Structure and Electrochemical Performance of Hollow Tube Activated Carbon Prepared from Cotton as Electrode Material for Electric Double Layer Capacitor

Hollow tube-like activated carbon(HTAC) was fabricated by a simple and efficient carbonization method with cotton as carbon precursor activated by KOH without any template. The activation time from 0 to 90 min showed no significant effect on the micro-morphology, but greatly influenced the specific surface area and electrochemical performance. In the end, it was found that the sample activated for 60 min(HTAC-60) has a higher specific surface area of 2600 m²/g, a larger pore volume of 1.52 cm³/g and a greater specific capacitance of 483 F/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g in 1 mol/L H₂SO₄. Moreover, the sample HTAC-60 shows excellent cycle stability(only 12.2% loss after 5000 cycles) and a high energy density of 67.1 or 37.2 W·h·kg^-1 at a power density of 200 or 1000 W/kg, respectively, operated in a voltage range of 0-1.0 V in 1 mol/L H₂SO₄. The results indicate that cotton can potentially be used as a raw material for producing low cost and high performance activated carbon electrode materials for electric double layer capacitor.     

不同前驱体制备的SO_4~(2-)/AC催化剂在二甲醚直接氧化合成聚甲氧基二甲醚中的反应性能

分别用硫酸、硫酸铵作为前驱体,活性炭(AC)作为载体,采用浸渍法制备了SO_4~(2-)/AC双功能催化剂(SO_4~(2-)离子和AC载体分别提供催化剂的酸性和氧化还原性),考察了其在二甲醚(DME)直接氧化合成聚甲氧基二甲醚(DMMx)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,不同前驱体制备的SO_4~(2-)/AC催化剂表现出显著的催化活性差异。40%H_2SO_4/AC催化剂具有较好的反应活性,DME转化率为8.4%,DMM1-2的选择性达到59.7%,并且没有COx的生成;而在40%(NH_4)_2SO_4/AC催化剂上,反应主要生成了COx,DMM选择性仅2.7%,且无DMM2生成。XRD、BET、NH_3-TPD及O_2-TPD-MS等表征结果显示,H_2SO_4/AC催化剂中适量的弱酸性位和氧化还原性位有利于DME直接氧化合成DMMx。经过SO_4~(2-)修饰的催化剂促进了O2在活性炭表面的活化;前驱体H_2SO_4的加入提高了催化剂表面的弱酸性位数量,而(NH_4)_2SO_4的引入却促使催化剂表面产生中强酸性位。     

联咪唑修饰{SiW12O40}杂化物的合成及超级电容性能

以H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀为前驱体, 采用水热法合成了联咪唑修饰的超分子杂化物, 经元素组成和热重分析, 确定其分子式为[Co(bim)₂(H₂O)₂][H₂SiW₁₂O₄₀]·2H₂O(bim=联咪唑)(1). 单晶衍射分析表明, 该杂化物是由[H₂SiW₁₂O₄₀]^2?、 [Co(bim)₂(H₂O)₂]²⁺和2个H₂O组成, 各组分之间通过氢键或超分子作用形成一维（1D）~三维（3D）结构. 分别以玻碳、 碳布和泡沫镍为集流体的三电极体系, 当电流密度为1 A/g时, 杂合物1的比电容分别为350.09, 107.02和186.83 F/g; 5000次循环后, 电容保持率分别为94.5%, 92.8%和95.1%. 动力学分析显示, 该化合物的电荷存储机制是以表面控制电荷为主. 在对称纽扣电池体系中, 当电流密度为1 A/g时, 其比电容为80.00 F/g; 在0.75 V的电压窗口中, 功率密度为130.83 W/kg时, 其能量密度为9.41 W·h/kg; 5000次循环后, 电容保持率为92.4%, 表明合成的杂化物是一种较好的超级电容器电极候选材料.     

以多层次聚苯胺颗粒为电极活性物质的超级电容器的电化学性能

以(NH₄)₂S₂O₈为氧化剂用化学氧化法合成了具有多层次结构的聚苯胺颗粒，其二次颗粒由一次颗粒集结而成，一次颗粒的粒径基本上在1 μm以下，一次颗粒由多层微小薄片叠合而成. 用这种聚苯胺为活性物质制成电极，以2 mol•L^-1的H₂SO₄水溶液作电解液，组装成了聚苯胺电极超级电容器. 用循环伏安法、电化学阻抗谱和恒电流充放电技术测试了该超级电容器的电化学性能.在7 mA的充放电电流下，它的比能量可达6.35 Wh•kg^-1，比功率可达132 W•kg^-1，电极材料的比容量可达408 F•g^-1. 在20 mA的充放电电流下，它的比能量可达4.39 Wh•kg^-1，比功率可达328 W•kg^-1，电极材料的比容量可达324 F•g^-1. 在100次的充放电循环中，聚苯胺电极超级电容器的电容量没有下降，电荷充放电效率一直保持在95%左右.     

烟气脱硫活性炭微波再生特性的实验研究

研究了烟气脱硫活性炭的微波再生特性。通过扫描电镜、N₂吸附、元素分析、Boehm滴定表征微波再生对活性炭孔隙结构和表面化学性质的影响,分析微波再生对活性炭吸附烟气中SO₂的影响规律。结果表明,微波再生功率越高,SO₂再生曲线越窄,峰值浓度越高,有利于载硫活性炭的解吸和高浓度再生气的获取。微波再生对活性炭起到了活化作用,使活性炭的孔结构变狭长。随着微波再生功率的提高,活性炭的微孔比表面积、微孔孔容增加,酸性官能团含量上升,碱性官能团含量下降。100 W再生后,活性炭再生不完全,残留的H₂SO₄影响了活性炭的吸附,活性炭的SO₂吸附性能下降。200、300、400 W工况下,活性炭的SO₂吸附容量均得到提高,且随着再生功率的提高,活性炭的碱性官能团含量上升,微孔比表面积、微孔孔容增加,SO₂吸附性能逐渐增强。     

All-Ti3C2TxMXene Based Flexible On-chip Microsupercapacitor Array

Flexible on-chip microsupercapacitors(MSCs) are highly desired for integrated wearable or portable electronics due to their advantages of small size, high power density, easy integration, long lifespan, high security, and flexibility. The output voltage of MSCs can be improved by designing MSC arrays, which could further expand their application fields. In this work, we proposed a facile laser direct cutting method to prepare an on-chip flexible MSC array using Ti₃C₂T_xMXene as both current collector and electrode materials. The designed MSC in PVA/H₂SO₄ all-solid-state gel electrolyte exhibits a large volume/areal capacitance of 770.72 F/cm³(46.24 mF/cm²) at a scan rate of 20 mV/s, a high energy density of 68.51 mW·h/cm³ at a power density of 6.16 W/cm³, excellent cycling stability with capacitance retention of 98.50% after 10000 charge/discharge cycles. The MSC also shows superior flexibility and stability even after repetition of charge/discharge cycles under the convex and concave bending states. In addition, the assembled MSC array(4 in series) provides a high voltage of 3.2 V, which could easily power a purple light-emitting diode more than 10 min, demonstrating its potential application in integrated portable/wearable devices.     

The electrolyte NRTL model and speciation approach as applied to multicomponent aqueous solutions of H2SO4, Fe2(SO4)3, MgSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 at 230–270 °C

This work presents chemical modeling of solubilities of metal sulfates in aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid at high temperatures. Calculations were compared with experimental solubility measurements of hematite (Fe₂O₃) in aqueous ternary and quaternary systems of H₂SO₄, MgSO₄ and Al₂(SO₄)₃ at high temperatures. A hybrid model of ion-association and electrolyte non-random two liquid (ENRTL) theory was employed to fit solubility data in three ternary systems H₂SO₄–MgSO₄–H₂O, H₂SO₄–Al₂(SO₄)₃–H₂O at 235–270 °C and H₂SO₄–Fe₂(SO₄)₃–H₂O at 150–270 °C. Employing the Aspen Plus™ property program, the electrolyte NRTL local composition model was used for calculating activity coefficients of the ions Al³⁺, Mg²⁺ Fe³⁺ and SO₄²⁻, HSO₄⁻, OH⁻, H₃O⁺, respectively, as well as molecular species. The solid phases were hydronium alunite (H₃O)Al₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆, hematite Fe₂O₃ and magnesium sulfate monohydrate (MgSO₄)·H₂O which were employed as constraint precipitation solids in calculating the metal sulfate solubilities. A correlation for the equilibrium constants of the association reactions of complex species versus temperature was implemented. Based on the maximum-likelihood principle, the binary interaction energy parameters for the ionic species as well as the coefficients for equilibrium constants of the reactions were obtained simultaneously using the solubility data of the ternary systems. Following that, the solubilities of metal sulfates in the quaternary systems H₂SO₄–Fe₂(SO₄)₃–MgSO₄–H₂O, H₂SO₄–Fe₂(SO₄)₃–Al₂(SO₄)₃–H₂O at 250 °C and H₂SO₄–Al₂(SO₄)₃–MgSO₄–H₂O at 230–270 °C were predicted. The calculated results were in excellent agreement with the experimental data.     

微波再生对活性炭循环吸附SO_2的影响

研究了脱硫活性炭的微波再生及其对烟气中SO2的循环吸附特性。通过扫描电镜、N2吸附、元素分析、Boehm滴定等表征了微波再生对活性炭孔隙结构和表面化学性质的影响,分析了微波再生对活性炭循环吸附烟气中SO2的影响规律。结果表明,微波再生是脱硫活性炭再生的有效手段,在合适的再生功率下,经过多次循环吸附/再生后,活性炭仍然保持较高的吸附容量,吸附17次后再生活性炭仍然高于原始活性炭,但同时由于再生过程中存在C与H2SO4的反应,活性炭存在明显的烧失现象。初次再生后,活性炭的表面酸性官能团在高温下基本完全分解,碱性官能团含量上升,活性炭的SO2吸附容量明显提高;多次吸附/再生循环后,再生反应起到了活化的作用,使活性炭的孔结构变狭长,微孔比表面积和微孔容积呈上升趋势,同时酸性和碱性官能团基本保持稳定,活性炭的SO2吸附容量逐渐增加。     

活性炭/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4电容器性能及活性炭负极的劣化分析

为提高电化学电容器的工作电压,采用电池材料LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄(LNMO)为正极,活性炭为负极,组装成混合型电容器并探索了提高其性能的最佳条件。 负/正极质量比增加、充放电截止电压的升高均能显著提高电容器的放电容量和能量密度,在负/正质量比为4,电压0~3 V, 电流密度1×10^-3 A/cm²的条件,700次循环后容量保持率达97.5%。 运用三电极体系、电化学阻抗谱等测试手段对此负极活性炭的劣化及其对电容器性能的影响进行了深入探索。     

Ti表面修饰纳米TiO2膜电极的电催化活性

用电化学合成法在Ti表面修饰一层纳米TiO₂膜,TEM和XRD测试表明晶型为锐钛矿型,晶粒平均尺寸为25nm.用循环伏安法、循环方波伏安法和电解合成法研究了纳米TiO₂膜电极在硫酸介质中的氧化还原行为以及对硝基苯还原的电催化活性。结果表明,纳米TiO₂膜电极具有异相氧化还原催化行为,膜中的Ti(Ⅳ)/Ti(Ⅲ)作为媒质间接电还原硝基苯为对氨基苯酚,收率和电流效率分别达91.6%和95.2%.     

Three-phase extraction study of cyanex 923-n-heptane/H(2)SO(4) system

Phase behavior of the extraction system, Cyanex 923–heptane/H₂SO₄–H₂O has been studied. The third phase appeared at different aqueous H₂SO₄ concentration with varying initial Cyanex 923 concentration and temperature affects its appearance. Almost all of H₂SO₄ and H₂O are extracted into the middle phase. The H₂SO₄ concentration in the third phase increases with the increasing aqueous acid concentration (C_H2SO4,b) while the water content first increases and then reaches a constant value at C_H2SO4,b=11.3 mol l⁻¹. In the region of C_H2SO4,b higher than 5.2 mol l⁻¹, the composition of the middle phase is only related to the equilibrium concentration of H₂SO₄ in the bottom phase. H₂SO₄ and H₂O are transferred into the middle phase mainly by their coordination with Cyanex 923 when C_H2SO4,b is less than 11.3 mol l⁻¹. When C_H2SO4,b is higher than 11.3 mol l⁻¹, excess H₂SO₄ is solubilized into the polar layer of the aggregates. In the region considered, the extracted complex changes from C923 · H₂SO₄ to C923 · H₂SO₄ · H₂O and then to C923 · (H₂SO₄)₂ · H₂O.     

利用EQCM研究铅电极在硫酸和硫酸钠溶液中的反应机理

使用电化学线性扫描伏安(LSV)、循环伏安(CV)和电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)方法研究了硫酸和硫酸钠溶液中铅电极表面的反应过程. 伏安曲线和电极表面质量变化结果分析表明,从-1.0 V到-0.4 V正向扫描时,铅在硫酸溶液中生成两种氧化产物,在-0.87 V时生成硫酸铅,在-0.73 V时生成PbO·PbSO₄,然后PbO·PbSO₄转化成硫酸铅,而铅在硫酸钠中的氧化产物只有硫酸铅. 因此,酸性溶液是PbO·PbSO₄形成的必要条件,这进一步揭示了铅酸电池的负极放电机理,也为铅酸电池负极反应过程提供了新的研究方法.     

全钒氧化还原液流电池用石墨毡电极的分步氧化活化

石墨毡电极是组成钒电池的关键材料,其较低的电化学活性是造成钒电池功率密度较低的关键因素之一. 本论文采用一种简便的石墨毡电极分步氧化活化法,先将石墨毡在高锰酸钾溶液中进行氧化,后置于活化溶液中激发其反应活性. 通过对处理后的石墨毡进行循环伏安、交流阻抗测试、XPS以及SEM表征,发现氧化时间和活化溶液组成是影响电极性能的因素,在本文中,先经过3天氧化时间,后在配比为3:1的活化溶液中处理的电极,较其他方法处理的电极,电荷传递电阻明显降低,其与溶液之间的接触电阻最低,为7.33 Ω·cm ²,氧化还原峰值比更接近于1,有效提高了反应的活性与可逆性,经X射线光电子能谱分析发现性能提高的原因与表面含氧官能团数目增加有关. 单电池性能测试结果进一步证实,利用该方法处理的石墨毡为电极的单电池,较未经处理的电池相比性能更优,有更高的放电容量和能量效率,在100 mA·cm ^-2电流密度下,能量效率较未处理电极高出7.47%. 与热处理法、酸处理法及电化学氧化法相比较,该方法不需要辅助设备,不消耗能源.     

甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极上的氧还原

利用单晶旋转圆盘电极技术（Hanging Meniscus Rotating Disk Electrode,　HMRD）在硫酸和高氯酸溶液中分别研究了甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面氧分子的电催化还原反应. 实验发现：在硫酸溶液中,经甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面的氧还原活性明显提高,其中氧还原的半波电位与Pt(111)电极的相比正移约0.1 V,而在高氯酸溶液中,甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极的活性几乎没有发生变化. 该实验结果表明：甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极一方面抑制了SO₄^2-在电极表面的吸附,另一方面又能在电极表面提供相邻的空位供氧分子吸附. 通过与文献中报道的CN^-修饰的Pt(111)电极上的氧还原结果的对比,可以推测甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面氧还原活性提高是由于甘氨酸在Pt(111)表面可能先被氧化成CN^-后吸附在电极表面,进而促进了氧分子的电催化还原反应.     

基于NiCo2O4纳米片电极的非对称混合电容器

The looming global energy crisis and ever-increasing energy demands have catalyzed the development of renewable energy storage systems. In this regard, supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted widespread attention because of their advantageous attributes such as high power density, excellent cycle stability, and environmental friendliness. However, SCs exhibit low energy density and it is important to optimize electrode materials to improve the overall performance of these devices. Among the various electrode materials available, spinel nickel cobaltate (NiCo₂O₄) is particularly interesting because of its excellent theoretical capacitance. Based on the understanding that the performances of the electrode materials strongly depend on their morphologies and structures, in this study, we successfully synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets on Ni foam via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The structures and morphologies of the as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and the results showed that they were uniformly distributed on the Ni foam support. The surface chemical states of the elements in the samples were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ products were then tested as cathode materials for supercapacitors in a traditional three-electrode system. The electrochemical performances of the NiCo₂O₄ electrode materials were studied and the area capacitance was found to be 1.26 C·cm^-2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm^-2. Furthermore, outstanding cycling stability with 97.6% retention of the initial discharge capacitance after 10000 cycles and excellent rate performance (67.5% capacitance retention with the current density from 1 to 14 mA·cm^-2) were achieved. It was found that the Ni foam supporting the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets increased the conductivity of the electrode materials. However, it is worth noting that the contribution of nickel foam to the areal capacitance of the electrode materials was almost zero during the charge and discharge processes. To further investigate the practical application of the as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets-based electrode, a device was assembled with the as-prepared samples as the positive electrode and active carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The assembled supercapacitor showed energy densities of 0.14 and 0.09 Wh·cm^-3 at 1.56 and 4.5 W·cm^-3, respectively. Furthermore, it was able to maintain 95% of its initial specific capacitance after 10000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets could be ascribed to their unique spatial structure composed of interconnected ultrathin nanosheets, which facilitated electron transportation and ion penetration, suggesting their potential applications as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors. The present synthetic route can be extended to other ternary transition metal oxides/sulfides for future energy storage devices and systems.     

基于三维花状五氧化二铌及活性炭的锂离子混合电容器

锂离子混合电容器由于兼备锂离子电池和超级电容器的优势,即较高的能量密度和功率密度,而成为当前能量存储体系的研究热点。本工作合成了具有三维花状微纳结构的正交相五氧化二铌(T-Nb_2O_5),并将其与活性炭(AC)相匹配,设计出一种新型的T-Nb_2O_5/AC锂离子混合电容器。循环伏安和恒电流充放电的测试结果表明该锂离子混合电容器具有较好的电化学性能,如在碳酸酯类的有机电解液中,工作电压可达到3.0 V;在100 m A·g~(-1)的电流密度下,电容器的比能量和比功率密度可达到53.79 Wh·kg~(-1)和294 W·kg~(-1);在200 m A·g~(-1)的电流密度下,经过1000次充放电循环后,该电容器的比能量保持率为73%。由此可见,本工作开发的T-Nb_2O_5/AC锂离子混合电容器将在高功率的储能设备中有很好地应用前景。     

On synthesis, structure, and thermal stability of mercury and lead sulfates and oxide sulfates

Reactions between HgO, PbO, or PbO₂ and 2.5–95 wt.% H₂SO₄ are studied at temperatures up to the boiling point of the acid. Depending on the oxide reactant, the H₂SO₄ concentration, and synthesis temperature, HgSO₄, Hg₃O₂(SO₄), PbSO₄ and Pb₂O(SO₄) are obtained as identified reaction products. The thermal stability of HgSO₄, Hg₃O₂(SO₄), PbSO₄, Pb₂O(SO₄), and PbO₂ is examined and the results supplement and modify earlier findings. The redetermined crystal structure of Hg₃O₂(SO₄) on the basis of powder neutron diffraction data shows that its space group (P3₁) is of lower symmetry than earlier reported (P3₁2₁).     

利用硫酸氧钒制备钒炭催化剂用于烟气脱硫

利用硫酸氧钒制备钒炭催化剂用于烟气脱硫。研究发现,负载在活性炭上的硫酸氧钒极易被氧化为五价钒硫酸盐,这些五价钒硫酸盐具有很高的氧化SO₂的活性,极大地促进了SO₂在活性炭上的脱除。而且,通过煅烧可以将五价钒硫酸盐分解为五价钒氧化物,最佳煅烧温度为500℃,由于煅烧后用于储存硫酸的微孔孔容增加,SO₂的吸附容量得到了进一步提高,由此表明,利用硫酸氧钒可以制备传统的V₂O₅/AC催化剂。为了获得完全氧化的钒物种,对煅烧后的催化剂进行了空气中预氧化,但由于含氧官能团的形成、炭载体的烧蚀以及钒的还原,预氧化不利于脱硫。此外,研究中得到初步证据证明脱硫过程中V₂O₅/AC催化剂中五价钒氧化物转变成了五价钒硫酸盐,结合五价钒硫酸盐所表现出的氧化SO₂的能力,推测SO₂在V₂O₅/AC上的脱除遵循以下机理:五价钒氧化物先转变为五价钒硫酸盐,后者催化氧化SO₂为硫酸。     

Enthalpies de formation de l'acide fluorhydrique dans les solutions ternaires HF/HX/H2O (HX = HCl, H2SO4) IV — Enthalpies de formation de l'acide fluorhydrique dans les solutions ternaires H2SO4/HF/H2O

The enthalpies of mixing of aqueous hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids and the enthalpies of dilution of the ternary solutions HF/H₂SO₄/H₂O at fixed concentration of HF or H₂SO₄ have been measured. The standard enthalpies of formation of HF in these solutions have been derived.     

三氧化钼——一种新型有机系钠离子储能器件负极材料

由于锂资源短缺,我们尝试使用三氧化钼作为钠离子储能装置负极材料。通过一种简单的方法合成了三氧化钼,使用XRD、SEM和TEM等测试手段对其物性进行了表征。利用三氧化钼作为有机系钠离子储能器件的负极材料,通过循环伏安和恒流充放电测试探讨了负极材料的储钠机理。以三氧化钼(MoO3)作为负极材料,活性炭(AC)和石墨(graphite)作为正极材料,组装成新型的电化学储能器件,研究了两种器件在1mol/L NaPF6的碳酸丙烯酯(PC)中的电化学性能。两种器件的电压范围分别为0~3.2V和0~3.5V,能量密度最高可分别达到31.6和53 Wh/kg,长循环性能远远优于AC/AC对称电容器。此种储能装置有望成为锂离子电池的一个很好的替代。