Studies on growth and characterization of l-alanine strontium chloride trihydrate single crystals for optical applications

The optically transparent nonlinear optical single crystals of l-alanine strontium chloride trihydrate (LASCT) were grown by slow evaporation solution growth method using water as solvent. The purity of the crystals was increased by the method of recrystallization. The grown crystals were analyzed by the single crystal X-ray diffraction pattern which proved that LASCT belongs to monoclinic crystal system. The presence of various functional groups and modes of vibrations were identified by FTIR spectroscopy. The optical absorption study confirms the suitability of the crystal for device applications. The thermal strength and the decomposition of the grown crystals were studied using TG/DTA analyses. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss measurements of the grown crystals at different frequencies of the applied field were measured and reported. The mechanical strength of the crystal is estimated by Vicker's hardness test. The nonlinear optical properties of the grown crystals were confirmed by second harmonic generation test which shows the suitability of NLO applications.     

Studies on the growth,structural, optical and laser damage threshold properties of 4-aminopyridinium p-aminobenzenesulfonate p-ammoniobenzenesulfonate monohydrate crystal

An organic nonlinear optical crystal 4-aminopyridinium 4-aminobenzenesulfonate 4-ammoniobenzenesulfonate monohydrate (4APABS) was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The cell parameters of grown crystal were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. High resolution X-ray diffraction studies revealed the crystalline perfection of grown crystal. The functional groups present in title compound were confirmed by FTIR spectral studies. UV–vis spectral studies revealed that the grown crystal is transparent in the entire visible region. Single and multiple shots laser induced surface damage threshold values of the grown crystal were measured using Nd:YAG laser. The relative second harmonic generation efficiency of grown crystal was found to be 2.2 times that of KDP crystal.     

Synthesis,growth, vibrational,optical and thermal studies of potassium diboro oxalate single crystals

Single crystals of novel semiorganic material, potassium diboro-oxalate (PDO) have been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The lattice parameters for the grown crystals were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and the crystallinity of the grown crystal was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of functional groups was estimated qualitatively by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The optical absorption spectrum shows that the UV cut-off wavelength for the grown crystal is at 240 nm and the band gap was calculated. The thermal stability of the grown crystal was studied by using TG/DTA analysis. The second harmonic generation and the phase-matchable tests were performed by Kurtz powder technique. The crystal perfection was analyzed by SEM photographs.     

Growth and characterization of bis(thiourea) zinc carbonate (BTZC) a new nonlinear optical material by solution growth slow evaporation technique

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical bis(thiourea) zinc carbonate (BTZC) material has been synthesized. BTZC single crystals were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), powder XRD, FTIR, UV–visible, thermal, and second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis. Single crystal XRD study has been carried out to identify the lattice parameters. FTIR studies confirm the functional groups present in the grown crystal. Optical transmission studies have confirmed that the grown crystal is highly transparent. Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses reveal the good thermal stability of the material. The SHG conversion efficiency of BTZC was determined using Kurtz powder technique and found 1.3 times more than that of KDP.     

Growth,optical, mechanical and electrical studies of nonlinear optical crystal: l-Valinium oxalate

l-Valinium oxalate (LVO) single crystal has been grown by solution growth technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined for the grown crystal by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Optical constants like band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient and electric susceptibility were determined from UV–vis–NIR spectrum. The microhardness studies reveal the mechanical strength of the grown crystal. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and AC conductivity of the compound were calculated at different temperatures and frequencies to analyze the electrical properties. Nonlinear optical property was discussed to confirm the SHG efficiency of the grown crystal.     

Growth and characterization of an efficient nonlinear optical single crystal: Urea p-nitrophenol

An organic nonlinear optical single crystal of urea p-nitrophenol has been synthesized and grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis and it was found to be the structure of the crystal belongs to triclinic system. The various functional groups were identified by FT-IR and Raman spectral analysis. Thermal stability of the grown crystal was studied by TGA/DTA. The optical properties of the grown crystals were analyzed by UV–vis. The mechanical properties of the grown crystal were studied by Vickers microhardness measurements. Nonlinear optical property of the crystal was confirmed using the Kurtz and Perry powder technique and a study of its SHG efficiency in comparison with KDP has made.     

Investigation on the growth,optical and thermal studies of a novel organic nonlinear optical crystal: l-Threonine diformate (LTDF)

l-Threonine diformate (LTDF), a novel organic nonlinear optical crystal has been synthesized and grown by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies. Functional groups present in the material were identified by FT IR spectral analysis. Absorption spectrum shows that the crystal is found to be transparent in the visible region. Thermal analysis was performed to study the thermal stability of the crystal. The SHG efficiency of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz–Perry powder technique.     

Crystal growth, thermal and optical studies of nonlinear optical material: Glycine potassium sulphate

A new nonlinear optical material glycine potassium sulphate (GPS) has been synthesized and optical quality crystals were grown from aqueous solution. This material has positive temperature coefficient revealed from the solubility studies. The grown crystals were characterized by employing several techniques such as single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analysis, FTIR and UV-vis-NIR spectra. The etching studies have been done on the (1 0 0) plane of the grown crystal. Preliminary measurements to find second harmonic generation efficiency of GPS has been carried out.     

Growth,optical, mechanical,dielectric and theoretical properties of picolinium maleate NLO single crystal

Nonlinear optical single crystals of picolinium maleate (PM) were grown by slow evaporation method. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm that the crystal belongs to the monoclinic crystal structure with space group P2₁/c. The optical transmission range of the grown crystal was measured by UV–Vis–NIR region with the lower cut-off wavelength as 330 nm. The optical bandgap is found to be 3.75 eV. Mechanical strength of the grown crystal was analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of picolinium maleate are measured in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures. Further, electronic properties, such as valence electron plasma energy, Penn gap, Fermi energy and electronic polarizability of the grown crystal have been estimated.     

Crystal growth and characterization of l-phenylalaninium trichloroacetate—A new organic nonlinear optical material

Amino acid based crystals exhibit excellent nonlinear and electro-optical properties. A new nonlinear optical single crystal l-phenylalaninium trichloroacetate (LPTCA) belonging to the amino acid group was grown by the slow evaporation solution growth method. The grown crystals have been subjected to powder X-ray diffraction studies to identify the crystalline nature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study showed that LPTCA belongs to monoclinic crystal system. Fourier transform infrared study is used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystal. Optical transparency of the grown crystals was investigated by UV-vis-NIR spectrum. The lower optical cutoff wavelength for this crystal is observed at 254 nm and energy band gap is 4.89 eV. Thermal properties of the LPTCA crystal were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques, which indicate that the material does not decompose before melting. The melting point of grown crystal was observed to be 136 °C in a melting point apparatus. The existence of nonlinear optical (NLO) property of LPTCA was confirmed by second harmonic generation test using Nd:YAG laser fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm.     

Phase matching,X-Ray topography,optical and thermal analysis of L-alanine cadmium chloride monohydrate: a nonlinear optical material

A potential semiorganic nonlinear optical material, L-alanine cadmium chloride monohydrate has been successfully synthesised and single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature by using double distilled water as the solvent. The lattice dimensions of the grown crystal have been analysed by adopting powder X-ray diffraction technique and found that it crystallised in monoclinic system with space group C2. The crystalline perfection of the as-grown crystal has been assessed by high resolution X-ray diffraction and X-ray topography techniques and observed that the quality of the grown specimen is reasonably good. Its optical properties were examined by UV–Vis and photoluminescence techniques and found that there is no absorption in the entire visible range. Its functional groups were identified from FT-Raman and observed that there is no incorporation of other impurities during crystallisation. Its relative second harmonic generation efficiency has been tested with different particle size by Kurtz powder technique and found that within the coherence length the title compound is phase matchable. Its various thermal properties like thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal effusivity, etc. have been evaluated by photopyroelectric technique and compared with other organic and inorganic materials. To confirm its piezoelectric response, its piezoelectric charge coefficient was measured using piezometer and found low. Its optical homogeneity as well as birefringence measurement of the grown specimen has been carried out by interferometric technique. The surface defects of the grown LACCM single crystal were analysed with etching at room temperature using water as an etchant.     

Growth and physicochemical properties of second-order nonlinear optical 2-amino-5-chloropyridinium trichloroacetate single crystals

The growth of organic nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal 2-amino-5-chloropyridinium trichloroacetate (2A5CPTCA) has been synthesized and single crystals have been grown from methanol solvent by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization analyses in order to find out the suitability for device fabrication. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that 2A5CPTCA crystallizes in monoclinic system with the space group Cc. The grown crystal was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis to find out the functional groups. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. The optical transparency window in the visible and near-IR (200--1100 nm) regions was found to be good for NLO applications. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis were used to study its thermal properties. The powder second harmonic generation efficiency measurement with Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) radiation shows that the highest value when compared with the standard potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal.     

Thermal, mechanical, electrical, linear and nonlinear optical properties of a nonlinear optical l-ornithine monohydrochloride single crystal

Optically transparent semiorganic nonlinear optical bulk single crystal of l-ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCL) of dimension 11×3×2 mm³ has been grown from its aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystal structure. Investigation has been carried out to assign the vibrational frequencies of the grown crystals by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. Thermal behavior of the grown crystals was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LOMHCL was determined by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The optical absorption study confirms the suitability of the crystal for device applications. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric and photoconductivity studies are also carried out for the grown samples.     

Effect of urea and thiourea on nonlinear optical hippuric acid crystals

Pure, urea and thiourea doped hippuric acid (HA) single crystals have been grown in acetone using slow evaporation technique at a constant temperature, with the vision to improve the properties of the crystals. The crystal systems and the unit cell parameters of the grown crystals were identified from single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystalline nature of the grown crystals was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and the diffraction peaks were indexed. The variations in composition due to the addition of dopants were identified by CHNS analysis. FT-IR studies reveal the presence of different vibrational bands. The optical characteristics were assessed by UV–vis analysis and it indicates the transmission in the visible region. TGA and DSC studies indicate the thermal behavior of pure and doped crystals. The Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) has been tested using Kurtz Powder Technique for the pure and doped crystals. It is found that the thiourea doped hippuric acid crystals have SHG efficiency of 2.08 times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystal. The dielectric studies were carried out, and the variations of dielectric constant and dielectric loss with temperature have been studied.     

Growth and characterization of organic nonlinear optical material: 5-Nitroindole (5NI) for optical applications

Single crystals of organic nonlinear optical material 5-Nitroindole (5NI) has been grown by slow cooling solution growth technique using methanol as a solvent. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction technique to determine the lattice parameters. Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) was recorded to identify the presence of functional groups. The optical properties such as the optical band gap, extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n) and optical conductivity (σ) were calculated. The optical band gap of 5NI is 2.33 eV. The melting point and thermal stability of the crystal was analyzed from TG/DTA studies. Dielectric studies were carried out at different temperatures and frequencies.     

A new metal-organic nonlinear optical material: L-Asparagine Indium chloride (LAIn) for photonics application

Single crystal of l-Asparagine Indium chloride (LAIn), a new semi-organic crystal was grown by slow evaporation method with deionized water as solvent at ambient condition. The crystal structure of LAIn has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and the result shows that the crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system with P2₁2₁2₁ space group. The crystalline nature of grown crystal was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Optical parameters, such as absorbance, transmittance and optical band gap energy were analyzed using UV–Vis NIR transmittance data at the range of 190–800?nm. The ultraviolet (UV) emission nature of the sample was established from the sharp emission peaks in photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. The photo conductivity test exhibits that the grown crystal has positive photo conductive nature. The induced surface laser damage threshold (LDT) for the grown crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser. The nonlinear optical efficiency of the LAIn crystal was studied using modified Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The hardness, Meyer index, yield strength and elastic stiffness constant were calculated for the grown crystal using Vickers microhardness tester. The variation of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the grown crystals as a function of frequency has been investigated at different temperatures. The melting point and thermal stability of the LAIn single crystal have been studied by thermo gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA).     

Synthesis, growth and characterization of novel semiorganic nonlinear optical potassium boro-succinate (KBS) single crystals

Single crystals of novel semiorganic material, potassium boro-succinate (KBS) have been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The lattice parameters for the grown crystals were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of functional groups was estimated qualitatively by using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The optical absorption spectrum shows that the UV cut-off wavelength for the grown crystal is at 240 nm. The thermal stability of the KBS crystal was studied by using TG/DTA analysis. The dielectric constant and loss were studied as a function of frequency. Nonlinear optical properties (NLO) test was performed by using Kurtz powder technique.     

Growth,optical and electrical studies of the nonlinear optical crystal: Glycine thiourea

Single crystals of the nonlinear optical material glycine thiourea were grown by the slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined for the grown crystal by the single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Single crystal XRD revealed that the material crystallized in a monoclinic crystal system. Optical studies have been carried out and it was found that the tendency of transmission observed from the specimen with respect to the wavelength of light, is practically more suitable for opto-electronic applications. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity of the compound were calculated at different temperatures and frequencies, to analyze the electrical properties. The photoconductive behavior of the material is also investigated and the results are discussed.     

Studies on vibrational,thermal, optical,dielectric and mechanical properties of a molecular salt: 2-Methylimidazolium hydrogen succinate

Good quality single crystal of 2-methylimidazolium hydrogen succinate (2MISA) was grown by slow evaporation solution growth method. The grown crystal was investigated using various characterization techniques to study its properties. Single crystal of 2MISA was confirmed by single crystal XRD. The high resolution X-ray diffraction curve shows the structural perfection of the grown crystal. Factor group analysis predicts 153 possible modes of vibrations. IR and Raman measurements confirm the functional groups present in the title crystal. From the UV–vis spectrum the optical bandgap and refractive index were evaluated. The PL spectrum of the title compound shows green emission. Dielectric tensorial behavior of the grown single crystal was studied with varying frequencies. The thermal stability of 2MISA was analyzed using TGA/DTA measurements, which infer the thermally stability. Mechanical stability of the grown crystal was studied by Vickers hardness tester.     

Growth, optical and thermal studies on organic nonlinear optical crystal: 2-Furoic acid

2-Furoic acid (2FA), an organic third order nonlinear optical single crystal, has been synthesized and grown successfully by slow solvent evaporation technique. The space group and lattice parameters of the grown crystals were obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of the functional groups was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Optical absorption studies reveal low absorption in the UV and visible regions and the UV cut-off wavelength is found to be at 240 nm. The thermal stability of the material examined by TGA analysis, reveals that the material is thermally stable up to 130 °C. The third order nonlinear optical parameters (nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption coefficient and real and imaginary parts of the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility) were derived by Z-scan technique. This reveals that the crystal has a negative refractive index, which indicates the defocusing nature of the material.