Spectrophotometric determination of thorium with Xylenol Orange and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

The thorium-Xylenol Orange reaction sensitized by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ( = 5.51 x 10(4) l.mole(-1).cm(-1)) is accompanied by a bathochromic shift from 570 to 600 nm. The system is more selective than the binary system, because the reaction pH is lowered from 4.0 to 2.5; Beer's law is obeyed for 0.04-4.00 ppm of thorium.     

Spectrophotometric determination of microamounts of scandium with o-chlorophenylfluorone and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

The reaction of scandium(III) with o-chlorophenylfluorone (o-CIPF) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) has been studied. In an acetate buffer at pH 4.4, a red-purple complex is obtained, with maximum absorption at 569 nm and a molar absorptivity of 1.31 x 10(5)1.mole(-1).cm(-1). The composition of the complex is found to be 1:2:2 Sc-o-CIPF-CTMAB. Beer's law is obeyed over the range 0-12 mug/25 ml scandium. The proposed method has been used for determination of trace scandium in tungsten ores after its prior separation by solvent extraction.     

Spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum in steels with o-nitrophenylfluorone and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

A method has been developed for determining microamounts of molybdenum(VI) in aqueous solution by means of the Mo-o-nitrophenylfluorone—cetyltrimethylammonium bromide system, in which micellar solubilization is applied. A red complex is formed in 0.2–0.6M hydrochloric acid medium. The sensitivity of the method is high, and the apparent molar absorptivity is 1.55 × 10⁵ l.mole⁻¹. cm⁻¹. The absorption peak of the complex appears at 530 nm. The colour of the complex develops quickly and is stable for more than 24 hr. The composition of the complex is Mo: o-NPF = 1:1, and the system obeys Beer's law in the range 0–10 μg of Mo per 25 ml. The method has been used for the rapid determination of molybdenum in alloy steels with satisfactory results.     

Spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum with 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

The 1:2 complexes formed between molybdenum and 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin in the presence and absence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) have been studied. The binary complex formed at pH 5.6-6.0 in the absence of CTAB exhibits an absortion maximum at 360 nm with a molar absorptivity of 5.1 x 10(4) 1.mole(-1).cm(-1). The complex formed at pH 4.8-6.0 in the presence of CTAB has a molar absorptivity of 1.32 x 10(5) 1.mole(-1).cm (-1) at 400 nm, the wavelength of maximum absorption. Optimum conditions for complex formation were investigated and a rapid, sensitive and relatively selective method for the determination of up to approximately 70% of Mo in diverse alloys and steels is described. Small amounts of zirconium and tungsten interfere.     

Spectrophotometric determination of traces of lead with bromopyrogallol red and cetyltrimethylammonium or cetylpyridinium bromide

A method is described based on the sensitizing effect of cetyltrimethylammonium or cetylpyridinium bromide on the lead-Bromopyrogallol Red colour reaction. The reaction is instantaneous and the colour remains stable for over 120 hr in the presence of Triton X-100. Both colour systems obey Beer's law up to 5.5 ppm of lead. Methods are described for dealing with interferences.     

Substoichiometric determination of mercury with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

A radiometric method based on substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis has been developed for the determination of mercury using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the substoichiometric reagent. The method is based on the extraction of mercury as an ionassociation complex of tetraiodomercurate(II) ion with a substoichiometric amount of CTAB in benzene. The calibration graph was found to be linear in the range 0–10 μg Hg (II) in the aqueous phase of 10 ml volume. A detection limit of 0.06 μg·ml⁻¹ could be achieved by the proposed method. The relative standard deviation of the method was found to be 3.0% and the method has been successfully applied to study the determination of mercury in various synthetic mixtures.     

Spectrophotometric determination of germanium in ores, concentrates, zinc-processing products and related materials with phenylfluorone and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide after separation by iron collection and heptane extraction of germanium tetrachloride

A method for determining approximately 0.2 microg/g or more of germanium in ores, concentrates, zinc-processing products and related materials is described. The sample is decomposed by fusion with sodium peroxide and the cooled melt is dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid. Silica, if > 50 mg, is removed by volatilization with hydrofluoric acid. Germanium is separated from sodium salts by co-precipitation with hydrous ferric oxide, the precipitate is dissolved in 3M hydrochloric acid and germanium is subsequently separated from iron(III) and other co-precipitated elements by a single heptane extraction of germanium tetrachloride from approximately 9.4M hydrochloric acid. The extract is washed with 12M hydrochloric acid to remove residual iron(III), then germanium is stripped with water and determined spectrophotometrically with phenylfluorone in a 1.4M hydrochloric acid-0.002M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide medium in the presence of ascorbic acid as a reductant for co-extracted chlorine. The apparent molar absorptivity of the complex is 1.71 x 10(4) l.mole(-1).mm(-1) at 507 nm, the wavelength of maximum absorption. Up to 5 mg of tin(IV), 10 mg of antimony(V) and tungsten(VI) and approximately 50 mg of silica do not interfere. Germanium values are given for some Canadian certified reference ores, concentrates and iron-formation samples and for a metallurgical dust.     

Spectrophotometric determination of bromide

A Spectrophotometric method for bromide determination has been developed. Bromide is converted to tribromide which absorbs at 267 nm. The detection limit is 0.01 g/ml bromide. As little as 0.4 g of bromide can be determined in an excess of chloride and sulfate with a coefficient of variation of 4%.     

Spectrophotometric determination of chromium with Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride and Tetrazolium Violet

The interaction of Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride and Tetrazolium Violet with chromium(VI) has been studied and the formation of ion-associates with a 1:1 composition in hydrochloric acid medium established. Extraction photometric methods for determination of chromium in steels and soils have been developed.     

Spectrophotometric determination of lead with Pyrocatechol Violet and cationic surfactants

The optimum conditions for the formation of ternary lead complexes with Pyrocatechol Violet and cationic surfactants have been evaluated. The examined ternary systems form a basis for simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for lead (ε = 4.20−5.06 × 10⁴ liters · mol⁻¹ · cm⁻¹). Using the most sensitive method, lead content in zinc powder has been determined. Lead does not form ternary complexes with the other triphenylmethane reagents, Chrome Azurol S and Eriochrome Cyanine R, in the presence of cationic surfactants because of its too “soft” properties.     

Spectrophotometric determination of germanium by phenylfluorone

Spectrophotometric studies on the reaction between germanium ions and phenylfluorone were discussed including the reaction condition to develop a spectrophotometric method for the determination of germanium. The absorbance was measured at 525 nm after 20 min from the moment of adding the reagent. Beer's Law is obeyed, the relative standard deviation is 2%, the senstivity of the method is 2.55 × 10⁻³ mg/cm³, and the molar absorbtivity based on germanium is 1.75 × 10³.     

Spectrophotometric determination of aluminium and gallium with pyrogallol red and cetyltrimethylammonium ions

Spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of microgram amounts of aluminium and gallium based on the formation of a ternary complex between the metal, pyrogallol red, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The complexes have absorbance maxima at 610 and 615 nm, respectively, with molar absorptivities of 4.8 × 10⁴(Al)and 1.0 × 10⁵ liter mol^?1 cm^?1 (Ga). Numerous metals interfere. Gallium can be separated by extraction of gallium from 7 M hydrochloric acid with di-isopropyl ether. However, aluminium can be separated by extraction of interfering ions with cupferron.     

Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen peroxide with leuco Patent Blue Violet

Hydrogen peroxide (1 × 10^?7?10^?5 mol dm^?3) was determined in aqueous solution using leuco Patent Blue Violet and peroxidase. The reagent can also be applied in the same concentration range to the ethyl acetate extraction method described previously. This allows hydrogen peroxide to be determined in the presence of a variety of species which interfere in the direct method. A reagent consisting of leuco Patent Blue Violet, peroxidase, glucose oxidase and mutarotase was also applied to the determination of glucose.     

Spectrophtometric determination of tungsten(VI) with rutin and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Tungsten-(VI) reacts with rutin in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to form a soluble yellow complex having maximum absorbance at 416 nm. The molar ratio of tungsten to rutin in the complex is 1:2. The molar absorptivity is 5.01 x 10(4) 1.mole(-1).cm(-1). Beer's law is obeyed over the range 1 x 10(-7)(-1) x 10(-5)M tungsten (VI). Optimum solution conditions for the determination of tungsten in various sample matrices have been found and the interference of diverse ions has been examined.     

Spectrofluorimetric determination of niobium with morin enhanced by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles

The effect of surfactants on the fluorescence of the niobium—morin system is described. Cationic surfactants strongly enhanced the intensity (e.g., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) gives an 80-fold increase), while anionic and non-ionic surfactants are without effect. The formation of 1:1 and 1:3 (Nb:morin) complexes is demonstrated spectrophotometrically. The conditional stability constants for these complexes in CTAB micelles are β₁ = (1.14 ± 0.01) × 10⁴ l mol^?1 amd β₃ = (5.66 ± 0.02 × 10¹⁰ l³ mol^?3. The micellar-enhanced fluorimetric method has a 1 μg l^?1 detection limit, and is highly selective. The r.s.d. for the determination of 50 μg l^?1 Nb is 3.5%.     

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of three sunscreens using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

This paper proposes a methodology based on electrochemical reduction for the simultaneous determination of three sunscreen agents, namely 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (MBC), benzophenone-3 (BENZO) and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) by differential-pulse polarography (DPP). The highest peak currents and optimal separation of reduction peaks were obtained by using a supporting electrolyte consisted of Britton-Robinson buffer-methanol (8:2) solution at pH 4.0 and cationic surfactant 3.0 x 10(-4)mol L(-1) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The methodology was validated using four commercial sunscreen preparation as a sample and the results showed high recovery rates. The efficiency of the proposed methodology was demonstrated by comparing the results obtained by DPP with those obtained by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.     

Potentiometric microtitration of anions with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Summary A new titrant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, has been evaluated for the potentiometric precipitation titration of small amounts of some large inorganic anions. Emf's were monitored with a fluoroborate ion-selective electrode and a double-junction reference electrode. The perchlorate, nitrate, and calcium electrodes also respond to the various anions. Sharp endpoint breaks were obtained for permanganate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, persulfate, tetrachloroplatinite, hexachloroplatinate, tetrachlorostannite, tetrachloroaurate, ferricyanide, tetrachloromercurate, tetrachlorothallate, hexachloroosmiate, and bismuth(III) in hydrochloric acid. Medium breaks were obtained for perrhenate, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, dichromate, hexafluoroantimonate, ferrocyanide, hexachlorostannate, and hexachloroiridate. Shallow breaks were obtained for iodide, periodate, and tetrachloropalladate. Because of the limited solubility of the titrant in water it cannot be used at concentrations higher than 0.01 N.

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Potentiometrische Mikrotitration von Anionen mit Cetyltrimethyl-ammoniumbromid. I

Zusammenfassung Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromid wurde als neues Titrationsmittel für die potentiometrische Fällungstitration kleiner Mengen großer anorganischer Anionen eingesetzt. Die EMK wurde mit einer ionenspezifischen Fluorboratelektrode und einer doppelt verbundenen Bezugselektrode gemessen. Perchlorat-, Nitrat- und Calciumelektroden eignen sich ebenfalls für die entsprechenden Anionen. Scharfe Endpunkte wurden erhalten für Permanganat, Hexafluoroarseniat, Hexafluorophosphat, Persulfat, Tetrachloroplatinit, Hexachloroplatinat, Tetrachlorostannit, Tetrachloroaurat, Eisen(Ill)cyanid, Tetrachloromercurat, Tetrachlorothallat, Hexachloroosmiat und Wismuth(III) in Salzsäure. Mittelscharfe Umschlagpunkte erhielt man für Perrhenat, Perchlorat, Tetrafluoroborat, Dichromat, Hexafluoroantimonat, Eisen(II)cyanid, Hexachlorostannat und Hexachloroiridat. Unscharfe Umschlagpunkte ergaben Jodid, Perjodat und Tetrachloropalladat. Wegen der begrenzten Löslichkeit des Titrationsmittels in Wasser kann es maximal in 0,01 N Lösung angewendet werden.

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Work performed under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory under contract number W-7405-ENG-48.

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This paper is dedicated to the memory of my mother, Flora Selig, who died in June 1979.     

Spectrophotometric determination of aluminium with Chromal Blue G in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride

Summary Spectrophotometric Determination of Aluminium with Chromal Blue G in the Presence of Cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride Chromal Blue G (C. I. 43835) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride is proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of microgram amounts of aluminium. The stoichiometric ratio of aluminium to Chromal Blue G is 14. Beer's law is obeyed from 0.01 to 0.16 ppm of aluminium. The molar absorptivity is 1.62×10⁵1·mole^–1·cm^–1 at 660 nm.     

Ultrafiltration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solutions

Permeation data of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) in water by ultrafiltration (UF) through zircon membranes are reported as a first step in the knowledge of micellar enhanced ultrafiltration of heavy metals by cationic surfactants [1]. The experimental results are analysed using a model of diffusion in the membrane matrix based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP). A comparison with the classical model of resistances in series indicates that these two approaches are consistent and that the TIP method leads to new insights into the observed resistances. The major insight relates to the understanding of the membrane resistance in terms of interactions membrane-permeants and permeants-permeants.