The dangerous new synthetic drug α‐PVP as the hydrated chloride salt α‐pyrrolidinopentiophenone hydrochloride 0.786‐hydrate

α‐Pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α‐PVP), a dangerous designer drug, is now being marketed around the world as a harmless `bath salt', when in reality it is a powerful β‐ketone phenethylamine stimulant. A sample of the free base from a recent law‐enforcement seizure was crystallized as the HCl salt [systematic name: 1‐(1‐oxo‐1‐phenylpentan‐2‐yl)pyrrolidin‐1‐ium chloride 0.786‐hydrate], C₁₅H₂₂NO⁺·Cl⁻·0.786H₂O. In the crystal structure, the propyl chain is nearly perpendicular to both the phenyl ring and the carbonyl group. The hydrogen‐bonding scheme involves the quaternary N atom, the Cl⁻ anion and the partially occupied (0.786) water molecule, forming centrosymmetric dimers.     

Two isomers of 2,4‐di­benzyl‐8‐azabicyclo­[3.2.1]­octan‐3‐ol

The crystal structures of the title compounds, 2α,4α‐di­benzyl‐3α‐tropanol (2α,4α‐di­benzyl‐8‐methyl‐8‐aza­bi­cyclo­[3.2.1]­octan‐3α‐ol), C₂₂H₂₇NO, (I), and 2α,4α‐di­benzyl‐3β‐tropanol (2α,4α‐di­benzyl‐8‐methyl‐8‐aza­bi­cyclo­[3.2.1]­octan‐3β‐ol), C₂₂H₂₇NO, (II), show that both compounds have a piperidine ring in a chair conformation and a pyrrolidine ring in an envelope conformation. Isomer (I) is asymmetric, the benzyl groups having different orientations, whereas isomer (II) is mirror symmetric, and the N and O atoms, the C atom attached to the hydroxy group, and the methyl C atom attached to the N atom lie on the mirror plane. In the crystal structures of both (I) and (II), the mol­ecules are linked together by intermolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds to form chains that run parallel to the a direction in (I) and parallel to b in (II).     

Simultaneous determination of trimethylamine and trimethylamine N‐oxide in mouse plasma samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

A method was developed that applies hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode to separate and accurately quantify trimethylamine and trimethylamine N‐oxide in a single chromatographic run. This was achieved by converting trimethylamine to ethyl betaine, which is less volatile and hence results in greatly improved quantitation. Ethyl betaine also gives a similar response to trimethylamine N‐oxide using positive‐ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. It is readily separated from trimethylamine N‐oxide by hydrophilic liquid chromatography in a 5 min run and with improved peak shape compared to underivatized trimethylamine. Validation of the method yielded a limit of detection (S/N ≥ 3) of 0.5 ng/mL for trimethylamine and 0.25 ng/mL for trimethylamine N‐oxide. Method accuracies of 91.4–105.3% with precisions of 0.4–5.5% were obtained for standard mixtures over the range of 2.5–500 ng/mL. Recoveries measured for the extraction of trimethylamine and trimethylamine N‐oxide spikes into mouse plasma were both >90%. The method, which simultaneously measures trimethylamine and trimethylamine N‐oxide, was successfully applied to mouse plasma samples and could be adapted for use with other biological fluids.     

Transformation of schiff bases derived from alpha‐naphthaldehyde. Synthesis,spectral data and biological activity of new‐3‐aryl‐2‐(α‐naphtyl)‐4‐thiazolidinones and N‐aryl‐N‐[1‐(α‐naphthyl)but‐3‐enyl]amines

New N‐aryl substituted 2‐(α‐naphthyl)‐4‐thiazolidinones were prepared by the cyclocondensation of α‐mercaptoacetic acid and corresponding N‐(α‐naphthyliden)anilines. The same starting materials were utilized to obtain a new series of N‐aryl‐N‐[1‐(α‐naphthyl)but‐3‐enyl]amines, which was synthesized through an addition of the Grignard reagent (allylmagnesium bromide) to the double bond C?N of the aldimines. The antichagasic and trichomonacidal in vitro activity, as well as, the antifungal and cytotoxic properties of some of these compounds were evaluated.     

Enantioselective Formation of 2‐Azetidinones by Ring‐Assisted Cyclization of Interlocked N‐(α‐Methyl)benzyl Fumaramides

The synthesis of optically active interlocked and non‐interlocked 2‐azetidinones by intramolecular cyclization of N‐(α‐methyl)benzyl fumaramide [2]rotaxanes is described. Two different strategies of asymmetric induction were tested in which the chiral group was located either proximal or distal to the reacting center of the thread. During these experiments, an interesting equilibration process inside the macrocyclic void occurred, thus leading to the cyclization through the (α‐methyl)benzyl carbon atom and giving rise to β‐lactams, with a quaternary carbon atom, in an enantio‐ and diastereocontrolled manner. This cyclization also proceeds in kinetically stable chiral pseudo[2]rotaxanes, thus allowing further dethreading to provide enantioenriched 3,4‐disubstituted trans‐2‐azetidinones. The stereochemical outcomes of the cyclizations inside and outside the macrocycle demonstrated noticeable differences.     

Fluorine in Peptides: The Synthesis of α‐Fluoro‐β‐Amino Dipeptides by Direct Deoxofluorination/Rearrangement of N‐Seryl Dipeptides

This article describes the stereo‐ and regioselectivity of the deoxofluorination of N‐terminal dipeptides bearing a serine residue to generate, after rearrangement, α‐fluoro‐β‐amine‐terminated dipeptides. The ratio of the rearranged α‐fluorinated regioisomer is increased, relative to the non‐rearranged β‐fluoro isomer, with N‐alkylated amides. Otherwise, an intramolecular H‐bond between the free amine and the amide NH suppresses formation of the key aziridinium intermediate required for α‐fluorination. N‐Methyl and N‐allyl amides give exclusively α‐fluorination products. Subsequent deprotection of the N‐allyl amide to give a α‐fluoro‐β‐amino dipeptide product is demonstrated.     

Synthesis and helical conformation of poly(N‐propargylamides) carrying L‐aspartic acid in the side chain

Aspartic acid‐based novel poly(N‐propargylamides), i.e., poly[N‐(α‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐L ‐aspartic acid β‐benzyl ester N′‐propargylamide] [poly( 1 )] and poly[N‐(α‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐L ‐aspartic acid α‐benzyl ester N′‐propargylamide] [poly( 2 )] with moderate molecular weights were synthesized by the polymerization of the corresponding monomers 1 and 2 catalyzed with (nbd)Rh⁺[η⁶‐C₆H₅B^?(C₆H₅)₃] in CHCl₃ at 30 °C for 2 h in high yields. The chiroptical studies revealed that poly( 1 ) took a helical structure in DMF, while poly( 2 ) did not in DMF but did in CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, and toluene. The helicity of poly( 1 ) and poly( 2 ) could be tuned by temperature and solvents. Poly( 2 ) underwent solvent‐driven switch of helical sense, accompanying the change of the tightness. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5168–5176, 2005     

The 2‐N,N‐Dibenzylamino Group as a Participating Group in the Synthesis of β‐Glycosides

The novel glycosyl donor 2‐N,N‐dibenzylaminothioglycoside 1 reacts with glycopyranoside alcohols 2 , presumably via intermediate 3 , to provide 1,2‐trans‐linked disaccharides 4 in high yield (78–86 %) and with high stereoselectivity. The N‐benzyl protecting groups are readily cleaved under normal hydrogenolysis conditions, facilitating the synthesis of oligosaccharides with free amino groups.     

4‐Vinyl­benzyl analogs of adenine and uracil: reactive monomers for nucleobase polymeric resins

The crystal structures of 9‐(4‐vinyl­benzyl)­adenine, C₁₄H₁₃N₅, and 1‐(4‐vinyl­benzyl)­uracil, C₁₃H₁₂N₂O₂, are composed of zigzag ribbon‐like structures that are stabilized by conventional (N—H?N‐type) hydrogen bonds for the former and conventional (N—H?O‐type) and non‐conventional (C—H?O‐type) hydrogen bonds for the latter; the hydrogen‐bonding patterns are represented by graph‐sets R(9) and R(8), respectively. The adenine and uracil moieties in these alkyl­ated derivatives are planar and are inclined at angles of 84.44 (4) and 79.07 (7)°, respectively, with respect to the phenyl rings.     

N‐heterocyclic carbene–palladium complexes for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction with benzyl chloride and aromatic boronic acid leading to diarylmethanes

A family of N‐heterocyclic carbene–palladium(II)–N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine complexes ((NHC)LPdCl₂; L = N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine) were synthesized as well as characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic data. These complexes exhibited higher catalytic activities for the Suzuki reaction of benzyl chlorides to afford diarylmethanes under milder conditions than other efficient (NHC)LPdCl₂ complexes. Using the optimum conditions, the expected coupling products were obtained in moderate to high yields. All reactions were carried out in air and all starting materials were used as supplied without purification.     

Dithiocarbamate mediated controlled/living free radical polymerization of methyl acrylate under 60Co γ‐ray irradiation: Conjugation effect of N‐group

The free radical polymerizations of methyl acrylate have been studied under γ‐ray irradiation in the presence of the dithiocarbamates with different N‐groups. The results indicate that the conjugation structure of the N‐group of dithiocarbamate plays an important role in living free radical polymerization. The polymerizations reveal good living characteristics in the presence of dithiocarbamates (benzyl 1H‐imidazole‐1‐carbodithioate, benzyl 1H‐pyrrole‐1‐carbodithioate, benzyl 1H‐indole‐1‐carbodithioate, and benzyl 9H‐carbazole‐9‐carbodithioate) with N‐aryl group. In contrast, the polymerization with benzyl N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate cannot be controlled, and the obtained polymer has a broad molecular weight distribution or even crosslink occurs. Moreover, polymerization rate is influenced by the conjugation structure of the N‐group of dithiocarbamate, and the aromatic polycyclic structure of the N‐group leads to slow polymerization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5670–5677, 2004     

Syntheses and molecular self-assembly of chiral phosphorami-dates

Two chiral phosphoramidates,(R)-(-)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dihydroxy-N-[α-(S)-methylbenzyl] phosphoramidate and (-)-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-dihydroxy-N-[α-(S)-methylbenzyl]-phosphoramidate were synthesized.Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis.The phosphoramidate molecules are self-associated by inter-molecular N-H...O = P hydrogen bonds and aromatic edge to face interactions.     

A Green Procedure for the Oxidation of Benzyl Halides to Aromatic Aldehydes or Ketones in Aqueous Media

Green oxidation of benzyl halides to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones was achieved in aqueous media using trimethylamine N-oxide generated in situ from trimethylamine and H₂O₂. The yield of the reaction was excellent and the workup was simple.     

氯胺酮、羟亚胺及邻氯苯基环戊酮合成工艺的判别研究

氯胺酮通常以羟亚胺和邻氯苯基环戊酮为主要合成原料。该文采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)检测缴获邻氯苯基环戊酮样品中的杂质,并筛选出邻氯苯甲腈以及格氏试剂合成过程中的副反应产物环戊酮、环戊醇、环戊基环戊烷、2-环戊基环戊酮和2-环戊基环戊醇作为特征杂质。通过邻氯苯基环戊酮合成实验,验证了6种特征杂质为邻氯苯甲腈与格氏试剂反应所产生。通过液-液萃取的前处理方法,从缴获羟亚胺样品检测出残留的4种特征杂质。采用顶空/气相色谱-质谱联用(HS/GC-MS)方法从氯胺酮样品中检出残留的2种特征杂质。结果表明,所有缴获的邻氯苯基环戊酮和羟亚胺样品,以及105份氯胺酮样品中的102份均检出2种以上特征杂质,由此推测,格氏试剂法是国内非法工厂生产邻氯苯基环戊酮普遍采用的工艺路线。     

Kinetic Resolution of 2H‐Azirines by Asymmetric Imine Amidation

Highly efficient kinetic resolution of 2H‐azirines by an asymmetric imine amidation was achieved in the presence of a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/Sc^III complex, thus providing a promising method to obtain the enantioenriched 2H‐azirine derivatives and protecting‐group free aziridines at the same time. It is rare to find an example of N1 of an oxindole participating in a reaction over C3. Moreover, chiral 2H‐azirines were stereospecifically transformed into an unprotected aziridine and α‐amino ketone.     

Identification of l‐carnitine and its impurities in food supplement formulations by online column‐switching liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry

The identification of impurities in l‐ carnitine by mass spectrometry is difficult because derivative reagents or ion pair reagents are usually used to separate and increase the retention of l‐ carnitine on the reversed‐phase column. In this study, four impurities including 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐N,N,N‐trimethylpropan‐1‐aminium, 3‐cyano‐2‐hydroxy‐N,N,N‐trimethylpropan‐1‐aminium, 3‐carboxy‐N,N,N‐trimethylprop‐2‐en‐1‐aminium, and 4‐chloro‐2,3,4‐trihydroxy‐N,N,N‐trimethylbutan‐1‐aminium were identified in l‐ carnitine and its tablets by using two‐dimensional column‐switching high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry. The first column was a C₈ column at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min; the detection wavelength was 220 nm. The second column was an Acclaim Q1 column using a gradient elution program with aqueous 30 mM ammonium acetate (pH 5.0) and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The mass fragmentation patterns and structural assignments of impurities were studied, and the quantitative validation of three impurities was further investigated. The linearity (r ²) was found to be >0.99, with ranges from 0.2 to 50 ng/mL and 0.1 to 10 ng/mL. The method was used successfully for determination of impurities in five samples of l‐ carnitine and tablets.     

Anion‐Exchange Properties of Trifluoroacetate and Triflate Salts of N‐Alkylammonium Resorcinarenes

The synthesis of N‐benzyl‐ and N‐cyclohexylammonium resorcinarene trifluoroacetate (TFA) and triflate (OTf) salt receptors was investigated. Solid‐state analysis by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed that the N‐alkylammonium resorcinarene salts (NARSs) with different upper substituents had different cavity sizes and different affinities for anions. Anion‐exchange experiments by mixing equimolar amounts of N‐benzylammonium resorcinarene trifluoroacetate and N‐cyclohexylammonium resorcinarene triflate, as well as N‐benzylammonium resorcinarene triflate and N‐cyclohexylammonium resorcinarene trifluoroacetate showed that the NARS with flexible benzyl groups preferred the larger OTf anion, whereas the rigid cyclohexyl groups preferred the smaller TFA anions. The anion‐exchange processes were confirmed in the solid state by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction experiments and in the gas phase by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.     

Glycosylidene Carbenes,Part 30 , Crystal Structure of a Glucose‐Derived N,N‐Unsubstituted Alkoxydiaziridine

The crystal structure of 1,5‐anhydro‐2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐benzyl‐1‐hydrazi‐D ‐glucitol ( 2 ) is reported and compared with the structures of other diaziridines. It is the first crystal structure of an N,N‐unsubstituted diaziridine, noncoordinated at the N‐atom, and the first crystal structure of a C‐alkoxy‐diaziridine. Although there is considerable shortening of the C(5)O−C(1) bond, there is no asymmetry in the C(1)−N bond length, the C(5)O, C(1), C(2) plane bisecting the N−N bond. The C(1)−N bonds appear to be slightly shorter and the N−N bond longer than the average for diaziridines, although the structural data for diaziridines do not lend themselves to unequivocal interpretation.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Enantiomerically Pure cis‐ and trans‐3‐Fluoro‐2,4‐dioxa‐8‐aza‐3‐phosphadecalin 3‐Oxides as γ‐Homoacetylcholine Mimetics and Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase

The title compounds, the P(3)‐axially and P(3)‐equatorially substituted cis‐ and trans‐configured 8‐benzyl‐3‐fluoro‐2,4‐dioxa‐8‐aza‐3‐phosphadecalin 3‐oxides (=8‐benzyl‐3‐fluoro‐2,4‐dioxa‐8‐aza‐3‐phosphabicyclo[4.4.0]decane 3‐oxides=2‐fluorohexahydro‐6‐(phenylmethyl)‐4H‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorino[5,4‐c]pyridine 2‐oxides) were prepared (ee>98%) and fully characterized (Schemes 2 and 3). The absolute configurations were established from that of their precursors, the enantiomerically pure cis‐ and trans‐1‐benzyl‐4‐hydroxypiperidine‐3‐methanols which were unambiguously assigned. Being configuratively fixed and conformationally constrained phosphorus analogues of acetyl γ‐homocholine (=3‐(acetyloxy)‐N,N,N‐trimethylpropan‐1‐aminium), they are suitable probes for the investigation of molecular interactions with acetylcholinesterase. As determined by kinetic methods, all of the compounds are weak inhibitors of the enzyme.     

Novel pyridinium salts as cationic thermal and photoinitiators and their photosensitization properties

Novel pyridinium salts [N‐(α‐phenylbenzyl)‐, N‐(1‐naphthylmethyl)‐, or N‐cinnamyl p‐ or o‐cyanopyridinium hexafluoroantimonates] were synthesized by the reaction of p‐ or o‐cyanopyridine and the corresponding bromides followed by anion exchange with KSbF₆. These pyridinium salts polymerized epoxy monomers at lower temperatures than previously reported for N‐benzyl‐2‐cyanopyridinium hexafluoroantimonate. The o‐substituted pyridinium salts showed higher activity than the p‐substituted ones, and the crosslinked epoxy polymers cured with these initiators showed higher glass‐transition temperatures. These pyridinium salts photoinitiated radical polymerization as well as cationic polymerization. The photopolymerization was accelerated by the addition of aromatic ketones as photosensitizers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1037–1046, 2002