辐照诱导的人正常肝细胞系HL-7702细胞延迟效应

利用X射线辐照人正常肝细胞系HL-7702细胞, 运用胞质分离阻滞微核法实验检测细胞微核率,AnnexinV FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒检测细胞凋亡率, 细胞微核率和凋亡率随着辐照剂量的增加而显著增加。X射线照射后细胞传代培养, 第7代时不同剂量辐照后子代细胞微核率和凋亡率同未辐照细胞相比已无明显区别。 对不同剂量辐照后传代7代的细胞再次照射2.5 Gy的相同剂量,发现它们细胞微核率和凋亡率存在明显差异,即初次受辐照剂量高的细胞, 再次以相同剂量辐照后的微核率和凋亡率也高. 这些结果表明,X射线辐照导致了HL-7702细胞基因组不稳定性这一辐射延迟效应,再次辐照使得辐射的延迟效应得以明显的表现。 Human normal liver cell line HL-7702 cells were irradiated with different doses of X rays. Micronucleus and apoptosis rates in the irradiated cells were measured with cytokinesis block micronucleus method and Annexin V FITC apoptosis detection kit, respectively. Experimental data showed that the micronucleus and apoptosis rates increased obviously with increasing irradiation dose. After seven population doublings, the micronucleus and apoptosis rates of the cells surviving exposure to the X rays reduced to the same levels as non irradiated control cells; the progenies of the cells were secondly exposed to X rays at the same dose of 2.5 Gy. We found that the progenies of the cells surviving the first irradiations of the various doses showed markedly differential micronucleus frequencies and apoptotic rates. Although the same dose of 2.5 Gy was applied in the second irradiations, the micronucleus frequencies and apoptotic rates of the progenies of the cells initially exposed at higher doses were significantly higher than the others. These results indicate that X rays lead to genomic instability in HL 7702 cells, which is an important manifestation of radiation induced delayed effect, and a second radiation stimulus makes the delayed effect in the progeny of the previously irradiated cells be expressed obviously.     

低能N离子注入对蚕豆根尖细胞的诱变效应

为了研究低能N离子束的细胞遗传学效应, 以不同剂量的N离子束对蚕豆种子的种胚进行辐照, 观察分析根尖细胞的微核率、 有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变效应。 研究发现, 离子束的注入抑制了根尖细胞的有丝分裂, 干扰了正常的有丝分裂过程, 引发了染色体的结构、 行为和数目畸变; 随着离子注入剂量的增加, 微核率增加、 有丝分裂指数降低、 染色体畸变率增加。 In order to study the cytogenetic effects of low energy nitrogen ion irradiation, broad bean seed embryo was irradiated by different doses of nitrogen ions. Micronucleus rate, mitotic index and chromosome aberration in root tip cells were analyzed. The results showed that the injection of ions inhibited mitosis of root tip cells, interfered the normal process of mitosis, caused aberrations of chromosome structure, behavior and number. The frequency of micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations increased with the increasing radiation dosage, while mitotic index decreased.     

12C6+离子对阿维链霉菌累进辐照诱变效应研究

选用12C6+ 离子束对阿维链霉菌诱变选育高产菌株与原始菌株进行辐照诱变, 研究其累进辐照效应。实验结果表明,在辐照剂量为10 Gy时, 原始菌株比诱变高产菌株存活率高, 抗辐射能力强;辐照剂量高于30 Gy时,诱变高产菌株比原始菌株存活率高, 抗辐射能力强。原始菌株正突变率最高的辐照剂量为50 Gy, 致死率99.43%,正突变率最高, 达34.2%;对诱变高产菌株辐照剂量为30 Gy,致死率94.97%,正突变率最高, 达23.5% 。累进辐照效应降低了最佳辐照剂量。 Mutagenic effect on the mutant high producing strain ZJAV Y1 203 and the original strain ZJAV A1 irradiated by ion beam of 12C6+ have been investigated. The experimental results indicated that the original strain has higher survival rate and stronger resistance to radiation than mutant high producing Strain at dose of 10 Gy. The mutant high producing strain has higher survival rate and stronger resistance to radiation than the original strain at the dose higher than 30 Gy. The lethality was 97% and the highest rate of orthomutation was 34.2%, when ZJAV A1 was irradiated by 50 Gy 12C6+ beam. The lethality was 94.97% and the highest rate of orthomutation was 23.5% when ZJAV Y1 203 was irradiated by 30 Gy 12C6+ beam. The best radiation dose is decreased by progressivity irradiation.     

低剂量辐射超敏感性研究进展

细胞低剂量辐射反应是目前国际上研究的热点。 介绍了哺乳动物细胞的低剂量反应——辐射超敏感性(HRS)和增强的辐射抗性(IRR), 即细胞在大约0.1 Gy时会出现单位剂量细胞杀伤增强现象, 随着剂量的升高, 细胞的IRR增强, 到1 Gy以上细胞存活符合线性平方模型。 评述了近年来国际上低剂量HRS领域的研究进展, 着重讨论了HRS/IRR可能的分子机理及辐射传能线密度与HRS/IRR的关系, 并对HRS/IRR在肿瘤临床放射治疗中的应用做了初步的探讨, 最后提出了该领域进一步研究的一些问题。At present, cell response to low dose radiation is attracting growing interests all over the world. Hyper radiosensitivity (HRS) and increased radioresistance (IRR) were introduced in this paper. This phenomenon means that an excess cell killing per unit dose appears at about 0.1 Gy (HRS) and then the cell radiation sensitivity increases with increasing dose (IRR). When the dose outstrips 1 Gy, the cell surviving fraction coincides with the value predicted by the commonly accepted linear quadratic (LQ) model. We further reviewed the progress to date in the study of low dose HRS, especially the possible molecular mechanisms underlying HRS/IRR and the relationship between HRS/IRR and linear energy transfer (LET). An initial insight into the clinical application of HRS/IRR in tumor radiotherapy was presented as well.Moreover, several topics concerning the HRS/IRR investigation, which deserved to be reinforced, were put forward.     

A study on the best irradiation dose of X-ray for Hep-2 cells by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to study the human epidermis larynx car- cinoma cell lines (Hep-2) which were irradiated by different doses of X-ray.The results show that (1) the irradiation of X-ray damages the structure of the CH_3 groups of the thymine in DNA,which restrains the reproduction of Hep-2 cells effectively,(2) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation changes the framework and the relative contents of some proteins,lipids and the nucleic acid molecules intercellular in the greatest degree,and (3) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation is the best irradiation dose for lowering the degree of the cancerization of Hep-2 cells according to the criteria for the degree of the cancerization reported recently.Meanwhile,the apoptosis of these cells were detected by using flow cytometry (FCM) primarily. It shows that the apoptotic ratio of the Hep-2 cells depends on the irradiation dose to some extent,but is not linearly.And the apoptotic ratio of the 12 Gy dose group is the maximum (20.36%),but the apoptotic ratios of the 2 to 8 Gy dose groups change little.     

重离子束对北里链霉菌的诱变效应

考察不同剂量重离子束对北里链霉菌的致死及诱变效应, 可确定最有利于筛选高产菌株的重离子束辐照剂量。 利用不同剂量的重离子束辐照北里链霉菌孢子, 统计了存活率、 致死率、 正负突变率。 结果发现, 在5 Gy重离子辐照时北里链霉菌出现较高致死率, 其后随剂量升高, 致死率变化较平缓。 各辐照剂量下正负突变率相比较, 40 Gy时正突变率最高, 负突变率相对较低, 存活率为0.92%。 因此确定40 Gy是对北里链霉菌高产菌株筛选最有利的辐照剂量。 To define the optimum dose of heavy ion beams for selecting high productive strains, we should study mortality and mutation effects of Streptomyces kitasatoensis irradiated by heavy ion beams in diffe rent doses. In this research, spores of Streptomyces kitasatoensis were irradiated by heavy ion beams with different doses. And survival rate, mortality rate, positive mutation and negative mutation were analyzed statistically. The results showed that high mortality rate appeared from 5 Gy and then the mortality rate curve became gently. Compared the positive and negative mutations in different doses, highest positive mutation was obtained in 40 Gy, while the negative mutation was lower in this dose, and the survival rate was 0.92%. So we defined that optimum dose of heavy ions radiation for Streptomyces kitasatoensis selection was 40 Gy in this experiment.     

低剂量辐射诱导hepG2细胞克隆存活和细胞周期适应性反应

以低剂量γ射线(0.05 Gy)预照射人肝癌细胞hep G2, 8 h后再用高剂量(3 Gy)照射, 测定了细胞的克隆存活率和细胞周期。 结果表明, 低剂量辐射预处理可诱导hep G2细胞产生克隆存活适应性反应, 并且有助于细胞通过G2/M期阻滞; 低剂量辐射诱导的克隆存活适应性反应与增强的通过细胞周期阻滞的能力之间有一定的相关性。 Human hepatoma cells hep G2 were irradiated with 3 Gy of γ ray 8 hours after primed with 0.05 Gy of γ ray, thereafter,cell survival and cell cycle were determined. The results indicated that both survival adaptive response and the enhanced ability to overcome G2/M arrest could be induced by pre irradiation with low dose of γ ray. It is suggested that there is a certain correlation between the survival adaptive response and the enhanced ability to overcome cell cycle arrest.     

Radiation response of pseudo-MOS transistors fabricated in hardened fully-depleted SIMOX SOI wafers

The total dose radiation response of pseudo-MOS transistors fabricated in hardened and unhardened FD （fully-depleted） SIMOX （Separation by Implanted Oxygen） SOI （Silicon-on-insulator） wafers is presented. At 1 Mrad（Si） radiation dose, the threshold voltage shift of the pseudo-MOS transistor is reduced from -115.5 to -1.9 V by the hardening procedure. The centroid location of the net positive charge trapped in BOX, the hole-trap density and the hole capture fraction of BOX are also shown. The results suggest that hardened FD SIMOX SOI wafers can perform well in a radiation environment.     

12C6+束辐照引起的实验猪皮肤急性损伤反应的研究

探讨了正常皮肤对重离子辐照急性损伤反应的耐受性, 为重离子治癌临床应用提供安全性检测的实验依据。实验前10 min, 实验猪肌肉注射复方氯胺酮1.2 mg/kg进行麻醉, 然后在兰州重离子研究装置（HIRFL）辐照终端利用12C6+束照射, 辐照剂量分别为0, 12, 21和27 Gy, 辐照分3次完成, 剂量率约为1.2 Gy/min, Bragg峰区照射, 辐照后每隔7 d对照射野拍照并活检取样, 做HE组织病理学观察。不同剂量12C6+离子束辐照实验猪皮肤后, 皮肤外观反应随辐照剂量增大而加快, 表现为肿胀和色素沉积等; 皮肤组织结构的变化明显, 上皮细胞排列紊乱、 萎缩、 空泡变性; 基本恢复正常所需时间也越长, 且都存在明显的剂量效应关系。结果表明, 辐照剂量范围为0—27 Gy时, 重离子对正常皮肤的辐照是安全的。The tolerance of the normal skin to the acute radiation injury reaction induced by heavy ion beams has been studied experimentally. The experimental pigs were injected with 1.2 mg/kg ketamine in 10 min before irradiation and were irradiated with 0, 12 , 21 and 27 Gy 12C6+ ion at a dose rate of 1.2 Gy/min at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou（HIRFL）. The total radiation dose was finished by 3 times at Bragg Peak Region of Heavy Ion Beams.The radiation fields of skin were taken photo and performed biopsy. The contaneous tissues of radiation fields were stained by HE and examined histopatholo gical changes every seven days after irradiation. The results indicated that the cutaneous appearance reaction became more faster with radiation dosage rising and presented with swollen, melanin forming and so on after irradiated by the carbon ions at different dosage. The Pathological examination showed noticeable changes in histological and structural of experimental pigs skin, such as atrophy, vacuolation, denaturation and arranged irregularly in epithelial cells. Furthermore, the time for return to normality became longer with the increasing of radiation dosage. All indexes demonstrated correlation between the does and effects. It is concluded that the irradiation of heavy ion beams to normal skin is security when the radiation dose range is about 0—27 Gy.     

二烯丙基二硫对12C6+离子束辐照损伤小鼠的保护作用研究

研究大蒜素重要活性成分二烯丙基二硫( Diallyl disulfide, 简称DADS) 对12C6+离子束辐照损伤小鼠的保护作用。利用4 Gy 剂量12C6+离子束对不同浓度DADS 预处理的雄性昆明小鼠进行单次全身照射。随后检测骨髓细胞微核率和肝组织中丙二醛(MDA) 含量、蛋白质总羰基含量、总抗氧化能力( TAOC)及谷丙转氨酶(ALT ) 活性。结果显示,与单纯照射组相比,低浓度DADS 预处理组骨髓细胞微核率和肝组织ALT 活性均显著降低(p<0.001),而肝组织T-AOC明显增强( p < 0.05 );中浓度DADS 预处理组肝组织中MDA 含量和蛋白质总羰基含量均显著减少( p < 0.05 )。结果提示,DADS通过抑制氧化应激,有效地保护了脂质、蛋白质和遗传物质免受12C6+离子束辐照引起的损伤。The radioprotective effect of Diallyl disulfide (DADS) on 12C6+ ion irradiation was studied. Pretreated with DADS of different concentration, male Kung-Ming mice were exposed to whole body irradiation with dosage of 4 Gy 12C6+ ion. The animals were sacrificed after irradiation. Then the bone marrow cells micronucleus rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, content of protein carbonylation, total antioxidant capacity ( T-AOC) and alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) activity were measured. As compared with those in irradiated group, the ratio of micronucleus cells in marrow and the hepatic ALT activity in the pretreatment group with low dose DADS decreased significantly ( p < 0.001 ). Similarly,the content of protein carbonylation and the levels of MDA droped dramatically in the group with middle dose DADS treatment ( p < 0.05 ). On the contrary, the hepatic T-AOC increased markedly in the group of pretreatment with low dose DADS ( p < 0.05 ). The results showed that DADS protect lipoid, protein and genetic material from 12C6+ ion irradiation by right of resisting oxidative stress.     

Effects of Nitric Oxide on Growth and Sensitivity of Human Glioma A172 Cells to ^60Co and X-ray Radiation

Nitric oxide (NO)has been implicated both in regression and progression of tumors due to its production by both tumor cells and infiltrating lymphocytes. Ionizing radiation causes the regression of tumors, and can augment the production of NO by macrophages in vitro. The authors examined the effect of nitric oxide (NO) generating agent sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the growth and radiosensitivity of cultured glioma A172 cells to ^60Co or X-ray radiation.     

不同LET碳离子束辐照拟南芥干种子的当代损伤效应

本研究以拟南芥（Columbia野生型）干种子为材料,利用兰州重离子研究装置（HIRFL）产生的碳离子束对材料进行辐射处理,统计其存活率、根长、下胚轴长及每果荚种子数,以探讨不同传能线密度（Linear Energy Transfer,LET）的碳离子束辐照对拟南芥当代损伤效应的影响。结果表明,在相同LET辐射条件下,随着辐射剂量的增大,拟南芥的存活率、根长、下胚轴长度、每果荚种子数都呈现下降趋势。在相同剂量不同LET辐射处理情况下,随着LET的增大,存活率、根长、下胚轴长、每果荚种子数都显著下降,可见高LET辐射严重抑制了拟南芥的生长和发育。研究表明,当LET为50 keV/μm时,碳离子束辐射拟南芥干种子对应的最佳诱变剂量为200 Gy,为后续开展碳离子束辐射的诱变效率研究奠定了前期基础。Aimed to study the biological effects of carbon ion beams with different linear energy transfer (LET) values provided by Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL), dry seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana (Columbia-WT) were irradiated and a series of biological effects of postembryonic development, such as survival rate, primary root length, hypocotyls length and number of seeds per silique, were investigated. The results showed that, under the radiation condition of the same LET value, the survival rate, root length, hypocotyls length and number of seeds per silique were decreased with the increasing dose. In addition, under the radiation conditions with different LET values, but same dose, the extent of the decline of the survival rate, root length, hypocotyls length and number of seeds per silique were reinforced with the increasing LET. It was also found that high LET radiations inhibited the subsequent growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana severely. In brief, it was suggested that the optimum dose of carbon ion beam with 50 keV/μm value on Arabidopsis thaliana dry seeds was 200 Gy. This research complemented the preliminary theoretical foundation for the comparative study of the highest mutation efficiency of carbon ion beam irradiations at IMP, CAS(Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences).     

Experimental study on radiation effects in floating gate read-only-memories and static random access memories

Radiation effects of the floating gate read-only-memory (FG ROM) and the static random access memory (SRAM) have been evaluated using the 14~MeV neutron and 31.9MeV proton beams and Co-60 $\gamma $-rays. The neutron fluence, when the first error occurs in the FG ROMs, is at least 5 orders of magnitude higher than that in the SRAMs, and the proton fluence, 4 orders of magnitude higher. The total dose threshold for Co-60 $\gamma $-ray irradiation is about 10$^{4}$~rad (Si) for both memories. The difference and similarity are attributed to the structure of the memory cells and the mechanism of radiation effects. It is concluded that the FG ROMs are more reliable as semiconductor memories for storing data than the SRAMs, when they are used in the satellites or space crafts exposed to high energy particle radiation.     

乏氧细胞线粒体与肿瘤辐射抗性

综述了乏氧环境对细胞整体和对线粒体的影响,正常细胞线粒体呼吸链在乏氧环境下的损伤及其与肿瘤的关系,并对肿瘤细胞适应乏氧环境的机制进行了阐述。总结了线粒体作为供能细胞器,对肿瘤细胞在乏氧条件下生长、侵袭和转移及获取能量过程中的作用,并介绍了中国科学科院近代物理研究所利用重离子辐照所做的相关研究成果,包括不同剂量重离子对线粒体DNA超螺旋构象及线粒体功能的影响,同一剂量不同时间重离子辐照后对线粒体DNA 4 977 大片段损伤累积的影响。The hypoxia environment on the cells and mitochondria, and the damage of normal cells mitochondrial respiratory chain in hypoxia and its relationship with tumors are reviewed. In addition, the tumor radiation resistance mechanism in hypoxia are summarized. It also expounds that mitochondria, as energy supply organelles for cells, are related to tumor cells growth, invasion and metastasis in hypoxia environment, besides, it gives a brief introduction to the mitochondria study of the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences with heavy ion irradiation, including effects of different dose of heavy ion on mitochondrial DNA superhelix conformation and function of mitochondria,and the influence on mitochondrial DNA 4 977 damage cumulation in different time after the same dose of heavy ion irradiation.     

C离子辐照引起细胞分泌旁效应信号因子浓度随时间的变化

信号因子通常能介导旁效应的发生。 利用高LET C离子辐照体外培养的人肝癌QGY-7703细胞, 检测辐照后不同时刻培养基中信号因子TGF-β1和NO的浓度, 并通过转移培养基法检测照射后不同时刻转移培养基对人肝L02旁细胞存活率和代谢活力的影响, 发现受照射细胞在时间与空间上调控着周围信号因子的浓度, 并且通过信号因子浓度的变化影响旁细胞的各种效应发生。 实验为旁效应的解释提供了新的实验数据。 Signaling factors usually play an important role in bystander effect. In this work, human hepatoma QGY 7703 cells in vitro were irradiated with high LET carbon ions. Concentrations of signaling factors such as TGF-β1 and NO were measured in the media of the irradiated QGY-7703 cells at different time points after irradiation. The conditioned media harvested at various times post irradiation were transferred to human hepatocyte L02 cells as bystander cells and then the influence of the conditioned media on survival fraction and cell viability of the bystander cells were determined. The results show that the irradiated cells regulate the concentration of the signaling factors released nearby themselves temporally and spatially, and the bystander cells response to the signaling factors differentially according to the concentration change. This work provides new basic data for exploring the bystander effect, especially caused by high LET radiation.     

大分割碳离子放射治疗中相对生物学效应与剂量依赖关系的研究

应用碳离子束进行大分割放射治疗从而缩短治疗周期是碳离子束治疗的优势之一。为研究大分割放疗增加单次照射剂量后,碳离子束相对生物学效应（RBE）的变化,应用细胞存活线性平方（LQ）模型推导出RBE与剂量的依赖关系。基于此关系研究了具有不同辐射敏感性的肿瘤细胞和正常组织细胞RBE随剂量的变化。结果表明,在0~20 Gy范围内,不论肿瘤细胞与正常组织细胞具有怎样的辐射敏感性,肿瘤细胞的RBE值始终大于正常组织细胞。此外,基于理论推导和对相关实验数据的分析,证实了RBE随剂量增加而递增现象的存在。这些结果对应用碳离子束进行大分割放射治疗具有重要的指导作用。Short treatment course due to the suitability of hypofractionated regimen for carbon ion beam is one of the advantages of carbon ion radiotherapy. To study the dependence of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) on dose, the relationship between RBE and dose was deduced through the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. Based on the relationship, the change of RBE of tumor cells and normal tissue cells with different radiosensitivities with dose was studied. The results showed that the RBE value of tumor cells was always greater than that of normal tissue cells in the dose range of 0~20 Gy, regardless of the radiosensitivity of tumor and normal tissue cells. In addition, based on theoretical deduction and analysis of the relevant experimental data, the existence of RBE increase with increasing dose was verified. These results are of great significance for conducting hypofractionated radiotherapy with carbon ion beam.     

Effects of electron radiation on shielded space and triple-junction GaAs solar cells

The displacement damage dose methodology for analysing and modelling the performance of triple-junction InGaP₂/GaAs/Ge solar cells in an electron radiation environment is presented. Degradations at different electron energies are correlated with displacement damage dose (D_\rm d). One particular electron radiation environment, relative to a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO), is chosen to calculate the total D_\rm d behind the different thicknesses coverglasses to predict the performance degradation at the end of the 15-year mission.     

Radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator

We investigated the radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of low-wire-number cylindrical tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator with a peak current 0.8-1.1 MA and a rising time ～ 90 ns.The arrays are made up of(8-32)×5 μm wires 6/10 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height.The highest X-ray power obtained in the experiments was about 0.37 TW with the total radiation energy ～ 13 kJ and the energy conversion efficiency ～ 9%(24×5 μm wires,6 mm in diameter).Most of the X-ray emissions from tungsten Z-pinch plasmas were distributed in the spectral band of 100-600 eV,peaked at 250 and 375 eV.The dominant wavelengths of the wire ablation and the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability were found and analyzed through measuring the time-gated self-emission and laser interferometric images.Through analyzing the implosion trajectories obtained by an optical streak camera,the run-in velocities of the Z-pinch plasmas at the end of the implosion phase were determined to be about(1.3-2.1)×10 7 cm/s.     

质子照射小鼠组织病理损伤的初步观察

利用HI-13串列加速器提供的19 MeV 质子照射麻醉小鼠2, 4, 8和16 Gy ， 照射后不同时间麻醉处死小鼠进行病理组织学观察。 结果显示， 照射后各组小鼠腰背部开始环状脱毛， 病理改变为表皮细胞坏死、 脱落， 皮下水肿， 心、 肝出现小灶性坏死或伴出血， 肝细胞明显再生， 肺组织可出现充血及肺泡间隔明显增厚， 肾小球出现明显固缩、 坏死及消失。 这些病理改变在大剂量照射组尤为明显。 通过观察质子照射小鼠组织病理损伤效应， 为质子损伤的防治研究提供参考依据。Space radiation come from galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events which contain considerable protons is an invisible killer to astronauts. Furthermore， many wounded persons were injured by proton and other heavy ion radiation in a nuclear warhead or nuclear terrorism attack. However， the damage effect of proton radiation is known little in our country. In this study， the proton induced histopathologic changes of mice were observed primarily. naesthetic mice were irradiated with the 19 MeV protons dili vered by HI 13 tandem accelerator at CIAE in different doses(2， 4， 8， 16 Gy). In order to observe the da mage effect， mice were killed by anaesthetic at different time point after radiation， and the tissue sections were analyzed by a histopathologic method. The results show that all of the mice’s backs began displaying ringed depilation at post irradiation day 7. Many epidermal cells necrosis and exfoliation happened， and subcutaneous dropsy was observed. There were some focal necrosis or even followed with bleeding in heart and liver. Hepatocyte evidently regenerated. A hyperaemia was seen in lung tissue and alveolar septum was obviously thickening. Acinus renis represented notable pyknosis， necrosis and disappearance. Especially， these pathologic alteration clearly displayed in high dose groups. In conclusion， proton radiation can induce different grade injury to skin， heart， liver， lung， kidney and other organs. Further studies should be made to deeply understand the mechanism about the proton radiation damage.     

Pre-irradiation with low-dose <Superscript>12</Superscript>C<Superscript>6+</Superscript> beam significantly enhances the efficacy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">AdCMV-p53</Emphasis> gene therapy in human non-small lung cancer

The combination of ionizing radiation and gene therapy has been investigated. However, there are very few reports about the combination of heavy-ion irradiation and gene therapy. To determine if the pre-exposure to low-dose heavy ion beam enhances the suppression of AdCMV-p53 on non-small lung cancer (NSLC), the cells pre-irradiated or non-irradiated were infected with 20, 40 MOl of AdCMV-p53. Survival fraction and the relative biology effect (RBE) were determined by clonogenic assay. The results showed that the proportions of p53 positive cells in 12C6 beam induced AdCMV-p53 infected cells were more than 90%, which were significantly more than those in γ-ray induced AdCMV-p53 infected cells. The pre-exposure to low-dose 12C6 beam significantly prevented the G0/G1 arrest and activated G2/M checkpoints. The pre-exposure to 12C6 beam significantly improved cell to apoptosis. RBEs for the 12C6 AdCMV-p53 infection groups were 30%-60%, 20% -130% and 30%-70% more than those for the 12C6 -irradiated only, AdCMV-p53 infected only, and γ-irradiation induced AdCMVp53 infected groups, respectively. The data suggested that the pre-exposure to low-dose 12C6 beam significantly promotes exogenous p53 expression in NSLC, and the suppression of AdCMV-p53 gene therapy on NSLC.