Design and analysis of a noncollinear acousto-optic tunable filter

The design of the noncollinear acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is commonly based on the parallel tangents momentum-matching condition. Previous studies either have used an approximation of the birefringence of the interaction material or have ignored the rotatory property of TeO(2). These approaches would obviously decrease the accuracy of designing an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). We introduce an analysis method of calculating the optimum incident optical angle. Besides, an appropriate optical wedge on the output optical facet is designed to reduce the wavelength dependence of the diffracted beam angle, which is very significant in practical applications of AOTF.     

Improved flatness and tunable bandwidth of the supercontinuum generation in all-normal dispersion-flattened PCF using Littman–Metcalf optical bandpass filter

We have proved that in an all-normal dispersion-flattened photonic crystal fiber (PCF), the four-wave mixing (FWM) process dominantly affects the flatness of the generated supercontinuum (SC). The numerical results show that pulses with steepened edges can enhance the FWM conversion efficiency during the SC’s generation and the minima of the spectral oscillatory structure will be smoothed. A double-pass Littman–Metcalf optical bandpass filter is used to make the 1.60 ps hyperbolic-Secant shaped pulses obtain steepened edges. The experimental results show that the flatness of the SC generated from the 4 nm filtered pulses is improved by 0.21 dB. The SC with 10–65 nm tunable bandwidths is obtained by adjusting the filter bandwidth from 1 nm to 7 nm. Further numerical results show that the filter induced SC’s flatness improvement is more effective for pulses with 2.0–4.0 ps FWHM. The improved SC can be used for applications which require stable modulation carriers and flexible bandwidth.     

Adjustable EDFA gain equalization filter for DWDM channels based on a single LPG excited by flexural acoustic waves

A fast adjustable gain equalization filter for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system is reported. The method is based on a single long period fiber grating (LPG) which is excited by means of flexural acoustic waves. The equalization of a typical erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain spectrum with a gain flatness of <0.3 dB over a 32 nm bandwidth is demonstrated. The filter adjustment is obtained by choosing different acoustic loads applied to the acousto-optic modulator, which presents a switching time of ～17 μs. A maximum power penalty of 0.84 dB, relatively to the back-to-back signal, was achieved.     

Cross-shaped metal–semiconductor–metal plasmonic crystal for terahertz modulator

The transmission and tuning properties of a cross-shaped plasmonic crystal based on periodic metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structures have been investigated in the terahertz (THz) regime. According to the mode analysis, we find that the different resonance modes in the plasmonic crystal show the different changes when this device is actively controlled by the carrier injection of the MSM structures. The longitudinal modes disappear, while the horizontal mode moves to a higher frequency. The former leads to an intensity modulation at 0.5 THz and 1.1 THz when the groove depth h = 60 μm, and the later leads to a band blue-shift from 1.325 THz to 1.38 THz. These results will be applied to THz modulation and tunable filtering.     

Analysis and applications of nanocavity structures used as tunable filters and sensors

This paper reports on a novel design for a tunable filter and plasmonic sensor based on the metal–insulator–metal waveguide with a nanocavity resonator. Simulation results show that as a one-channel filter, the resonance wavelengths show a linear red-shift with an increase in nanocavity length with a slope of 1742 nm/μm and a nonlinear blue-shift with an increase in nanocavity width, respectively. A two-channel filter can be realized using two nanocavities and the arrangement of the two nanocavities with respect to the waveguide and the value of the distance between the nanocavities has only a marginal effect on the filter notch wavelength. Finally, both in-slit and out-slit refractive index plasmonic sensors are investigated with a sensitivity of 710 nm/RIU and 250 nm/RIU, respectively.     

Low power Electro-optical filter: Constructed using silicon nanobeam resonator and PIN junction

In this paper, a high tunable Electro-optical filter is designed and simulated with low electric power consumption. A silicon nanobeam resonator based on one-dimensional photonic crystal in the form of Fabry–Perot structure, silicon-on-insulator waveguide, is proposed with a PIN junction. In designing nanobeam resonator, “deterministic design method” is used to achieve the high quality factor and high-transmission rate. Tuning of the resonant wavelength in the output channel of the filter is achieved by manipulating the refractive index of the active area by using the free-carrier dispersion effect. The output wavelengths of designed device can be tuned for the telecom-friendly 1.55 µm range. The device shows a wavelength shift higher than 3 nm for a power consumption of only 0.9 mW. Finally, the simulation results show that the provided device can be considered as a narrowband and tunable Electro-optical filter that is suitable for DWDM communication system.     

Tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser based on an opto-VLSI processor and four-wave mixing in a photonic crystal fiber

A stable wavelength and wavelength spacing tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser based on an Opto-very-large-scale-integration (Opto-VLSI) processor and four-wave mixing (FWM) in a high-nonlinear photonic crystal fiber is experimentally demonstrated. The results show that the line width of the tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser is 0.02 nm, and the wavelength spacing can be tuned from 0.8 nm to 4 nm with a 0.15 nm step. Under the influence of the FWM, the uniformity is below 0.6 dB and the measured side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is above 45 dB.     

A novel tunable optical oscillator for broadband signals

A tunable optical oscillator that generates signals at the micro- to millimeter-wave band for wireless communication applications is suggested. It uses directly modulated semiconductor lasers, in which sideband modes and four-wave mixing (FWM) conjugate modes are injection locked by the simple control of the applied modulation power. The signals at 15 GHz with phase noise of below ?95 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 100 kHz were experimentally obtained. The frequency of the generated signal is tunable, and the maximum achievable signal frequency is limited mainly by the bandwidth of the receiver.     

Generation of long bursts of high-repetition-rate arbitrarily shaped optical pulses using time lens

A technique for the generation of long ultrahigh-speed bursts of optical pulses with arbitrary shapes is proposed. A laser pulse is temporally chirped by a time lens and then passes through a filter with a reconfigurable periodic spectral response, which produces time-delayed replicas of the chirped pulse and recombines them. As a result of the temporal interference between the replicas, the chirped pulse is broken up into short pulses with the shape determined by the chosen filter response. It is demonstrated that the filter acts on a long chirped optical pulse as a temporal modulator with a periodic modulation function. The modulation frequency and bandwidth of the modulator can be much higher than for commercially available high-frequency modulators. The additional advantage of this modulator is the arbitrary shape of the modulation function. A 2.4 ns burst of nearly flat-top pulses with a repetition rate of about 400 GHz is obtained in numerical simulations. In addition, the technique proposed can act as a pulse repetition rate multiplier and a pulse compressor. A repetition rate of 1.589 THz and an individual pulse width of 212 fs are achieved in simulations for a 9.7 ns sinusoidally phase modulated pulse burst.     

Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) Revisited: Ultrashort Optical Pulses Crosstalk Studies on the Lossy Filter

We examine again the crosstalk level (Xtalk) and extinction ratio (Xratio) of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) operating with ultrashort light pulses (2 ps), now considering the loss effect. The compression factor was studied for the switched pulse with lossy AOTF (α _dB = 4 dB/mm) considering five nonlinearity profiles. One can observe that there is always an optimum value for δ (final value of the nonlinearity) that one can obtain a switched pulse with the same time duration of the input pulse (C = 1). The compression factor for the switched pulse along the filter length shows that for the constant profile, the compression factor is around 1 all over the device. The study of the crosstalk level (Xtalk) of this device, considering the optimum values of δ obtained from the compression studies, as a function of the pump power (P ₀) was done. The acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) has attracted great attention in recent years, in part because it appears to be a suitable basis for multi-wavelength optical cross-connects. It is probably the only known tunable filter that is capable of selecting several wavelengths simultaneously. This capability can be used to construct a multi-wavelength router.     

A compact plasmonic tunable filter using elasto-optic effects

We report on the theoretical concept of the design of a compact plasmonic tunable filter made of a metal–dielectric–metal waveguide and using elasto-optic effects. The proposed device is designed in a nanoring resonator structure and numerically studied by means of 3D-FEM simulations. We obtained an optimized nanoring resonator that has a radius R=390 nm and resonances at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.58 μm. Simulations using elasto-optic material as the dielectric layer and top and bottom Ag layers as electrodes indicate that the output can be tuned in the telecommunication wavelength range with an applied field. Further, using the proposed device, optical switching phenomenon is also found to be possible. This tunable ring resonator filter with ultra-small radii is considered valuable for photonic integrated systems.     

声光滤光器性能指标的计算和讨论

以可调谐声光滤光器为元件所制造的光谱分析仪,利用声光谱光器的电调谐分光作用,辅以计算机控制,以完成信息的实时处理,其中声光滤光器性能指标的好坏将直接影响光谱分析仪的设计制造本文对用不同切向的氧化碲晶体所制成几种声光滤光器的几项性能指标进行计算的讨论,使在设计制造光谱分析仪时对声光谱光器的声光和电性能先有一个总体认识,以减少不必要的实验和摸索。     

Compact resonantly intra-cavity pumped tunable Ho:Sc2SiO5 laser

A compact intra-cavity pumped low threshold continuous-wave Ho:Sc₂SiO₅ laser is reported. The characteristics of output wavelength tuning are investigated by use a intra-cavity briefringent (BF) filter. A wavelength tunable range of 140 nm from 2020 to 2160 nm is achieved. For the free-running mode, the laser slope efficiency is 24.8%, when the output central wavelength is 2110 nm. The laser threshold is about 820 mW of incident pump power. With the BF filter, a maximum output power of 870 mW is obtained at the incident pump power of 5 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 20.3%. The characteristics of output wavelength verse the crystal temperature are also investigated.     

Improved Statistically Optimal Nearfield Acoustical Holography in subsonically moving fluid medium

Statistically Optimal Nearfield Acoustical Holography (SONAH) can be used to reconstruct three-dimensional sound fields by projecting two-dimensional data measured on a “small” aperture that partially covers a composite sound source in a “static” fluid medium. Here, an improved SONAH procedure is proposed that includes the mean flow effects of a moving fluid medium while the sound source and receivers are stationary. The backward projection performance of the proposed procedure is further improved by using a wavenumber filter to suppress subsonic noise components. Through numerical simulations at Mach 0.6, it is shown that the improved procedure can accurately reconstruct sound source locations and radiation patterns: e.g., the spatially averaged reconstruction errors of the conventional and improved SONAH procedures are 15.40 dB and 0.19 dB, respectively, for a monopole simulation and 21.60 dB and 0.19 dB for an infinite-size panel. The wavenumber filter further reduces spatial noise, e.g., decreasing the reconstruction error from 1.73 dB to 0.19 dB for the panel simulation. An existing data measured in a wind tunnel operating at Mach 0.12 is reused for the validation. The locations and radiation patterns of the two loudspeakers are successfully identified from the sound fields reconstructed by using the proposed SONAH procedure.     

利用AOTF多光谱成像系统实现伪装目标的识别

针对传统分光器件存在移动部件以及不能快速实时选择波长的不足,搭建了用声光可调滤光器(AOTF)作为分光器件的多光谱成像系统。系统由光学镜头、AOTF、AOTF驱动器、CCD摄像机和图像采集系统组成。本系统能够在(500~1000)nm的光谱范围内成像。通过对AOTF的控制可以任意选择系统的光谱,从而有目的地选择具有典型目标特性的不同波段的光谱波长,形成同一目标在不同光谱波长下的不同图像。采用迷彩布、头盔以及自然花草进行多次目标特性识别试验,得到了能突出目标特性的具有典型光谱特性的图像。证实了基于AOTF的多光谱成像系统灵敏度高、体积小、无移动部件,并且能够快速实时地改变和选择光谱波段,在所成的多光谱图像中能提高目标与背景的对比度,对伪装目标有明显的探测和识别能力,能将伪装目标与背景区分开。     

An optical continuous phase FSK modulation scheme with an arbitrary modulation index over long-haul transmission fiber link

This paper presents an optical continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) modulation scheme with an arbitrary modulation index. The detailed principle on the optical CPFSK generation is derived and analyzed, which includes the special case of the minimum-shift keying (MSK) with a modulation index h = 1/2. The differential detection and the coherent detection of CPFSK are also depicted. The performances of the four kinds of the optical CPFSK modulated system with a 40 Gb/s modulation rate whose modulation index are h = 1/2, h = 2/3, h = 3/4 and h = 1 are simulated via the spectral efficiency and the receiver sensitivity over fiber link respectively. In addition, comparison with the differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is taken. Through the calculation of the spectral efficiency of each modulation formats, CPFSK has higher spectral efficiency than DPSK with the same optical devices. The transmission performances of our CPFSK over the fiber link change better as the modulation index increases under the condition of the first order dispersion of the fiber link is completely compensated. Through simulations, a 1200 km transmission distance can be achieved with a modulation index h = 1.     

A new type of small size acousto-optic tunable filter with super narrow optical linewidth

The new concept of the creation of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) with super-resolution and small size is discussed. The advantage of the device is based on the use of a novel type of multi reflector beam expander that produces a highly collimated optical beam (angular spread about 100 ppm), tilted with a change in optical wavelength. The proposed AOTF, 1 cm in length, can have an optical linewidth about 0.1 nm and up to 400 tunable channels at a wavelength of 1540 nm. It can be utilized as a tunable filter for dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) in fiber optic networks and as a small-sized tunable optical spectrometer, for example, in sensors of gases, liquids and solids. The acousto-optic tunable filter can be developed by known technology developed for the creation of integrated optics and microelectronics devices. Received: 28 April 2001 / Revised version: 22 August 2001 / Published online: 2 November 2001     

Tunable fiber laser based photoacoustic gas sensor for early fire detection

A photoacoustic gas sensor using a near-infrared tunable fiber laser and based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy technique is developed. This sensor is capable of quasi-simultaneous quantification of water vapour, acetylene, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide (H₂O, C₂H₂, CO and CO₂) concentrations in the fire emulator. The feasibility of using this sensor as an early fire detector was demonstrated. The fire warning gases from smoldering paper were measured. The peak concentrations of gases from smoldering paper were 20,300 ppm H₂O, 2.1 ppm C₂H₂, 756 ppm CO, and 1612 ppm CO₂ after 400 s.     

An experimental study of an acousto-optic Q-switched Yb3+-doped all-fiber laser

The Q-switched fiber lasers are very attractive sources in many applications such as military affairs, surgical operation, laser machining, laser marking, nonlinear frequency conversion, range finding, remote sensing and optical time domain reflectometer. In this paper, an acousto-optic Q-switched Yb³⁺-doped all-fiber laser at 1083 nm is reported. The pulse energy of 2.94 mJ has been obtained at the pump power of 8.47 W, and the pulse width is 3 μs.     

Generation of tunable and narrow linewidth continuous-wave yellow laser by sum–frequency mixing of diode-pumped solid-state Nd:YAG ring lasers

We report a tunable, narrow linewidth and high beam quality continuous-wave (CW) yellow laser system at 589 nm. The system is an all solid-state design employing single-pass sum–frequency generation in a KTP crystal by mixing the 1064 nm with 1319 nm lines of two side-pumped Nd:YAG enforcing unidirectional ring lasers. With this method, a CW yellow laser at 589.159 nm with an output power of 0.8 W, a linewidth less than 1.5 GHz and a beam quality M² = 1.29 is obtained. The wavelength of the laser also can be precisely tuned from 589.112 to 589.181 nm in step-length of about 0.22 pm.