液相色谱-双通道原子荧光检测联用法同时测定砷和硒的形态

建立了一种利用高效液相色谱-双通道原子荧光检测联用同时进行砷和硒形态分析的方法。以10 mmol/L NH4H2PO4溶液(pH 5.6)(添加2.5%(体积分数)的甲醇)为流动相,在12 min内同时分离了三价砷(As(III))、一甲基砷(MMA)、二甲基砷(DMA)、五价砷(As(V))、硒代胱氨酸(SeCys)、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)和四价硒［Se(IV)］等化合物。As(III)、DMA、MMA、As(V)、SeCys、SeMet和Se(IV)的检出限分别为1,3,2,3,4,18和3 μg/L (进样量为200 μL),5次测定的相对标准偏差为1.9%～6.1%(As 100 μg/L, Se 300 μg/L)。应用该方法对人体尿样及硒酵母片中砷和硒的形态进行了分析,目标物在尿样中的加标回收率为83%～108%,在硒酵母片中的加标回收率为88%～105%。实验结果表明,该方法可用于尿样及药品中砷和硒形态的日常分析。该方法减少了样品的分析时间和试剂用量,降低了工作强度,提高了工作效率。     

Comparison of sample preparation methods based on proteolytic enzymatic processes for Se-speciation of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) samples

A sequential sample preparation process was developed for the speciation analysis for Se-enriched edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus containing 110.2 mug of total Se/g sample. Five different sample extraction methods were compared and the most efficient method (a three-step process involving the use of water extraction and two proteolytic enzymes - pepsin and trypsin) proved to be the most suitable for extracting selenium, with an extraction efficiency of 75%. As the analogues of these enzymes play an important role in human digestion the bioavailability of the selenium present in the sample was estimated. Selenocystine (SeCys(2)) and Se(IV) were detected in considerable amounts (27.7 mug Se/g sample and 46.4 mug Se/g sample, respectively). For the quality control of peak identification a spiking procedure was developed, using a low selenium mushroom containing 4.3 mug of total Se/g sample. During the analysis with HPLC-HHPN (Hydraulic High Pressure Nebuliser)-AFS complicated background effects and matrix problems were observed: stable and reproducible signals generated by the low selenium mushroom and the compounds used in sample preparation were detected. The three-step sample preparation method connected with the HPLC-HHPN-AFS system proved to be applicable for the speciation analysis of the Se-enriched Agaricus bisporus.     

The simultaneous microdetermination of carbon,hydrogen, arsenic,or selenium in organic compounds

Simple modifications have been described for the simultaneous microdetermination of carbon, hydrogen, and arsenic or selenium in organic compounds using the rapid straight empty tube combustion technique. A silica insertion tube placed in the combustion tube at the open end of the ignition capsule and cooled via external exposure of the combustion tube around it to a stream of air, was found to be suitable for the quantitative retention of arsenic trioxide produced during the combustion of organo-arsenic compounds. The same modification was proved to be suitable for complete trapping of selenium dioxide produced in the combustion of organo-selenium compounds. In the latter case, the insertion tube was packed at one end with a short silica wool plug and cooling it with air is unnecessary.Using these simple modifications, accurate and reproducible carbon, hydrogen, and arsenic or selenium results were obtained in the analysis of a wide range of organic compounds containing arsenic or selenium. The conventional gravimetric finish was employed for the evaluation of three elements.     

A continuous hydride-generation system for direct current plasma atomic-emission spectrometry (DCP-AES) Determination of arsenic and selenium

A continuously operating hydride-generation system has been developed for determination of volatile hydride-forming elements such as arsenic and selenium by d.c. plasma atomic-emission spectrometry. Arsenic and selenium are converted into their hydrides by reduction with sodium borohydride. The hydrides evolved are stripped from the liquid phase in a gas/liquid separator and are continuously fed into the d.c. plasma by a small argon stream. Under optimized operating conditions the detection limits (3s) obtained for arsenic and selenium are 0.3 and 0.5, mug/l., respectively. The precision at the 5 mu/l. level is better than 4% r.s.d. The measurement time, including sample introduction and three replicate measurements with 5-sec integration per sample is about 1 min. The effects of well known interferents such as copper and nickel have been investigated. For minimizing their interference continuous addition of 1, 10-phenanthroline as masking agent has been found useful. The method has been tested by its use for analysing NBS standard reference materials.     

Rapid determination of selenium and tellurium by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry

A rapid method has been developed for the determination of selenium and tellurium in geological and biological samples. It involves acid digestion of the sample with mineral acids, addition of arsenic as a carrier, reduction of arsenic to co-precipitate selenium and tellurium, dissolution of the precipitate in dilute nitric acid and subsequent determination of selenium and tellurium by conventional atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Selenium and tellurium have been measured on a routine basis, down to 0.1 ppm.     

Direct determination of selenium in a wild fruit juice by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A matrix modifier composed of platinum and nickel is proposed for the determination of selenium in a wild fruit juice made from Lantingguo (Vuccinium uliginosam). Five matrix modifiers (copper/nickel, palladium/magnesium, platinum/magnesium, platinum/nickel and platinum/copper) for suppressing the interference effects of seven co-existing elements (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron) in a wild juice were studied and a matrix modifier composed fro;m 10 mug of platinum and 200 mug of nickel was found to give the best performance. Selenium in three juices was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry employing the proposed matrix modifier without matrix preseparation. The relative standard deviation was 14% for 0.20 mg l(-1) of selenium. The recoveries were 95-110%. A characteristic mass was 28 pg.     

Simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tin by gas phase molecular absorption spectrometry after two step hydride generation and preconcentration in a cold trap system

A cold trap system for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tin by continuous hydride generation and gas phase molecular absorption spectrometry is described. The hydride generation is carried out in two steps; first, tin hydride is generated at low acidity and second, arsenic, antimony and selenium hydrides are formed at higher acidity. All the hydrides are collected in a liquid nitrogen cryogenic trap and transported to the flow cell of a diode array spectrophotometer, where molecular absorption spectra are obtained in the 190-250 nm range. Five calibration solutions containing arsenic, antimony, selenium and tin are solved using multiple linear regression analysis. Tests are performed in order to extend the same manifold to other hydrides but no signals are obtained for bismuth, cadmium, lead, tellurium and germanium. Under the optimum conditions found and using the wavelengths of maximum sensitivity (190, 198, 220 and 194 nm), the analytical characteristics of each element are calculated. The detection limits are 0.050, 0.020, 0.12 and 1.1 mug ml(-1) and the RSD values are 3.7, 3.1, 3.5 and 3.0% for As, Sb, Se and Sn, respectively. The method is applied to As, Sb, Se and Sn determination in natural spiked water samples.     

一次消解土壤样品测定汞、砷和硒

建立了测定土壤中3种挥发性元素(汞、砷、硒)的一次消解方法,确定以程序控温石墨自动消解仪+王水-氢氟酸-硼酸络合敞开体系为最佳消解体系,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)分别测定同一消解液中汞、砷、硒的含量.采用国家标物中心有证标准物质土壤环境样品GSS-1~GSS-8进行了方法验证,结果均符合标准偏差的允许范围.此消解方法相比于现行标准方法,避免了针对各元素的分次处理,简化了消解步骤,节省了前处理时间,减少了试剂消耗,提高了实验效率,适用性广、灵敏度高、检出限低,尤其适合批量样品的微量/痕量元素分析,可作为一种大规模土壤样品中重金属污染监测和治理的快捷方法.     

Differential pulse polarographic determination of selenium(IV) in whole blood using the catalytic hydrogen wave

The selenium content in blood was determined using the hydrogen catalytic peak. This peak at -1.1 V was obtained in the presence of selenium and molybdenum at pH values of 1-4 in different buffers. For the determination of selenium, the Mo(VI) concentration has to be approximately 100-200 times higher than the selenium present. The linear domain range of selenium is 1x10(-6)-5x10(-9) M. The interference of zinc is eliminated by the addition of EDTA at pH 3.5 acetate buffer. The method was applied to 1.0 ml of digested blood, and 620+/-44 mug l(-1) Se and 7.15 mg l(-1) Zn could be determined with a 90% (n=6) confidence interval.     

Simultaneous determination of arsenic, selenium and mercury in foodstuffs by chemical vapour generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

A procedure for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, selenium and mercury in foodstuffs has been developed. After a two-step microwave-assisted wet digestion in closed vessels, using concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, the solution was analysed by inductively coupled plasma multichannel-based emission spectrometry using chemical vapour generation as the sample introduction system. All steps of the procedure, such as solid sample dissolution, pre-reduction to the suitable oxidation state, vapor generation, transport and atomization have been designed and optimised taking into account the concomitant presence of all the analytes considered. Temporal variation of analytical signals as well as interfering effects due to transition elements were also studied. Under the optimised operating conditions, the achieved detection limits for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, selenium and mercury in foodstuffs were 0.006, 0.023 and 0.018 microg g(-1), respectively, allowing their determination in real samples. Precision of the analytical procedure was 6.8% for arsenic, 5.2% for selenium and 7.7% for mercury (n=7). The accuracy and reliability of the method was verified by the analysis of both standard reference materials (rice flour and spinach leaves) and real samples (natural and Se-enriched rice).     

Flow injection analysis of nitrite by gas phase molecular absorption UV spectrophotometry

A flow injection method on the basis of gas phase molecular absorption is described for the determination of nitrite in the aqueous solution. 200 mul of nitrite solution is introduced into a carrier stream of distilled water. The carrier stream containing nitrite zone is reacted with a stream of hydrochloric acid (2 M). The stream is then segmented by O(2) gas. The produced gaseous products are purged into the O(2) segments, react with O(2) and are carried toward the gas-liquid separator. The gaseous phase is separated from the liquid stream by the use of home-made gas-liquid separator and then is swept into a home-made flow cell. The absorbance of gaseous phase is measured at 205 nm using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Under selected conditions, two linear ranges, up to 1000 mug ml(-1) and 1000-2000 mug ml(-1) of nitrite were obtained. The limit of detection was 7.5 mug ml(-1) NO(2)(-). The relative standard deviations of repeated measurements of 100 and 500 mug ml(-1) NO(2)(-) were 3.7 and 1.0%, respectively. Up to 30 samples h(-1) can be analyzed. Interferences in the proposed method were few and were readily overcome. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of nitrite in the spiked water samples, a number of meat products and urine.     

水载流-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷、汞

改变原子荧光光谱法以稀酸为载流的进样方式,以水为载流在新型双道原子荧光光谱仪上同时测定了土壤中的痕量砷(As)、汞(Hg).采用王水水浴加热溶解样品,用50 g/L硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液预先将砷还原为As(Ⅲ),保持10％(体积分数)以上盐酸浓度,不转移直接定容静置后测定.优化了仪器工作条件,详细考察了以水为载流测定的...     

Microwave digestion of fish tissue for selenium determination by differential pulse polarography

In KIO(3)NH(3)NH(4)Cl medium, the selenium complex Se(O)SO(2-)(3), resulted from the reaction of selenite and sulphite in acid solution, gave a catalytic wave, which was applied to the determination of selenium in fish by differential pulse polarography. The sample was decomposed using the HNO(3)/H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) digestion mixture in a closed PTFE digestion vessel with microwave heating. The detection limit was 0.06 mug/dm(3). The calibration curve was linear up to 8 mug/dm(3). Selenate present was reduced with hot hydrochloric acid to selenite. The recoveries of the selenite and selenate in two spiked samples investigated ranged from 91 to 104%. The NIES CRM No. 6 mussel was analyzed and the results obtained agreed well with the reference value (reference value: 1.5 mug/g; found: 1.43 +/- 0.05 mug/g). The results obtained by differential pulse polarography were in good agreement with those found by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry.     

AB-DTPA浸提-原子荧光法测定土壤中有效砷和有效硒

硒和砷是土壤中重要元素,目前关于提取测定有效硒和有效砷的报道还比较缺乏。本文采用原子荧光光谱法,以AB-DTPA为浸提剂,建立了一种准确测定本地区土壤中有效硒和有效砷的分析方法。通过考察浸提剂加入量,即土液比（m/v）;浸提时的振荡时间和振荡频率的影响,确立了适用于本地区土壤有效硒和有效砷提取分析的有效方法,结果表明：随着浸提剂的不断加入,所测土壤中有效硒和有效砷含量逐渐增大,当土壤称样量和浸提剂使用体积比为1:5时,所测土壤有效硒和有效砷含量最高,继续加入浸提剂后形成稀释效应导致测量结果偏低,故将土液比（m/v）定位1:5;当振荡时间不断增大时,所测所测土壤中有效硒和有效砷含量逐渐增大,振荡时间在30min时,浸提效果最佳,继续增加振荡时间到50min时对浸提效果影响不大,故将30min确立为最佳振荡时间;随着振荡频率的增大,有效硒和有效砷提取量逐渐增加,振荡频率在90-130r/min之间时,浸提效果最好,继续增大振荡频率,所测土壤中有效硒和有效砷含量变化不大。通过上述条件探索,选取五种土壤标准物质（GBW07441,GBW07442,GBW07443,GBW07444,GBW07445）进行验证,结果表明五种不同的土壤标准物质中有效硒和有效砷含量测定值准确,测定误差在-2.84~1.03mg/Kg,相对标准偏差为5.32%~8.85%,精密度和准确度均满足国家相关标准要求。     

A simple method for carrier-free separation of77Br from metallic selenium

A simple method was developed for separation of bromine from metallic selenium. This method enables easy preparation of⁷⁷Br by proton bombardment of metallic selenium (enriched⁷⁷Se or⁷⁸Se). The method consists of heating the metallic selenium with H₂O to 300°C in a small autoclave for about three hours. The⁷⁷Br is distilled from the obtained solution after the addition of H₂SO₄+K₂Cr₂O₇. The step also removes the arsenic produced together with the selenium.     

Comparison of four microwave digestion methods for the determination of selenium in fish tissue by using hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

Four microwave digestion methods of fish tissue for selenium determination by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry were compared, in which potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) was chosen as a masking agent for eliminating matrix interferences. The results showed that the methods employing HNO(3)/H(2)O(2), HNO(3)/K(2)S(2)O(8)/H(2)O(2) and HNO(3)/H(3)PO(4)/H(2)O(2) digestion media were unreliable. However, the decomposition using the digestion media of HNO(3)/H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) enabled adequate digestion of fish tissue and retention of selenium in a state amenable for determination. Therefore, the digestion procedures with HNO(3)/H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) media are proposed for the determination of selenium in fish tissue by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. The recoveries of the spiked samples investigated ranged from 90 to 102%. The result obtained from analyzing the NIES CRM No. 6 mussel was in good agreement with the reference value (reference value: 1.5 mug/g; found: 1.45 +/- 0.05 mug/g). The limit of detection for selenium was 0.03 mug/g dry mass for a 100 mg sample. The contents of selenium in local fish species investigated ranged from 0.49 to 2.90 mug/g, and the relative standard deviation for the determination of selenium was less than 8%.     

Exploiting in situ hydride trapping in tungsten coil atomizer for Se and As determination in biological and water samples

A flow injection hydride manifold was coupled to a 150 W tungsten coil electrothermal atomizer for in situ hydride collection followed by selenium and arsenic determination by ET AAS. Rhodium (200 μg), thermally reduced over the double layer tungsten atomizer, was very efficient at collecting selenium or arsenic hydrides. Prior to analysis, biological samples were digested in closed-vessels microwave digestion system. Prior to the hydride formation, both selenium and arsenic were reduced to valence state (IV) and (III), respectively. The detection limit was 35 ng L⁻¹ for selenium and 110 ng L⁻¹ for arsenic. Sample throughput was 70 h⁻¹ using 30 s of hydride trapping time. Method accuracy was evaluated by analyzing biological-certified reference materials from the National Institute of Standard and Technology (SRM-1577a and SRM-1577b “bovine liver” and RM-8414 “bovine muscle powder”) and from the International Agency for Energy Atomic (A-13 “animal blood”) and one water-certified reference material from the National Institute of Standard and Technology (SRM-1640 trace elements in natural water). By applying a t-test, there was no significant difference at the 95% probability level between the results obtained with the proposed method and those certified values.     

微波消解–原子荧光光谱法测定植物样品中的砷和硒

建立微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定植物样品中砷和硒的含量。微波消解后残留的有机颗粒和硝酸等会对测定结果造成影响,因此需要将硝酸除尽。在驱除硝酸过程中加入高氯酸,加热至溶液冒白烟,避免硒挥发损失。该方法砷、硒的检出限分别为6.8,4.0 ng/g(稀释因子40),测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为3.65%,3.52%(n=12),加标回收率分别为94.5%~104.6%,92.2%~98.9%。经过国家一级标准物质验证,该方法准确可靠。     

Flow injection spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of selenium

A simple, rapid and sensitive flow injection spectrophotometric method for determination of selenium (0.005-1.5 mug ml(-1)) is described. The method is based on the catalytic effect of Se(IV) on the reduction reaction of thionine (TN) with sulphide ion, monitored spectrophotometrically at 598 nm. The detection limit is 5 ng ml(-1) the relative standard deviation for eight replicate measurements is 1.1% for 1 mug ml(-1) of selenium. The sampling rate is 25-30 samples h(-1). The procedure was applied successfully to the determination of selenium in real samples.     

水为载流-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷、汞

改变原子荧光光谱法以稀酸为载流的进样方式,以水为载流在新型双道原子荧光光谱仪上同时测定了土壤中的痕量砷(As)、汞(Hg)。方法采用王水水浴加热溶解样品,用50 g/L硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液预先将砷还原为+3价,保持10%(体积分数)以上盐酸浓度,不转移直接定容静置后测定。优化了仪器工作条件,详细考察了以水为载流测定的可行性,选择了同时测定As、Hg所需的硼氢化钾浓度和盐酸浓度。方法节省了酸试剂用量,操作快速,单个样品测定仅需20s左右。方法检出限As为0.005 mg/kg,Hg为0.0008 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD%,n=7)在1.0%～7.4%,经土壤国家标准物质和实际样品验证,适合土壤中痕量As、Hg的同时快速测定。