秦始皇陵三号坑兵马俑的指纹元素散布分析

为研究秦始皇兵马俑三号坑原料产地,选取秦始皇三号坑的陶俑和陶马样品42个,秦始皇兵马俑博物馆附近粘土样品20个,用中子活化分析测量样品中32种微量元素的含量,从这32个元素中挑选出8种指纹元素的含量进行散布分析.结果表明三号坑兵马俑样品与秦始皇陵附近的垆土关系密切,与黄土关系稍远.由此推断,三号坑兵马俑的原料来源可能是骊山地区的粘土,烧制兵马俑的窑址也可能在秦始皇陵附近. Terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang s Mausoleum is famous in the world, but their original place of raw material is still a riddle up to now. 42 samples of pottery warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang s Mausoleum in pit No.3, 20 samples of clay nearby Museum of the terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang s Mausoleum are selected and prepared for analysis. The contents of 32 microelement are measured by neutron activation analysis (NAA), the eight elements are chosen as the...     

Source of raw material of the pottery warriors in Qinshihuang Mausoleum pits K0006 and K0007

The paper selects 15 samples of the pottery warriors in Qinshihuang Mausoleum Pit K0006, 21 samples of pottery warriors in Qinshihuang Mausoleum Pit K0007 and 75 samples of clay nearby Qinshihuang mausoleum. The contents of 23 elements were measured by neutron activation analysis (NAA), from which these data were got and analyzed by fuzzy cluster analysis so that the cluster analysis diagram is obtained. The results show that the soil ingredients of the pottery warriors of Pit K0006 and Pit K0007 were very similar to that of the area of Wuling site, Shanliu village, Shanren village and burial accompany Pit K9801, indicating that the pottery warriors in Pit K0006 and Pit K0007 are made of the local materials.     

用指纹元素散布分析研究古耀州瓷胎的起源

选取耀州窑瓷胎样品25个，唐三彩的胎3个，作坊匣钵料样品1个，耀州博物馆附近粘土矿样品4个．用中子活化分析测量样品中29种元素的含量，从这29种元素中挑选出8种指纹元素，将指纹元素的含量进行散布分析．结果表明，出自不同窑口的古耀州瓷的胎，有着长期稳定的、集中的原料产地．耀州窑唐三彩的胎料产地和耀州瓷胎的原料产地相同．25 samples of Yaozhou porcelain bodies, 3 samples of the tri-color pottery bodies during the Tang Dynasty, 1 samples of Saggar material during Song Dynasty and 4 samples of clay mineral taken from the place near Yaozhou Kiln Museum was selected . The technique of neutron activation analysis (NAA) has been employed to measure the content of 29 kinds of elements in the samples. 8 elements of them were selected as fingerprint elements to make scatter analysis.The conclusion is that the ancient Yaozhou por...     

Influence of Laser Wavelength on Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Applied to Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Trace-Elements in a Plant Sample

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS） as a powerful analytical technique is applied to analyze trace- elements in fresh plant samples. We investigate the LIBS spectra of fresh holly leaves and observe more than 430 lines emitted from 25 elements and molecules in the region 230-438nm. The influence of laser wavelength on LIBS applied to semi-quantitative analysis of trace-element contents in plant samples is studied. The results show that the UV laser has lower relative standard deviations and better repeatability for semi-quantitative analysis of trace-element contents in plant samples. This work may be helpful for improving the quantitative analysis power of LIBS applied to plant samples.     

严和店窑汝瓷和钧台窑钧官瓷的EDXRF分析

采用能量色散X射线荧光（EDXRF）技术测试了若干严和店窑汝瓷和钧台窑钧官瓷样品胎和釉的化学组成, 利用多元统计中的因子分析方法分析了两窑场胎和釉的差异。结果表明:严和店窑汝瓷和钧台窑钧官瓷能较好地加以区分。再次证明了钧瓷和汝瓷是有区别的。 The chemical components of the body and glaze samples of some Ru porcelains from Yanhedian kiln and Jun official porcelains from Juntai kiln are determined by the technology of Energy Dispersive X ray Fluorescence(EDXRF) in this work. The difference of the two kiln’s glaze and body are analyzed by factor analysis method of Multi dimensional statistical analysis. The results indicate that Yanhedian Ru porcelains can be well distinguished from Jun official porcelains from Juntai kiln. This evidence once again proves that Jun ceramics and Ru ceramics can be distinguished obviously.     

Delayed range-gating super-resolution imaging lidar with high accuracy

We present a range-gating delayed detection super-resolution imaging lidar with high accuracy based on the signal intensities of three consecutive delay samples. The system combines the range and signal intensity information from multi-pulse detections to calculate the pulse peak position under the assumption of a Gaussian pulse shape. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm effectively calculates pulse peak position and exhibits excellent accuracy with super-resolution. Accuracy analysis shows that accuracy is best improved by enhancing signal-to-noise ratio, strategically selecting samples, reducing pulse width, and appropriately choosing the delayed periods between samples.     

用主量化学组成研究汝官瓷和钧官瓷的原料来源

将84个清凉寺窑汝官瓷和钧台窑钧官瓷样品进行质子激发X射线荧光分析,得到每个样品胎和釉的7种主量化学组分。将所有样品的7种主量化学组成数据进行散布分析,以确定汝官瓷和钧官瓷原料来源是否相同。从散布分析图可以看出,汝官瓷釉和 钧官瓷釉样品的原料产地和配方明显不同,汝官瓷胎和钧官瓷胎样品的原料产地和成分接近,但有所不同。The seven main chemical components of the body and glaze samples of 84 RuGuan porcelains from Qingliangsi kiln and JunGuan porcelains from Juntai kiln are determined by the proton induced X-ray emission （ PIXE）. Then these data are analyzed by scatter analysis to confirm whether the sources of the raw materials of Ru-Guan porcelain from Qingliangsi kiln and JunGuan porcelain from Juntai kiln are the same or not. The figure of the scatter diagram shows that the sourcing area of the raw material and batch formula of RuGuan porcelain and Jun-Guan porcelain glaze are obviously different and the sources of the raw materials and components of their body samples are close but a bit different.     

Mixing MC events in a reactor neutrino experiment

In reactor neutrino experiments, the analysis of time correlations between different physical events is an important task. Such analysis can help to understand the physical mechanisms of the signal and background events as well as the details of event selection and background estimation. This study investigates a "sampling and mixing" method used for producing large MC data samples for the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment. We designed a simple, generic mixing algorithm and generated large MC data samples for physics analysis from several samples according to their respective event rates. Basic plots based on the mixed data are shown.     

The effect of a surface layer on determination of the dielectric functions of ZnTe films by the ellipsometric technique

By means of spectroellipsometric technique, the dielectric functions of zinc telluride films, 0.1–1.7 μm thick, grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are studied. The presence of a thin layer on the surface of the films, noticeably affecting the results of measurements, is established. The analysis of spectra of the ZnTe dielectric functions available in the literature shows that the surface layer was present in all samples studied, regardless of the method of preparation. It is shown that studying the interference oscillations of the pseudodielectric function makes it possible to detect this layer and to correct properly the measured spectra of the dielectric functions. __________ Translated from Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol. 92, No. 5, 2002, pp. 847–850. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2002 by Shvets, Yakushev.     

Mixing MC events in reactor neutrino experiment

In reactor neutrino experiments, the analysis of time correlations between different physical events is an important task. Such analysis can help to understand the physical mechanisms of the signal and background events as well as the details of event selection and background estimation. This study investigates a "sampling and mixing" method used for producing large MC data samples for the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment. We designed a simple, generic mixing algorithm and generated large MC data samples for physics analysis from several samples according to their respective event rates. Basic plots based on the mixed data are shown.     

Neutron activation analysis of sources of raw material of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Terracotta warriors and horses

There have been selected 83 samples of terracotta warriors and horses of Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum, 20 samples of clays taken from around Qin's Mausoleum and 2 samples of Yaozhou porcelain bodies. All these samples have been measured by instrument neutron activation analysis (INAA) and as many as 32 kinds of element contents of each sample are measured. The following conclusion has been reached when fuzzy cluster analysis is conducted to element contents of all these samples: (i) The samples are roughly classified into five categories: namely, samples from pits No. 1 and No. 2; samples from pit No. 3; loam layers; the mixture of loam and loess; and Yaozhou porcelain bodies. (ii) The terracottawarriors and horses in pits No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 are relatively independent from one another. The clays from which they were made are not entirely identical.We have found that samples in pit No. 3 are very closely related and their claysources are comparatively concentrated. Samples in pits No. 1 and No. 2 are less related and their clay sources are comparatively scattered. (iii) The clays from which the terracotta warriors and horses were made are closely related to theloam layer near Qin's Mausoleum, particularly to the loam layer of Zaoyuan village and Gaoxing village, but they are not so related to loess layers there, nor to the loam layers of Anhoubao, even less related to Yaozhou porcelain bodies. Arational deduction thus drawn is that the raw material of clays from which the terracotta warriors and horses were made might probably be taken from loam layers around Zaoyuan and Gaoxing, or loam layers near Qin's Mausoleum whose properties are identical with those of loam layers of Zaoyuan and Gaoxing, rather than loess layers around the above places. Since the raw material of the terracotta warriors and horses was taken from loam near Qin's Mausoleum, it could be deductedthat the kiln sites might be located in around Qin's Mausoleum.     

Mössbauer study of the warrior figures of pottery in the grave site of the first Chinese emperor (221 B.C.)

Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements at both room and liquid nitrogen temperature of potsherd samples of terracotta figures of warriors and horses excavated from within the pit at the grave site of the First Emperor (221 B.C.), lead us to conclude that the No. 4 potsherd sample was fired at a temperature of 980±50°C in a reducing atmosphere.     

Possible effect of solar activity on variation of the tree-rings of a 500 a platycladus orientalis at the Mausoleum of Emperor Huang

The variation of the tree-ring’s index of a platycladus orientalis at the Mausoleum of Emperor Huang and of a long series of sunspots relative number during AD1470–1974 are analyzed by using the wavelet power spectrum method, and their variation characters are also discussed. It is determined that the tree-ring’s variation has cycles of approximate 2–7, 11, 93 and 150 a. Two data series are used for analyzing sunspot relative number (SSN) variation. First, the analysis of the annual average SSN during AD1700–1974 proved that variation cycles are about 11, 50, and 93 a; then, the data during AD1465–1975 obtained from the decadal average SSN train over 7000 a reconstructed on the geomagnetic data is analyzed and its variation cycles are about 50, 90, and 160 a. Besides the tree-rings cycle of 2–7 a is commonly considered to be related to ENSO, while 11 a cycle is related to solar Schwabe cycle; in addition, it is possible that the cycles of 90 and150 a are likely to be related to solar Gleissberg cycle and Suess cycle. The correlations between them are possibly due to the effect of solar activity on the climate and additionally on the tree’s growth. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 19373017)     

秦陵一号铜车马残件元素组成分析

本文采用光谱和化学分析方法对秦陵一号铜车马残件及其彩绘涂层的化学组成进行了元素分析和测定。残件材质的化学元素分析结果是：铜含量为84％－90％，锡为7％－13％，铅在1％以下，还有少量其它杂质元素总量约占2％左右。铜车巴的残件四折合页和马身上的表面彩绘涂层，经光谱和X射线衍射分析证明，前者含有羟基磷灰石[Ca5(PO4)3OH]；后者含有羟基磷灰石和白铅矿（PbCO3）。它们在秦陵一号和二号铜车马的部件彩绘涂层中作为白色而颜料而存在的矿物质均有发现。     

基于无线传感器网络的地震信号特征提取方法研究

为解决野外古墓葬安防网络中高采样率会缩短无线传感器网络寿命的问题, 提出了使用功率谱二次处理对地震信号进行特征提取的方法. 并通过三类地面活动数据采集进行对比识别实验, 分析了低采样率条件下地震信号特征提取方法的性能. 结果表明, 使用功率谱二次分析的特征提取方法能够降低网络通信能耗, 延长网络寿命, 提高系统目标识别的准确性.该方法已应用于秦始皇兵马俑野外文物安防系统, 经实践检验, 收到了良好的效果. 关键词： 地震信号 特征提取 功率谱二次处理 无线传感器网络     

云南楚雄新发现粘土矿中主要矿物组成分析

为了分析云南楚雄新发现粘土矿中主要矿物组成,确定其主要矿物是否是凹凸棒石粘土,对其五种样品进行了红外光谱与X射线荧光光谱的测试与研究。结果发现,3 437 cm-1处的吸收带是凹凸棒石粘土中的结晶水的羟基振动引起的,3 621和3 651 cm-1处的吸收带是与凹凸棒石粘土孔道边缘的Mg, Al八面体相连的结构水的羟基的对称和不对称伸缩振动产生的;3 699 cm-1处的吸收峰是与结构内部的四面体结构和八面体之间的Mg,Al相连羟基的伸缩振动;1 633 cm-1处的吸收峰是结构水与吸收水羟基弯曲振动的吸收峰;1 010 cm-1处的吸收带是共价键Si-O-Al的Si-O键的特征峰,913 cm-1处的吸收带是二八面体的羟基(Al₂OH)的变形振动的特征吸收峰。表明：粘土矿的五种样品均含有较高凹凸棒石粘土成分;三种黑色样品的中红外光谱与谱库中凹凸棒石粘土谱图比对的相似度在93%以上,三种黑色样品含凹凸棒石粘土成分很高,五种粘土矿样品的主要矿物均是分子式为Al₅Si₈O₂₀(OH₂)₄·4H₂O的凹凸棒石粘土粘土矿样品的凹凸棒粘土的。     

甘肃马家塬战国墓地M4出土硅酸盐珠饰的科学分析研究

结合X射线荧光光谱、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射分析,对甘肃马家塬战国墓地M4出土的11件装饰性硅酸盐珠饰进行了无损分析研究。依据分析结果将这些样品划分为钠钙硅酸盐玻璃、铅钡硅酸盐玻璃和釉砂三种类型。化学成分分析结果表明：钠钙硅酸盐蜻蜓眼玻璃珠的蓝色眼珠部分采用Co2+着色。拉曼光谱分析在铅钡体系硅酸盐样品中检测到了人工合成的硅酸钡铜系中国蓝和中国紫颜料,在钠钙蜻蜓眼玻璃的白色区域检测到了锑酸钙(CaSb₂O₆)乳浊剂/着色剂。结合已有的研究结果,探讨了所分析样品的可能来源及其反映的早期文化和技术交流状况。含有中国蓝、中国紫的装饰性珠子的制作材料和工艺应当是受到当时秦人的影响。而钠钙蜻蜓眼珠的成分特点,又与新疆等西北地区出土的同类珠子有相似之处。可见西戎人在玻璃制作技术方面同时受到北方草原民族文化和秦文化的共同影响。这批样品中以泥芯和玻璃化材料共同组成的装饰珠子,可能是从釉砂珠向玻璃珠的过渡类型,这对于研究我国玻璃的起源问题提供了新的参考资料。     

Mössbauer and X-ray study of the firing process for production of improved roofing tiles

The effects of firing atmosphere parameters on the microstructural characteristics and physical properties of clay roofing tiles were studied. For these investigations, ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and dilatometry were used. XRD of the raw material exploited from the clay pit belonging to the roofing tile factory “Potisje-Kanjiza”, revealed the presence of montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite and some chlorite clay minerals, as well as, quartz, albite, calcite and dolomite. Gradual changes were observed both in the ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra and X-ray diffractograms with samples fired in reducing CO/N₂ gas atmosphere at temperatures between 700 and 1060 °C. These changes reflect the dehydroxylation processes, oxide (Fe₃O₄) formation, carbonate decomposition, densification and new silicate (plagioclase) formation. The firing conditions in reducing atmosphere were determined to produce roofing tiles with improved properties.     

Microanalysis of clay‐based pigments in painted artworks by the means of Raman spectroscopy

FT Raman spectroscopy and micro‐Raman spectroscopy with lasers of three different wavelengths (1064 nm, 785 nm and 532 nm) were used for analysis of reference samples of natural clay pigments including white clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite), green earths (glauconite and celadonite) and red earths (natural mixtures of white clay minerals with hematite). In addition, eight micro‐samples obtained from historical paintings containing clay pigments in ground and colour layers have been examined. Powder X‐ray diffraction and micro‐diffraction were used as supplementary methods. It was found that laser operating at 1064 nm provided the best quality Raman spectra for distinguishing different white clay minerals, but the spectra of green and red earths were affected by strong fluorescence caused by the presence of iron. Green earth minerals could be easily distinguished by 532 or 785 nm excitation lasers, even in small concentrations in the paint layers. On the other hand, when anatase (TiO₂) or iron oxides (such as hematite) were present as admixtures (both are quite common, particularly in red earths), the collection of characteristic spectra of clay minerals which form the main component of the layer was hindered or even prevented. Another complicating factor was the fluorescence produced by organic binders when analysing the micro‐samples of artworks. In those cases, it is always necessary to use powder X‐ray micro‐diffraction to avoid misleading interpretations of the pigment's composition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.