Non-exponentiality in electron transfer kinetics: Static versus dynamic disorder models

Non-exponential electron transfer kinetics in complex systems are often analyzed in terms of a quenched, static disorder model. In this work we present an alternative analysis in terms of a simple dynamic disorder model where the solvent is characterized by highly non-exponential dynamics. We consider both low and high barrier reactions. For the former, the main result is a simple analytical expression for the survival probability of the reactant. In this case, electron transfer, in the long time, is controlled by the solvent polarization relaxation—in agreement with the analyses of Rips and Jortner and of Nadler and Marcus. The short time dynamics is also non-exponential, but for different reasons. The high barrier reactions, on the other hand, show an interesting dynamic dependence on the electronic coupling element,V _el.     

Efficient Coupling of 2-Halopyrimidines to 2,2′-Bipyrimidines

2-chloropyrimidine, 2-chloro- and 2-bromo-4,6-dimethylpyrimidines, 2-chloro- and 2-bromo-4,6-diphenylpyrimidines have been dimerized to the corresponding 2,2′-bipyrimidines in good yields by Tiecco's method using NiCl2, triphenylphosphine and zinc in DMF.     

混合极性溶剂乙二醇／水中正负离子表面活性剂SDS／CTAB的界面性质研究

正负离子混合表面活性剂由于其特异的自组织行为及良好的稳定性,已成为研究生物膜和用于生物活性物质分离分析的理想模型[1-2],近年来,该体系在界面化学性质中得到了广泛的研究,但是由于正负电性中和,其水溶液很不稳定,一旦超过临界胶束浓度(CMC),极易发生沉淀,从而失去表面活性,使其应用受到限制.     

Optimizing pressurized liquid extraction of microbial lipids using the response surface method

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the determination of optimum extraction parameters to reach maximum lipid extraction yield with yeast. Total lipids were extracted from oleaginous yeast (Rhodotorula glutinis) using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The effects of extraction parameters on lipid extraction yield were studied by employing a second-order central composite design. The optimal condition was obtained as three cycles of 15 min at 100°C with a ratio of 144 g of hydromatrix per 100 g of dry cell weight. Different analysis methods were used to compare the optimized PLE method with two conventional methods (Soxhlet and modification of Bligh and Dyer methods) under efficiency, selectivity and reproducibility criteria thanks to gravimetric analysis, GC with flame ionization detector, High Performance Liquid Chromatography linked to Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (HPLC-ELSD) and thin-layer chromatographic analysis. For each sample, the lipid extraction yield with optimized PLE was higher than those obtained with referenced methods (Soxhlet and Bligh and Dyer methods with, respectively, a recovery of 78% and 85% compared to PLE method). Moreover, the use of PLE led to major advantages such as an analysis time reduction by a factor of 10 and solvent quantity reduction by 70%, compared with traditional extraction methods.     

成膜溶剂与氟化嵌段共聚物膜的表面富集行为

利用接触角、XPS、SFG、AFM等技术研究了环己酮、甲苯和三氟甲苯为成膜溶剂所得聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-b-聚（甲基丙烯酸-2-全氟辛基乙酯）（PMMA—b—PFMA）嵌段共聚物膜的表面结构与性能．发现浇铸成膜时成膜溶剂对聚合物氟化组分向表面富集程度的影响相对较小,而旋涂成膜时溶剂的影响很大．不管以何种形式成膜,三氟甲苯溶剂最有利于氟化组分向表面富集,甲苯次之,环己酮最差．这一现象与溶剂的挥发速度无关．聚合物在溶液中的聚集结构、气／液界面结构是造成成膜方式对聚合物表面结构与性能产生巨大影响的主要原因．当聚合物在溶液中形成以PFMA为核、PMMA为冠的胶束结构时,在溶液固化过程中氟化组分向表面富集需要较长的时间,这时由于成膜方法直接影响溶液的固化速度,造成其对氟化组分向表面富集的程度影响很大．当聚合物在溶液中以单分子或松散聚集体存在,在溶液固化过程中氟化组分向表面富集的速度很快,这时成膜方法对氟化组分向表面富集的程度影响很小．以上结果无论对理论研究还是应用研究都具有重要意义．     

Achieving linear-scaling computational cost for the polarizable continuum model of solvation

This work describes a new and low-scaling implementation of the polarizable continuum model (PCM) for computing the self-consistent solvent reaction field. The PCM approach is both general and accurate. It is applicable in the framework of both quantum and classical calculations, and also to hybrid quantum/classical methods. In order to further extend the range of applicability of PCM we addressed the problem of its computational cost. The generation of the finite-elements molecular cavity has been reviewed and reimplemented, achieving linear scaling for systems containing up to 500 atoms. Linear scaling behavior has been achieved also for the iterative solution of the PCM equations, by exploiting the fast multipole method (FMM) for computing electrostatic interactions. Numerical results for large (both linear and globular) chemical systems are discussed.     

聚肽螺旋纳米弯棒的制备与形成机理

通过五元环酸酐（NCA）开环聚合的方法成功合成了聚(γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸酯)（PBLG）聚肽均聚物和聚(γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸酯)-b-聚乙二醇（PBLG-b-PEG）聚肽嵌段共聚物,并通过酸解脱苄基及与肉桂醇的酯化反应对PBLG-b-PEG嵌段共聚物改性,制备了聚(γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸酯-co-肉桂基-L-谷氨酸酯)-b-聚乙二醇（P(BLG/CLG)-b-PEG）改性嵌段共聚物,其聚肽侧链上修饰了可光交联的肉桂酰氧基,其C=C双键在紫外光照射下能发生环加成反应交联聚肽链段。采用四氢呋喃-N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（THF-DMF）有机共溶剂溶解、选择性溶剂（水）沉淀的自组装方法制备了PBLG纳米棒;然后向纳米棒水溶液中加入THF溶剂诱导纳米棒弯曲,制备了纳米弯棒。通过THF的加入量可以调控纳米棒的弯曲程度。利用类似的方法,通过PBLG与PBLG-b-PEG或P(BLG/CLG)-b-PEG共组装制备了螺旋纳米棒（其中PBLG均聚物形成棒状内核、PBLG-b-PEG或P(BLG/CLG)-b-PEG形成表面纳米螺纹）,然后向螺旋纳米棒水溶液中加入THF溶剂,但是仅得到了光滑纳米弯棒（表面螺纹消失）。对PBLG/P(BLG/CLG)-b-PEG螺旋纳米棒进行紫外照射,交联CLG链段来固定螺纹外壳,然后加入THF溶剂,制备了螺旋纳米弯棒,P(BLG/CLG)-b-PEG链段交联能够保持纳米棒表面的螺纹结构,同时对纳米棒的弯曲过程影响不显著。稳定测试表明,PBLG纳米弯棒和交联的PBLG/P(BLG/CLG)-b-PEG螺旋纳米弯棒在水溶液中保持形貌稳定。采用圆二色谱表征PBLG侧基苯环的有序排列状态,结果表明,加入THF溶剂后PBLG侧链苯环的收缩,是诱导纳米棒弯曲的驱动力。