体外电化学测试对镁合金体内降解行为的预测

可生物降解镁合金因同时具有优良的生物相容性和力学性能,在生物医学界显示出其作为新型骨科内植入物的巨大潜在优势和市场前景。目前,作为制约镁合金医用产业化的关键因素,即过快的降解速率已经成为研究重点。本文回顾了体外电化学测试技术对镁合金抗腐蚀性能的研究,并分析了模拟腐蚀体系对镁合金腐蚀行为的影响;同时评估了电化学测试方法作为快速有效预测镁合金体内降解性能前期分析手段的可行性与局限性。最后,对如何发展更合理的体外电化学测试技术来预测镁合金体内降解提出了可能的解决方法及构思。     

Ultra Flexible Paper Based Electrochemical Sensors: Effect of Mechanical Contortion upon Electrochemical Performance

The influence of mechanical contortion upon the electrochemical performance of screen‐printed graphite paper‐based electroanalytical sensing platforms is evaluated and contrasted with traditionally employed polymeric based screen‐printed graphite sensors. Such a situation of implementation can be envisaged for the potential sensing of analytes on the skin where such sensors are based, for example in clothing where mechanical contortion, viz, bending will occur, and as such, its effect upon electrochemical sensors is of both fundamental and applied importance. The effect of mechanical contortion or stress upon electrochemical behaviour and performance is of screen printed sensors is explored. Comparisons are made between both paper‐ and polymeric‐ based sensing platforms that are evaluated towards the sensing of the well characterised electrochemical probes potassium ferrocyanide(II), hexaammine‐ruthenium(III) chloride and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). It is determined that the paper‐based sensors offer greater resilience in terms of electrochemical performance after mechanical stress. We gain insights into the role played by both the effect of the time of mechanical contortion and additionally the potentially detrimental effects of repeated contortion are explored. These unique paper‐based sensors hold promise for widespread applications where flexible and ultra‐low cost sensors are required such as applications into medical devices were ultra‐low cost sensors are a pre‐requisite, but also for utilisation within applications which require the implementation of ultra‐flexible electroanalytical sensing platforms such as in the case of wearable sensors, whilst maintaining useful electrochemical performances.     

用于抗生素检测的纳米材料基电化学传感器研究进展

近年来,抗生素作为基本的治疗药物在医学、畜牧业、水产养殖业等方面被广泛应用,但其过量使用造成的抗生素残留问题也给生态环境、食品安全和人类健康造成严重的威胁.鉴于此,纳米电化学传感器在抗生素快速检测方面的研究成为热点,也取得了可观的进展.本文首先对抗生素进行了简单介绍,通过分析抗生素的电化学性质,综述了不同结构和类型的纳...     

Electrochemical Peptide-Based Sensors for Foodborne Pathogens Detection

Food safety and quality control pose serious issues to food industry and public health domains, in general, with direct effects on consumers. Any physical, chemical, or biological unexpected or unidentified food constituent may exhibit harmful effects on people and animals from mild to severe reactions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), unsafe foodstuffs are especially dangerous for infants, young children, elderly, and chronic patients. It is imperative to continuously develop new technologies to detect foodborne pathogens and contaminants in order to aid the strengthening of healthcare and economic systems. In recent years, peptide-based sensors gained much attention in the field of food research as an alternative to immuno-, apta-, or DNA-based sensors. This review presents an overview of the electrochemical biosensors using peptides as molecular bio-recognition elements published mainly in the last decade, highlighting their possible application for rapid, non-destructive, and in situ analysis of food samples. Comparison with peptide-based optical and piezoelectrical sensors in terms of analytical performance is presented. Methods of foodstuffs pretreatment are also discussed.     

纳米材料电化学与生物传感器——有机微污染物检测新途径

本文介绍了近年来纳米材料电化学与生物传感器在有机微污染物检测中的研究现状,分析了这些传感器中纳米材料修饰电极的特点,重点阐述了纳米材料在有机微污染物检测中的重要作用,列举了一些纳米材料电化学与生物传感器在有机微污染物检测中的应用。最后对纳米材料电化学与生物传感器用于有机微污染物的检测研究进行了简要评述和展望。     

Convective Current in a Four-Electrode Electrochemical Cell at Various Boundary Conditions at Anodes

The frequency dependence of the transfer function of an electrochemical cell is studied experimentally and theoretically in the frequency region 0.005 to 1 Hz under conditions of controlled convective diffusion, at various boundary conditions on the anodes. It is shown that the results are independent of the conditions on the anodes at frequencies exceeding a diffusion frequency. On the other hand, the effect of the boundary conditions al low frequencies is substantial. In particular, it is shown that it is feasible to design a cell with a conversion efficiency indefinitely increasing in the direction of lower frequencies.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 8, 2005, pp. 987–992.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Agafonov, Nesterov.     

Paper-based Wearable Electrochemical Sensors: A New Generation of Analytical Devices

Over the past few years, the emergence of electrochemical wearable sensors has attracted considerable attention because of their promising application in point-of-care testing due to some features such as high sensitivity, simplicity, miniaturization, and low fabrication cost. Recent developments in new fabrication approaches and innovative substrates have resulted in sensors able to real-time and on-body measurements. Wearable electrochemical sensors have also been combined with paper-based substrates and directly used on human skin for different applications for non-invasive analyses. Furthermore, wearable electrochemical sensors enable monitoring analytes in different biofluids without complex procedures, such as pre-treatment or sample manipulation. The coupling of IoT to various wearable sensors has also attracted attention due to real-time data collection and handling in remote and resource-limited conditions. This mini-review presents the significant advances in developing wearable electrochemical devices, such as sampling, data collection, connection protocols, and power sources, and discusses some critical challenges for higher performance in this field. We also present an overview of the application of paper as an intelligent substrate for electrochemical wearable sensors and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. Lastly, conclude by highlighting the future advances in wearable sensors and diagnostics by coupling real-time and on-body measurements to multiplexed detection of different biomarkers simultaneously, reducing the cost and time of classical analysis to provide fast and complete overall physiological conditions to the wearer.     

聚合物发光电化学池

聚合物发光电化学池(polymer light-emitting electrochemical cell,PLEC)作为一种新型的聚合物发光二极管(polymer light-emitting diodes,PLED),它的本质特征是在PLED活性层掺杂电解质以提高活性层载流子传输能力,由于其具有对电极金属功函数不敏感和量子效率高等诸多优点而受到广泛关注。本文从活性层配方的改良、电极金属及基板的表面处理、相容性的改善、固定p-n结的实现和引入热处理手段等方面综述了近几年PLEC的研究进展,分析了当前PLEC在电致发光领域面临的问题,并对PLEC的前景进行了展望。     

Highly Sensitive and Selective Fluorometric/Electrochemical Dual‐Channel Sensors for TNT and DNT Explosives

A novel electro‐active compound, TCAC , is synthesized and its electrochemical polymerized film is used to detect 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) explosives through a fluorometric/electrochemical dual‐channel sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity. In particular, the electrochemical sensor for the analysis of TNT had an enhanced sensitivity of 0.5 μM . The detection limit of the sensor was calculated to be 15 nM .     

Electrochemical Sensing of Dissolved Hydrogen in Aqueous Solutions as a Tool to Monitor Magnesium Alloy Corrosion

Magnesium and its alloys have been the focus of the development of biodegradable metallic implant materials for years. Since water is reduced to form hydrogen gas during their corrosion, the amount and rate of hydrogen evolution, and therefore the dissolved hydrogen, could be used as an indicator to monitor and compare the corrosion. Here we report on a commercially available Clark‐Type amperometric microsensor and a simple potentiometric sensor for hydrogen to monitor the corrosion of a magnesium alloy in aqueous solutions. The sensors were compared using rare‐earth containing Mg alloy discs (Mg with 4 % Y, 2 % Nd, 0.5 % Ga, 0.5 % Dy) immersed in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) and 3.5 % NaCl.     

Conductivity as a Sensor for Monitoring Relative Magnesium Corrosion Rates in Real‐time,in Serum‐containing Media under Cell Culture Conditions

Because controlling the corrosion rate of magnesium metal will be crucial to the success of biomedical implants containing pure magnesium or magnesium alloys, many ways have been sought to improve in vitro tests to analyze corrosion rates, and also to identify new methods of preparing or post‐processing magnesium. In this work, for an in vitro assay, we explored the use of a commercially available conductivity sensor to study magnesium corrosion under cell culture conditions that duplicate many physiologically appropriate parameters. With this sensor, we studied the corrosion of two previously untested magnesium single crystal samples that differed in surface treatments that could alter corrosion rates. The results show that the relative conductivity changes in (mS/cm) over the total time of immersion were proportional to the corrosion rates in (mm/y) and also to the total magnesium released, as detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS).     

Controlled‐Potential‐Based Electrochemical Sulfide Sensors: A Review

Due to their potential applications in industry and potent toxicity to the environment, sulfides and their detection have attracted the attention of researchers. To date, a large number of controlled‐potential techniques for electrochemical sulfide sensors have been developed, thanks to their simplicity, reasonable limit of detection (LOD), and good selectivity. Different researchers have applied different strategies for developing selective and sensitive sulfide sensors. However, there has been no systematic review on controlled‐potential techniques for sulfide sensing. In light of this absence, the main aim of this review article is to summarize various strategies for detecting sulfide in different media. The efficiencies of the developed sulfide sensors for detecting sulfide in its various forms are determined, and the essential parameters, including sensing strategies, working electrodes, detection media, pH, LOD, sensitivity, and linear detection range, are emphasized in particular. Future research in this area is also recommended. It is expected that this review will act as a basis for further research on the fabrication of sulfide sensors for practical applications.     

镁合金在含F-的NaOH溶液中钝化行为的电化学研究

采用极化曲线、电容-电位曲线、Mott-Schottky分析以及电化学阻抗(EIS)等电化学方法研究了镁合金在含F^－ NaOH溶液中的阳极钝化行为. 结果表明, 在－1.2～1.8 V的电位范围内, 镁合金在含F^－的NaOH溶液中发生阳极钝化. 所形成的钝化膜表现出n型半导体的导电特性. 在0.7～1.8 V的电位范围内, 随着F^－浓度增大, 镁合金的阳极极化电流密度呈现出随着电位升高而逐渐增大的趋势, 随着F^－浓度增大这一趋势逐渐减弱. 并且F^－浓度的增大使得镁合金表面空间电荷层电容和钝化膜的载流子密度都不断减小. 通过极化曲线和电化学阻抗共同说明, 在5%的Na₂SO₄溶液中, NaOH溶液中阳极钝化后的镁合金随着钝化体系中F^－浓度的增加其耐蚀性逐渐减弱.     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯在堆肥条件下的生物降解性能研究

根据ISO 14855的检测方法,研究了聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)在堆肥条件下的生物降解性能,结果 表明PBS具有良好的生物降解性,且其形态对其降解速率有显著的影响,降解速率:PBS粉末>PBS片>PBS 颗粒。对堆肥中的微生物进行分离鉴定,在所选堆肥中主要分离出四种菌株:杂色曲霉菌、青霉菌、芽包杆菌 和直杆高温多孢菌,它们对PBS的降解能力各不相同,其中最有效降解PBS的菌株是杂色曲霉菌。     

A Biomimetic Phosphatidylcholine-Terminated Monolayer Greatly Improves the In Vivo Performance of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors

The real-time monitoring of specific analytes in situ in the living body would greatly advance our understanding of physiology and the development of personalized medicine. Because they are continuous (wash-free and reagentless) and are able to work in complex media (e.g., undiluted serum), electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors are promising candidates to fill this role. E-AB sensors suffer, however, from often-severe baseline drift when deployed in undiluted whole blood either in vitro or in vivo. We demonstrate that cell-membrane-mimicking phosphatidylcholine (PC)-terminated monolayers improve the performance of E-AB sensors, reducing the baseline drift from around 70 % to just a few percent after several hours in flowing whole blood in vitro. With this improvement comes the ability to deploy E-AB sensors directly in situ in the veins of live animals, achieving micromolar precision over many hours without the use of physical barriers or active drift-correction algorithms.     

非对称混合电池/混合电容器*

非对称混合电池/混合电容器（asymmetric hybrid electrochemical cell/capacitor, AHEC）的发展源于电动汽车、电子存储设备、家用电气、航天航空设备等对高能量密度和高功率密度储能装置的需求。AHEC具有较长的循环寿命、较低的自放电性能和高于电池的功率密度、高于电容器的能量密度。本文对非对称电池/电容器的发展历史做了简短的介绍,重点讨论了研究现状和存在的问题,并对今后的发展方向进行了评述。     

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in the Characterisation and Application of Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is finding increasing use in electrochemical sensors and biosensors, both in their characterisation, including during successive phases of sensor construction, and in application as a quantitative determination technique. Much of the published work continues to make little use of all the information that can be furnished by full physical modelling and analysis of the impedance spectra, and thus does not throw more than a superficial light on the processes occurring. Analysis is often restricted to estimating values of charge transfer resistances without interpretation and ignoring other electrical equivalent circuit components. In this article, the important basics of electrochemical impedance for electrochemical sensors and biosensors are presented, focussing on the necessary electrical circuit elements. This is followed by examples of its use in characterisation and in electroanalytical applications, at the same time demonstrating how fuller use can be made of the information obtained from complete modelling and analysis of the data in the spectra, the values of the circuit components and their physical meaning. The future outlook for electrochemical impedance in the sensing field is discussed.     

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Combined with Electrochemical Sensors for Food Contaminants Analysis

Detection of relevant contaminants using screening approaches is a key issue to ensure food safety and respect for the regulatory limits established. Electrochemical sensors present several advantages such as rapidity; ease of use; possibility of on-site analysis and low cost. The lack of selectivity for electrochemical sensors working in complex samples as food may be overcome by coupling them with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs are synthetic materials that mimic biological receptors and are produced by the polymerization of functional monomers in presence of a target analyte. This paper critically reviews and discusses the recent progress in MIP-based electrochemical sensors for food safety. A brief introduction on MIPs and electrochemical sensors is given; followed by a discussion of the recent achievements for various MIPs-based electrochemical sensors for food contaminants analysis. Both electropolymerization and chemical synthesis of MIP-based electrochemical sensing are discussed as well as the relevant applications of MIPs used in sample preparation and then coupled to electrochemical analysis. Future perspectives and challenges have been eventually given.     

基于碳纳米材料的无酶电化学传感器同时检测抗坏血酸、多巴胺和尿酸

人体中抗坏血酸（AA）、多巴胺（DA）和尿酸（UA）的浓度失调可能导致一系列疾病,如癌症、老年痴呆症、高尿酸血症等,而且这三个物种通常共存于体液中,有接近的氧化还原电位,因此实现三者的同时检测,既具有一定的难度,又具有极其重要的现实意义。近年来用于同时检测AA、DA和UA的电化学传感器取得了令人瞩目的进展,其中碳材料因其成本低廉、导电性好、稳定性好、比表面积大等特点逐渐引起人们的广泛关注。本文综述了基于碳材料构筑的检测AA、DA和UA的无酶电化学传感器的研究进展,对此类电化学传感器的今后发展做了展望。     

Influence of Humidity on Electrochemical CO2 Sensors Based on Sol-Gel Processed NASICON with New Compositions

Sol-gel processed NASICON-type with new compositions in the Na₃Zr_2–(x/4)Si_2–x P_1+x O₁₂ system showed an improved sinterability with an increase in the x value. This is attributed to liquid phase sintering. This dense electrolyte system is suitable for the application as gas sensors. The CO₂ gas sensors using highly dense x = 0.667 (sample B) and x = 1.333 (sample C) samples show a stable EMF response in dry atmosphere which is very close to the theoretical value. Although a lower sensitivity and slower response were obtained in humid CO₂ gas, the sensor performance recovered after switching from humid gas to dry gas.