1 or 2 with active methylene compounds under these different conditions.     

A Direct Route to C-Vinylaziridines: Reaction of N-Sufonylimines with Allylic Ylides under Phase-Transfer Conditions or with Preformed Ylides at Low Temperature

Allylic sulfonium salts 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, and arsonium salt 14 react with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and alpha,beta-unsaturated N-sulfonylimines under solid-liquid phase-transfer conditions in the presence of KOH at room temperature to produce, respectively, vinyl-, (beta-phenylvinyl)-, and [beta-(trimethylsilyl)vinyl]aziridines in excellent yields within several minutes. In some cases, pyrroline compound 9 is obtained as a minor product. This aziridination reaction has also been carried out with preformed ylides, generated from sulfonium salts 3, 7, arsonium salt 14, and telluronium salts 15, 16 with a base in THF at -78 degrees C. In most examples, quantitative yields were achieved. However, the trans/cis selectivity of the reaction was not high in either case. A semistable allylic sulfonium ylide, i.e., dimethylsulfonium 3-(trimethylsilyl)allylide, was found to not undergo an expected [2,3]-sigma-rearrangement and so can also be used in this reaction.     

Addition of ArSSAr to carbon-carbon multiple bonds using electrochemistry

ArS(ArSSAr)⁺ (arylbis(arylthio)sulfonium ions), which were generated and accumulated by the electrochemical oxidation of diaryl disulfides (ArSSAr) in CH₂Cl₂ at −78 °C, reacted with alkenes to give the corresponding diarylthio-substituted compounds in a stereospecific manner in good yields, when the reaction was quenched with a soft nucleophile, such as allylsilanes, ketene silyl acetals, and triethylamine. A mechanism involving the initial formation of an episulfonium ion followed by ring-opening by the attack of ArSSAr has been suggested. The reactions of ArS(ArSSAr)⁺ with alkynes also took place to give 1,2-diorganothio-substitued alkenes stereoselectively under similar conditions.     

(4-羟基苯基)甲基苄基硫鎓六氟锑酸盐的合成及表征

以4-羟基苯硫酚和氯苄为原料、三乙胺为缚酸剂,制备了4-苄硫基苯酚;4-苄硫基苯酚在甲苯溶液中,经硫酸二甲酯甲基化制备了（4-羟基苯基）甲基苄基硫鎓硫酸盐;室温甲醇溶剂中,与六氟锑酸钠离子进行交换合成了目的产物（4-羟基苯基）甲基苄基硫鎓六氟锑酸盐。通过紫外光谱和核磁共振测定,对产物进行了结构鉴定。总收率大于75%。     

Allyl sulfonium salt as a novel initiator for active cationic polymerization of epoxide by shooting with radicals species

A rapid cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide that completed within a few minutes was achieved by a new initiation system that involves (1) a copper‐catalyzed reduction of benzoyl peroxide by an ascorbic acid derivative that generates free radicals and (2) capture of the radicals by allyl sulfonium salt having hexafluoroantimonate (SbF) as a counter anion, followed by fragmentation of sulfonium radical cation, from which a super acid HSbF₆ was produced to initiate the rapid polymerization. The key factor in designing an efficient allyl sulfonium salt was attachment of an electron withdrawing ester group at the allyl group, of which ability to stabilize the formed radical can enhance the efficiency in trapping radicals by the allylic salt. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4178–4183, 2010     

Dual roles for promoting monomers to polymers: A conjugated sulfonium salt photoacid generator as photoinitiator and photosensitizer in cationic photopolymerization

An efficient strategy for comprehensive utilization of the conjugated sulfonium salt photoacid generator (PAG), namely, 3‐{4‐[4‐(4‐N,N′‐diphenylamino)‐styryl]phenyl}phenyl dimethyl sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, was developed through photoinitiated cationic photopolymerization (CP) of epoxides and vinyl ether upon exposure to near‐UV and visible light‐emitting diodes (LEDs; e.g., 365, 385, 405, and 425 nm). Photochemical mechanisms were investigated by UV–vis spectra, molecular orbital calculations, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, and electron spin resonance spin‐trapping analyses. Compared with commercial PAGs, the prepared conjugated sulfonium salt generated H⁺, which can be used as photoinitiator. Moreover, the fluorescent byproducts from photodecomposition can be used as photosensitizer of commercial iodonium salt in the photoinitiating systems of CP. These novel D‐π‐A type sulfonium‐based photoinitiating systems are efficient (epoxide conversion = 85–90% and vinyl conversion >90%; LEDs upon exposure to 365–425 nm) even in low‐concentration initiators (1%, w/w) and low curing light intensities (10–40 mW cm^?2). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 2722–2730     

Electroorganic chemistry—XV : Electroreduction of sulfonium and ammonium salts. Formation of sulfonium ylids

In the electroreduction of sulfonium and ammonium salts, sulfonium ylid was generated from the sulfonium salt, whereas in the case of the ammonium salt, nitrogen ylid was not formed but the N+C bond was reductively cleaved. On the basis of the controlled potential electrolysis, it seems acceptable that the mechanism of formation of sulfonium ylid involves the direct electron transfer to the sulfonium salt as the initiation step.     

Photocrosslinking of copolymers of vinyloxyethyl methacrylate-styrene initiated by sulfonium salts. II. Photocrosslinking behaviors

Vinylether was used as a cationically polymerizable moiety and incorporated into sidechain of polymers as copolymers of vinyloxyethyl methacrylate (VEM) and styrene (St). Photoirradiation of the copolymers containing a small amount of benzyl(4-hydroxyphenyl) methylsulfonium salt (BSS) resulted in a high crosslinking density as evidenced by a low degree of swelling, which is ascribed to the high reactivity of the vinyloxy moieties. The sensitivity of this photoreaction is significantly high because of a large kinetic chain length of the cationic polymerization of vinylethers, while copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate and St showed crosslinking to much less extent when irradiated under the same condition. The ability of other sulfonium salts, (4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl(4-nitrobenzyl) sulfonium salt and (4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl(1-naphthylmethyl)sulfonium salt, to induce photocrosslinking was also examined. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Controlling neighbouring group participation from thioacetals

A 1,3-dithiane displaces tosylate by a 5-exo-tet cyclisation to give a bicyclic sulfonium salt. Nucleophilic attack on this 4-thia-7a-thioniaperhydroindene by azide ions kinetically favours opening to give a nine-membered ring α-azidosulfide, but 2-(3′-azidopropyl)-1,3-dithiane is the thermodynamic product from B3LYP/6-31G** calculations. A similar sulfonium salt generated from 2-(3′-hydroxypropyl)-1,3-dithiane with thionyl chloride rearranges to 2-(3′-chloropropyl)-1,3-dithiane. Azide ion displacement of the primary alkyl chloride is then faster than [1.4] sulfanyl participation from the thioacetal. An α-chlorosulfide derived from diphenyldithioacetal does not rearrange but undergoes direct displacement to give an α-azidosulfide.