不同成熟度双孢菇子实体主要营养元素与矿物质的光谱分析

采用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法对小菇到开伞的4个不同成熟度(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ)双孢菇子实体的Na,K,P,Ca,Mg等常量元素及Cu,Se,Mo,Fe等微量元素含量进行了测定,同时对水分含量、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C等含量进行了分析。结果发现成熟度Ⅰ的双孢菇子实体中Na,K,P,Mg,Cu,Se,Mo含量均显著高于其他3个成熟度(α=0.05),Ca和Fe的含量均显著高于成熟度Ⅲ和Ⅳ;成熟度Ⅳ的Se含量显著高于成熟度Ⅱ和Ⅲ,Na含量显著高于成熟度Ⅱ,Cu含量显著高于成熟度Ⅲ;成熟度Ⅱ和Ⅲ的K,P,Ca,Mg,Mo,Fe的含量显著高于成熟度Ⅳ;而成熟度Ⅳ的含水量显著高于成熟度Ⅰ和Ⅲ,与成熟度Ⅱ的无显著性差异;4个成熟度的可溶性蛋白含量均无显著差异;成熟度Ⅳ的可溶性糖含量显著低于其他3个成熟度;成熟度Ⅲ的维生素C含量与成熟度Ⅰ的无显著性差异,但显著高于成熟度Ⅱ和Ⅳ,成熟度Ⅰ与Ⅳ的维生素C含量显著高于成熟度Ⅱ。通过对4个成熟度双孢菇子实体矿质元素和营养成分含量的分析,发现成熟度Ⅰ和Ⅱ的双孢菇子实体是人体必需的矿物质元素更优质的来源,但总的来说成熟度不同的双孢菇(过大和过小的)仍然可以作为优质鲜食菇品出售,为食品加工企业和消费者选择双孢菇产品提供有利依据。     

IR spectroscopic methods for diagnosis of oncological pathologies in human tissues (Review)

Modern problems in the diagnosis of oncological pathologies using spectroscopic methods of analysis are considered. Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy methods are illustrated by investigation of tissues of breast, thyroid gland, stomach, kidney, lung, and skin excised during surgical intervention. IR spectra of surgical material are compared with data of histological analysis. Spectra of proteins and lipids in malignant neoplasms differ from those in benign tumors and in tissues beyond the pathological focus. Differences in protein spectra are attributed to changes in the supramolecular structure due to cleavage of intramolecular C=OH–N hydrogen bonds. Differences in IR spectra of lipids in neoplasms, when compared with those in normal tissues, are caused by changes in the structure of side chains of fatty-acid radicals appearing in malignant tumors. Spectral signatures of malignant pathology are revealed.     

ICP-AES测定云南楚雄糖尿病患者发样微量元素的研究

探讨微量元素与糖尿病间的关联性及临床意义。采用ICP-AES等离子体发射光谱仪测定了楚雄地区糖尿病患者人发中11种元素,采用2,3-二氨基萘荧光法测定发样中的硒元素。选取糖尿病患者120例,对照组35例。糖尿病组发样中常量元素Ca、Mg低于对照组,P高于对照组;除Cd、Cr、Fe外,微量元素Zn、Se、Ni、Mn、Cu等5种元素低于对照组,并有显著差异(P0.01)。糖尿病组间性别比较数据显示男性除发Ni、Mn、P外,其余元素含量均低于女性,其中发锌远低于女性。3个不同年龄段糖尿病人群的微量元素含量变化显示Fe、P2种元素随年龄增加含量增高;Mg、Cd2种元素随年龄增加含量减少;其余各元素变化情况为Fe、P元素在老年组中较高,Cu、Cd、Mg较低;Mn、Cr、Cu元素含量在中年组中较高,而Zn、Se略低;Zn、Se在青年组较高,而Mn、Cr低。城市人群发中Zn、Cd、Cu、Mg、Ca含量比农村人群高;Se元素含量二者间差别也不大,其余元素含量均低于农村人群。楚雄地区糖尿病患者发中Zn、Se、Mg、Mn4种元素水平低,楚雄地区糖尿病患者致病原因可能与地区属低Se水平和患者体内硒水平低有关。     

微波消解-ICP-AES测定鄱阳湖流域沉积物中微量元素

为了研究鄱阳湖沉积物中微量元素近几年来随季节、年度及沿程的变化情况,对2003年和2005年不同季节采集的鄱阳湖流域各采样点底泥进行了ICP-AES测定.结果表明,鄱阳湖沉积物中各元素的含量随着季节和年度变化而发生一定改变,枯水期普遍大于丰水期;南矶山2005年Cu和Pb含量较2003年有所降低;蔡家湾则与南矶山相反;姚公渡2005年Cu含量也较2003年低,Pb含量则高于2003年;与鄱阳湖流域底泥背景值相比,所测几个样点的Cu,Pb,Cr和Zn含量均在一定程度上超标;除大坞河外,其余各样点As含量均在背景值范围内;从饶河到鄱阳湖入湖口处,各元素含量呈逐渐降低趋势.文章提出的研究方法操作简便,效率高,劳动强度低.     

动力学阿尔文波及其在太阳和空间等离子体中的应用(英文)

动力学阿尔文波是短波长的色散阿尔文波,其色散主要是由于垂直波长接近离子回旋半径或电子惯性长度等微观粒子动力学特征尺度而引起的。在频率远低于离子回旋频率的低频条件下,其平行波长通常仍然远大于离子惯性长度,这导致动力学阿尔文波在电磁偏振和传播方向上呈现显著各向异性的重要特性,并因此使其在磁等离子体的粒子能化现象和结构丝化现象中起重要作用。动力学阿尔文波早期于1970年代由Chen和Hasegawa研究聚变等离子体加热问题时首先提出。随后,在1980年代受到空间等离子体、特别是电离层-磁层耦合与极光现象研究的广泛关注。进入1990年代后,由于在空间卫星探测技术和地面等离子体实验技术的不断发展,特别是一些高分辨空间等离子体探测仪器和地面大型等离子体实验设备投入工作以来,在动力学阿尔文波的实验研究上取得了一系列突破性的重要进展。这不仅导致对动力学阿尔文波在磁等离子体动力学现象中重要作用的重新估价和正视,并再次激发了对动力学阿尔文波理论及其在实验室、空间和天体环境下各类等离子体活动现象中应用研究的广泛兴趣。自1990年代中期以来,我们在中国科学院紫金山天文台的研究小组一直致力于动力学阿尔文波及其在太阳和空间等离子体粒子能化现象中应用的研究。这篇综述性报告主要介绍了有关动力学阿尔文波非线性孤波理论及其在空间和太阳等离子体粒子能化现象中应用的研究进展,也是我们这十几年来在这一领域研究工作的一个总结。报告的第0章简要介绍动力学阿尔文波的一些主要特征及其在磁等离子体动力学现象中的重要作用。然后,在第1章中利用等离子体的双流体方程、结合有关的实验观测,系统介绍了动力学阿尔文波的色散、传播、偏振等基本特性和在一维孤波与二维涡旋等非线性结构理论方面的研究进展。接下来的第2、3、4章将聚焦在动力学阿尔文波的耗散机制及其在太阳和空间等离子体粒子能化现象中的应用研究上,分别包括:动力学阿尔文孤波的耗散结构及其在极光高能电子加速现象中的应用(第2章);动力学阿尔文孤波中重离子的各向异性能化机制及其在延伸日冕中少量重离子反常加热现象中的应用(第3章);以及动力学阿尔文波的反常耗散机制及其在日冕磁等离子体结构非均匀加热现象中的应用(第4章)。最后的第5章是一个简要的总结和几点进一步发展的展望。     

Review of in situ X-ray fluorescence analysis technology in China

In the past two decades, the in situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology has been developed rapidly in China, which is mainly due to the rapid development of China's economy and the great demand for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in geological exploration, environmental protection, and industrial process analysis. In this article, the development of in situ XRF analysis technology in China is reviewed from three aspects, namely in situ XRF analyzers, in situ XRF analysis technology, and applications of in situ XRF analysis technology. The in situ XRF analyzers are divided into four generations, and the technical characteristics of each generation of analyzers are discussed from the perspectives of X-ray excitation source, detector, electronic circuit unit, and digital signal processing. The progress of X-ray spectrum analysis, matrix effect correction, and correction of uneven effect and humidity effect is reviewed. The representative applications of XRF analysis technology in geological and mineral survey, environmental pollution investigation, cultural relic identification, and alloy analysis are introduced.     

A combination of ultrasound and oxidative enzyme: sono-enzyme degradation of phenols in a mixture

Sono-degradation and sono-enzyme degradation of phenols were performed on the mixtures of double compounds (phenol, p-chlorophenol; phenol, p-cresol; phenol, p-nitrophenol; and p-chlorophenol, p-cresol) in aqueous medium. Sono-degradation of phenol and its substituted compounds individually behaved approximately the same, but in the case of mixture behaved differently. Sono-degradation of substituted phenols was easier than phenol in a mixture, but there was an exception in the combination of phenol and p-nitrophenol that the degradation of phenol was faster than substituted compound. This behavior was the same in sono-enzyme degradation, but with higher degradation rate. Between these mixtures, the combination of phenol and p-cresol presented a significant different behavior in case of single and double compounds solutions. In this system, the sono-degradation of phenol in mixture was more difficult than phenol alone but, the sono-degradation of p-cresol in mixture was easier in comparison with p-cresol alone. In sono-enzyme degradation, p-cresol as a more reactive compound facilitated the remove of phenol in mixture in compare of the individual case.     

Frontiers in infrared spectroscopy at surfaces and interfaces

An overview of advances in infrared (IR) spectroscopy is presented. Recent results in several areas of topical interest, including examples in biocompatibility, dielectric films, in situ chemical reactions, and electron relaxation in nanoparticles, are highlighted. Major advances in IR experimental methods include the development of accelerator-based sources of IR light and the application of novel techniques to examine complex systems. These advances, and their role in elucidating crucial insights about surfaces and interfaces, are illustrated by recent work in the literature. After reviewing the current state of the art, promising future directions are discussed. In particular, superb opportunities are expected to develop in a broad range of scientific disciplines, e.g., biology, device engineering, chemistry, and physics.     

Spectral Properties of Single BODIPY Dyes in Polystyrene Microspheres and in Solutions

The absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence quantum yield, and photostability of five BODIPY dyes are characterized and compared as single dyes in two environments, in 40-nm polystyrene spheres and in solution. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dyes in spheres are similar in profile but shifted to lower energies compared to those in solution. All the dyes are highly fluorescent, with three having fluorescence quantum yields of 1.0. For three of the five dyes, the yields were the same in spheres as in solution (1.00, 1.00, and 0.73). The high concentration of these dyes in spheres does not quench their fluorescence. For two other dyes the yields dropped, from 1.00 to 0.55 in one case and 0.83 to 0.50 in another, comparing the dyes in solution versus in spheres. The photodegradation of the dyes decreases in spheres compared to in solution in all but one case. For one dye, it decreases as much as 800-fold. Dyes overlooked because of low fluorescence or stability in solution could become useful fluorescent materials in the microsphere environment.     

20年前后正常人肺组织51种元素含量比较

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)、发射光谱仪(ICP-AES) 及石墨炉原子吸收光谱(GFAAS)对采自1982-83年及2004-05年的正常男性肺样品中的51种元素含量进行了测定及比较。样品经微波消解及敞开式酸法消解。结果显示,2004-05年样品相比于1982-83年样品,Na,Mg,P,K,As,Mo,Ag,Ba,Bi及除Sc外的所有被测稀土共23种元素的含量显著降低,Zn,Ga,Ge,Se,Au和Zr六种元素含量显著增加。这种变化可能与20年前后外界环境的改变及生活、饮食习惯等的改变有关,如20年前肺中稀土的高含量可能由于当时大量的稀土农用引起,而20年后某些微量有益元素(Zn和Se)明显上升与近年来健康意识提高有关,此外近年样品Pb, Cd, Cr和Ni等重金属元素含量的增加则有可能与空气质量恶化等因素有关。一半以上被测元素含量发生显著改变,故基于元素含量的正常值范围有必要在不同时期做出相应的调整。     

半干旱采煤塌陷不同应力区典型植物高光谱特征分析

利用高光谱反演、监测植被生长状况的基础是光谱特征识别。以半干旱采煤塌陷区为样地，利用Field Spec 3地物光谱仪与SPAD-502叶绿素仪同步采集采煤地表塌陷形成的不同应力区(非采区、中性区、拉伸区、压缩区)典型植物叶片光谱反射率与叶绿素含量(SPAD值)，分析典型植物相同应力区SPAD值升高其光谱特征的变化，对比不同应力区典型植物SPAD值较高与较低时光谱特征的差异，并借助Matlab软件深入研究不同应力区典型植物SPAD值与差值指数、归一化指数的相关关系。结果表明：(1)不同应力区同种植物光谱曲线随着SPAD值不同变化规律相异，可见光波段区分明显，其余波段受应力影响的区域样本SPAD值不同，反射率比非采区波动更为剧烈与无序。可见光波段，糙隐子草、柠条、杨树、油蒿SPAD值低的样本光谱曲线绿峰缺失，SPAD值升高，绿峰出现但位置红移，SPAD值高于30时，为典型植被光谱曲线，油松样本SPAD值越高反射峰值越小；受应力影响的区域SPAD值低的样本谷、峰、边特征参数缺失更多，光谱变化规律不强。(2)400～700 nm波段，不同应力区糙隐子草、油蒿、油松、柠条样本SPAD值较低组反射率显著高于较高组，杨树样本相反；780～1 350 nm波段，拉伸区的糙隐子草、非采区的油蒿和柠条、压缩区的油松和杨树样本SPAD值较高组与较低组的反射率差异小；相较于非采区，受应力影响的糙隐子草、油蒿、柠条样本在所测波段SPAD值较高组与较低组的同波段反射率差值显著减小。(3)受应力影响的区域样本SPAD值与光谱指数相关性较之非采区在某些波段大面积增强。与非采区相比，中性区的油蒿、油松、柠条、杨树样本SPAD值与光谱指数的最大相关系数值均增大，糙隐子草相反；非采区植物SPAD值与NDVI最大相关系数均高于DI，波段组合多位于近红外，受应力影响区域的样本最大相关系数多数位于可见光波段。本研究为矿区不同应力区典型植物高光谱波段识别与植物健康状态监测、矿区生态环境精准治理提供了理论支撑。     

Ultrastructural study on dynamics of plastids and mitochondria during microgametogenesis in watermelon

Dynamics of plastids and mitochondria during microgametogenesis in watermelon were examined by means of transmission electron microscopy. Plastids are present as proplastids in the microspore and as amyloplasts in the vegetative cell of the bicellular pollen grain, whereas the generative cell is completely devoid of plastids, suggesting that microspore plastids are excluded from the generative cell during the microspore mitotic division. Therefore, watermelon is classified as Lycopersicon type, where plastids exclusion from the generative cell leads to purely maternal plastid inheritance. Mitochondria in the generative cell show noticeable alterations in size and cristae during microgametogenesis. The diameter of mitochondria is about 0.5 μm in the newly born generative cell, while only about 0.16 μm in the spindle-shaped generative cell. Numerous cristae are present in mitochondria in the spherical generative cell, but, in contrast, mere two or three cristae retain in the spindle-shaped generative cell in the mature pollen grain. In conclusion, the size and cristae number of mitochondria in the generative cell are reduced significantly during microgametogenesis in watermelon.     

Strain-induced interaction of interstitials in IVA group hcp metals

Strain-induced (elastic) interactions of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon atoms in IVA group metals, α-Ti, Zr, and -Hf, are calculated in the framework of the microscopic Krivoglaz-Kanzaki-Khachaturyan theory. The experimental elastic constants, lattice spacing of the host metal, and concentration expansion coefficients are used as the input numerical parameters. The resulting interactions are stronger in α-Ti than in α-Zr and α-Hf. A comparative analysis of interactions in the hcp IVA group metals with those in bcc and fcc solid solutions reveals the crystal structure effect. In general, the strain-induced interactions of O, N, and C in hcp IVA group metals are weaker than in bcc solid solutions and are stronger than in fcc solid solutions.     

On the absence of logarithmic growths in mass parameters in renormalized perturbation theory

A systematic analysis is carried out in order to prove, under some given conditions, the absence of logarithmic growths in mass parameters in the theory, when the latter are scaled to zero, in renormalized perturbation theory in Euclidean space with non-exceptional external momenta. The rules developed are simple to apply and to verify in terms of the structure of the proper and connected graph associated with the amplitude in question. All subtractions of renormalization are carried directly in momentum space, about the origin, with the degree of divergence of a subtraction coinciding with the dimensionality of the corresponding subdiagram.     

忽地笑鳞茎中总生物碱含量的月动态变化

采用紫外分光光度法测定了不同月份忽地笑鳞茎中总生物碱含量,为确定适宜的采收时间提供实验依据。结果表明,忽地笑鳞茎中总生物碱含量随生长发育时期或月份不同存在一定差异,其中11月的最高,12月次之,1月的最低,最高值与最低值相比,约为2.6倍,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01)。精密度、稳定性实验及回收率等方法学考察表明,紫外分光光度法测定忽地笑鳞茎中总生物碱含量效果好,稳定性强,方法可靠。综合忽地笑鳞茎中总生物碱含量、中药材产量和土地利用率等因素考虑,以11月底前后采收比较适宜。     

Saxophonists tune vocal tract resonances in advanced performance techniques

The acoustical impedance spectrum was measured in the mouths of saxophonists while they played. During bugling and while playing in the very high or altissimo range, experienced players tune a strong, but relatively broad, peak in the tract impedance to select which peak in the bore impedance will determine the note. Less experienced players are unable to produce resonances with impedance peaks comparable in magnitude to those of the bore and consequently are unable to play these notes. Experienced players can also tune their tracts to select which combinations of notes are played simultaneously in multiphonics or chords, and to produce pitch bending, a technique in which notes are produced at frequencies far from those of the peak of impedance of the instrument bore. However, in normal playing in the standard range, there is no consistent tuning of the tract resonances. The playing frequency, in all cases, lies close to the peak in the impedance of the reed in parallel with the series combination of the impedances measured in the mouth and the instrument bore on either side of the reed (ZMouth+ZBore)∥ZReed.     

HR-ICP-MS研究黄河三个连续区域段表层沉积物中重金属污染的空间分布和季节变化

采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(HR-ICP-MS) 和地积累指数法(I_geo) 对黄河甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古自治区连续三段表层沉积物中重金属(Cr,Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn 和 Ni)的空间分布和季节性波动(丰水期、枯水期和平水期) 以及污染状况进行系统研究分析,研究结果表明：内蒙古段三个季节中沉积物重金属含量都高于甘肃和宁夏段,同时,除Cd外,丰水期所有点的沉积物重金属含量都高于枯水期和平水期,而枯水期和平水期的重金属含量相近。I_geo结果显示丰、枯水期的Cd,Cu和Cr元素的I_geo值在内蒙古段最高,而在甘肃段最低;所有重金属的I_geo值在丰水期高于枯水期,除Cd外,都在平水期降低,而ICd_geo在平水期各采样点明显上升;丰水期的甘肃段、枯水期的甘肃和宁夏段以及平水期的所有采样点中的Pb,Zn和Ni的I_geo值都小于0,表明这些元素在这些点几乎无污染。就研究区域而言,内蒙古段的重金属含量以及生态风险最高,Cr,Cd和Cu是最具有潜在风险的三个元素;就研究季节而言,丰水期的重金属含量和潜在风险高于枯水期和平水期,可能是跟丰水期沉积物的pH和总有机碳(TOC)含量较高有关。相关性分析(CCA)用来探究重金属与pH/TOC间的关系以及重金属的潜在来源。CCA的结果表明Pb,Cu,Zn和Ni互相相关,并且这四种元素容易受到周围环境pH和TOC的影响,除此之外,Cr,Cd以及TOC 三者相关,且这两种元素受到人类活动影响较严重。该研究工作可为研究区域表层沉积物重金属在不同季节的环境行为提供有效的信息,同时,研究重金属、pH和TOC之间的相关性可有效揭示重金属的潜在来源。     

胶磷矿中杂质赋存形式及酸解过程变化

我国中低品位胶磷矿量大、分布广,磷矿中杂质种类及含量对于磷石膏结晶及磷酸品质均有较大影响。以湖北某地区的典型低品位胶磷矿为原料,采用X射线光电子能谱仪、扫描电镜、能谱等方法,分析了磷矿及反应后磷石膏中的主要杂质种类及含量变化,并以此推测湿法磷酸过程中杂质的主要变化。结果表明磷矿中的主要成分是氟磷灰石和石英,杂质组分占比最高的分别是硅、铝、氟、镁,其中硅主要以石英和硅酸钙存在,氟主要存在于氟磷酸钙中,铝是以不同形式的铝硅酸盐存在的,而镁则是以MgF₂和部分硅酸盐存在。通过酸解反应,钙与硫酸根生成磷石膏,硅元素主要存在于固相石膏中,而铝、氟、镁则大部分进入到液相磷酸中,其中存在于固相中的硅则基本以石英形式存在,硅酸钙溶解于酸液中,铝主要以铝硅磷的化合物存在,氟则以氟硅化物形式存在,大部分的MgF₂溶解进入液相,磷石膏中镁主要以镁硅酸盐形式存在。通过磷矿中杂质存在形式及反应过程的变化研究,可以更好的明晰酸解过程中的体系变化,从而为磷石膏结晶过程的考察和控制提供理论基础。     

Cytoplasmic RNA and nuclear changes detected cytochemically during the degeneration of salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae)

The present study reports cytochemistry data about salivary glands of females (unfed, engorged, and at day three post-engorgement) and males (unfed, at day seven post-attachment, and at days three and seven post-detachment from the host) of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The results revealed nuclear changes in engorged females and at day three post-engorgement, and in males in all stages (except unfed). These changes were more prominent in females. Cytoplasmic changes were also observed in cells of all acini of males and females. In types II and III acini of engorged females, nuclear changes were observed in the shape (irregular, with blebs, fragmenting or fragmented), size (enlarged or reduced), and arrangement and condensation level of chromatin (marginal or as blebs). Changes were also detected in nucleoli, regarding their shape (fragmenting or fragmented), size (enlarged), and location (central, marginal or as blebs). Some nucleoli were also compacted or disorganized. In females at day three pos-engorgement, all acini exhibited similar changes to those observed in engorged females. RNA staining was stronger in cells of engorged females than those at day three post-engorgement. In males at day seven post-attachment, cells of types II, III, IV acini presented changes in the size of the nucleus and condensation level of chromatin similar to those of females. The shape of the nucleus was round, irregular or undergoing fragmentation, and the chromatin was located at the margin or throughout the nucleus. The changes in the nucleolus were similar to those of females, regarding size and organization, although round-shaped and in the central location. In males at day three post-detachment, cells of all acini exhibited nuclear changes similar to those of males at day seven post-attachment, in addition to the fragmentation of the nucleolus. At day seven post-detachment, changes were detected in all acini similar to the observed in males at day seven post-attachment. Regarding cytoplasmic RNA, staining was prominent in males at day seven post-attachment and weak in those at day seven post-detachment from the host. In females as well as males, different RNA staining patterns in the cytoplasm and nuclear changes characterized apoptotic cell death.     

用原子吸收光谱法分析铁路运输对周边脐橙种植园土壤元素的影响

铁路运输在推动路域经济发展的同时,也会对路域生态环境带来某些不良影响。水果品质与种植园土壤元素含量有直接关系,研究铁路周边脐橙种植园土壤元素含量对于农产品安全以及铁路周边生态环境建设都具有十分重要的意义。脐橙是一种人们十分喜欢的优质水果,在铁路周边尤其是四川省、重庆市、湖北省、江西省、贵州省等南方地区的铁路周边的栽种面积很大。应用原子吸收光谱法检测了四川省金堂县境内1997年建成的成达铁路沿线脐橙种植园土壤与对照土壤中Pb,Cd,Mn,Cu,Zn等多种元素的含量。结果表明, 铁路周边脐橙种植园土壤中重金属元素Pb和中量元素Mn比对照土壤增加明显,但重金属元素Cd与微量元素Cu和Zn在铁路周边脐橙种植园土壤与对照土壤之间差别并不明显。