超衍射极限相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中空心光束的形成

空心光束的质量是超衍射极限相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中决定成像质量的一个至关重要的因素. 本文基于菲涅耳衍射理论,分析了螺旋相位片法产生空心光束的物理机理,并且模拟了不同的入射条件对产生的空心光束的影响. 模拟结果表明:波长与相位片中心波长匹配且光强呈圆对称分布的高斯光垂直入射到相位片上,当高斯光束中心与相位片中心完全对准时,可获得较理想的空心光束;入射光光强分布的圆对称性以及入射光中心与相位片中心的对准程度都会影响产生的空心光束的强度分布;同时,高斯光束小角度倾斜入射时,空心光的强度分布仍呈圆对称,却在观察面发生一定的位移;此外,入射光中心波长偏离相位片中心波长不大时,对产生的空心光束的强度分布几乎没有影响. 上述分析结果对用于超衍射相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中理想空心光束的获取具有重要的指导意义. 关键词： 空心光束 超衍射极限 相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射 螺旋相位片     

Space charges can significantly affect the dynamics of accelerator maps

Space charge effects can be very important for the dynamics of intense particle beams, as they repeatedly pass through nonlinear focusing elements, aiming to maximize the beam's luminosity properties in the storage rings of a high energy accelerator. In the case of hadron beams, whose charge distribution can be considered as “frozen” within a cylindrical core of small radius compared to the beam's dynamical aperture, analytical formulas have been recently derived [C. Benedetti, G. Turchetti, Phys. Lett. A 340 (2005) 461] for the contribution of space charges within first order Hamiltonian perturbation theory. These formulas involve distribution functions which, in general, do not lead to expressions that can be evaluated in closed form. In this Letter, we apply this theory to an example of a charge distribution, whose effect on the dynamics can be derived explicitly and in closed form, both in the case of 2-dimensional as well as 4-dimensional mapping models of hadron beams. We find that, even for very small values of the “perveance” (strength of the space charge effect) the long term stability of the dynamics changes considerably. In the flat beam case, the outer invariant “tori” surrounding the origin disappear, decreasing the size of the beam's dynamical aperture, while beyond a certain threshold the beam is almost entirely lost. Analogous results in mapping models of beams with 2-dimensional cross section demonstrate that in that case also, even for weak tune depressions, orbital diffusion is enhanced and many particles whose motion was bounded now escape to infinity, indicating that space charges can impose significant limitations on the beam's luminosity.     

光线庞加莱球法构建的结构光场及其传输特性研究

结构光场在光信息传输、显微成像以及微粒俘获中有重要作用.本文基于光线庞加莱球法结合不同花瓣数的梅花曲线构建了一类结构光束.根据光线庞加莱球法可计算这类光束在束腰面上的光强与相位分布,以及光束内外焦散线的分布.这些焦散线的特征表明梅花形结构光束具有无衍射与自修复的特性.进一步采用角谱衍射法和光线追迹研究了这类光束在空间中的传输特性.当梅花花瓣数为0时,该光束退化为拉盖尔-高斯光束;当花瓣数为1时,内焦散线汇集到两点,使光束具有无衍射特性.通过光线庞加莱球法获得其光线在空间传播的轨迹,直观地展示了光束被遮挡后的自修复特性.此外,本文还展示了花瓣数为5的结构光束,其内焦散线为十角星结构,该光束同样具有自修复特性.通过修改梅花曲线参数或选择其他庞加莱球面曲线可以构造更加复杂的结构光场.     

Partially coherent vortex beams propagation in a turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation and the cross-spectral density approximation for the mutual coherence function of the partially coherent field, the propagation properties of the partially coherent beams with optical vortices in turbulent atmosphere are discussed. The average intensity and the mutual coherence function of the partially coherent vortex beams propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere are obtained.It is shown that the vortex structure of the average cross-spectral density of partially coherent beams has the same helicoidally shape as that of the phase of the fully coherent Laguerre-Gauss beams in free space and the relative intensity of the beam is degraded by optical vortex.     

无衍射特殊光束的产生与三维表征

无衍射光束(如贝塞尔光束、艾里光束)因具有无衍射、自愈合的特性, 在很多领域都有广泛的应用. 本文提出使用纯相位型空间光调制器对光场的复振幅进行调控, 从而可以产生多种复杂模式的无衍射光束, 如强度可独立调控的多个零阶贝塞尔光束, 两个高阶贝塞尔光束干涉生成的花瓣状无衍射光束, 具有多个主瓣的加速光束等特殊的无衍射光束. 通过在待测焦场附近放置一个平面反射镜, 使其沿光轴快速扫描光场, 并由数字相机同步拍摄反射回来的一系列二维光场强度分布信息, 可实现对无衍射光束三维光场强度分布的快速测量和表征. 本实验方法和技术可以快速产生各种复杂的特殊光场并获得其精确的三维可视化重建效果, 在光学显微、光学俘获、光学微加工等领域有潜在的应用价值.     

非局域克尔介质中空间光孤子的相互作用

研究了强非局域克尔介质中光束的演化规律，通过相位分析得到了空间孤子相互作用所满足 的非局域非线性薛定谔方程的简化近似模型，并获得了双光束传输的解析解.结果表明在传 输过程中相互作用的高斯光束的相位决定于它们的输入总功率.以振幅一强一弱共同传输的 高斯光束为例进行了具体研究，得到了强光和弱光的解析式，相位分析显示弱光在相当短的 传输距离之内能产生大的相移，可以通过对强光能量的调控来实现对弱光的相位调制. 关键词： 非局域克尔介质 空间光孤子 孤子相互作用 相位调制     

Flat-topped Mathieu-Gauss beam and its transformation by paraxial optical systems

In order to avoid the severe axial intensity oscillations which appear when an ideal Mathieu beam is truncated, we propose to modulate it by a flattened multi-Gaussian envelope. The obtained beam, which is referred as flattened Mathieu-Gauss (FTMG) beam, can be expanded into a finite series of Mathieu-Gauss beams with various waists. The propagation study of this beam reveals that the axial intensity is unchanged within a certain propagation distance as for super-Gaussian-Bessel beams or Gori’s flattened Bessel beams. By using Collins formula, we derive closed-form expressions of FTMG beam propagating through a paraxial axisymmetric ABCD optical system. Some numerical calculations and discussions are also given.     

高斯光束非线性“热像”效应研究

高功率激光系统中非线性“热像”强度可能达到光学元件损伤阀值，从而对系统的安全运行造成威胁.以往的非线性“热像”现象研究都是基于无限大平面光波背景，但实际系统中传输的是有限束宽光束.本文以高斯光束为例，基于无像差自聚焦理论分析了有限束宽光束的“热像”形成规律.结果表明，高斯光束“热像”的强度与位置在光束腰斑较小时与平面光波情况有明显不同，但光束腰斑较衍射物大得多时，高斯光束可以近似当作平面光波处理.     

平板式螺旋相位板的设计与应用

传统的螺旋相位板是一种利用沿方位角方向介质材料高度递增实现对光束相位调控产生涡旋光束的光学器件,由于这种特殊的几何结构特征使其不能通过相位板的叠加而调控出射光束所携带的角量子数.本文基于坐标变换方法将介质材料沿方位角方向折射率不变而高度递增的传统螺旋相位板变换为一种介质材料沿方位角方向高度不变而折射率递增的平板式螺旋相位板.通过理论分析与数值模拟,发现本文所设计的平板式螺旋相位板不仅与传统螺旋相位板一样能够产生高质量的涡旋光束,而且平板式螺旋相位板的高度和涡旋光束携带的角量子数可以根据介质材料的折射率选取而任意调节.为了实际应用的需要,可以通过叠加多层平板式螺旋相位板以获得不同角量子数的涡旋光束.这种平板式螺旋相位板在光传输、光通信等领域具有广阔的潜在应用价值.     

附加球面相位引致Airy光束在单轴晶体传输时的两次镜像演化

利用单轴晶体光束传输理论,求得了具有附加球面相位Airy光束在单轴晶体中的传输公式.数值模拟计算结果表明,线偏振附加球面相位Airy光束在晶体中传输时仍为线偏振,但不是传输不变的.粗略地讲,具有附加球面相位的Airy光束在晶体中传输时,近场是传输不变的;而在由晶体寻常与非寻常折射率和球面半径共同确定的两个特定传输距离处,传输光束转换成了取向不同的Gaussian-Airy光束,且高斯依赖的束宽度敏感地与截断因子相关;而当光束依次穿过此两位置时光斑花样先后相对于两横向轴平面做镜像演化,且镜像演化顺序也与晶体寻常和非寻常折射率相对大小密切相关,其总的效果是远场强度花样能恢复原样但花样取向产生了关于对过横平面二、四象限平分平面的镜像演化.这些结果表明,通过恰当选择晶体材料(即折射率)和附加球面相位的半径R,可以调控光束花样的形状、取向及表征各向异性材料的相关性质.     

Effects of misalignments in the optical vortex transformation performed by holograms with embedded phase singularity

Spatial characteristics of diffracted beams produced by a “fork” hologram from an incident circular Laguerre-Gaussian beam whose axis differs from the hologram optical axis are studied theoretically. General analytical representations for the complex amplitude distribution of a diffracted beam are derived in terms of superposition of Kummer beams or hypergeometric-Gaussian beams. The diffracted beam structure is determined by combination of the “proper” topological charge m of the incident vortex beam and the topological charge l of the singularity “imparted” by the hologram. Evolution of the diffracted beam structure is studied in detail for several combinations of m and l and for various incident beam displacements with respect to the optical axis of the hologram. Variations of the intensity and phase distribution due to the incident beam misalignment are investigated and possible applications for the purposeful optical vortex beam generation and optical measurements are discussed.     

Mini‐beam collimator enables microcrystallography experiments on standard beamlines

The high‐brilliance X‐ray beams from undulator sources at third‐generation synchrotron facilities are excellent tools for solving crystal structures of important and challenging biological macromolecules and complexes. However, many of the most important structural targets yield crystals that are too small or too inhomogeneous for a `standard' beam from an undulator source, ～25–50 µm (FWHM) in the vertical and 50–100 µm in the horizontal direction. Although many synchrotron facilities have microfocus beamlines for other applications, this capability for macromolecular crystallography was pioneered at ID‐13 of the ESRF. The National Institute of General Medical Sciences and National Cancer Institute Collaborative Access Team (GM/CA‐CAT) dual canted undulator beamlines at the APS deliver high‐intensity focused beams with a minimum focal size of 20 µm × 65 µm at the sample position. To meet growing user demand for beams to study samples of 10 µm or less, a `mini‐beam' apparatus was developed that conditions the focused beam to either 5 µm or 10 µm (FWHM) diameter with high intensity. The mini‐beam has a symmetric Gaussian shape in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and reduces the vertical divergence of the focused beam by 25%. Significant reduction in background was achieved by implementation of both forward‐ and back‐scatter guards. A unique triple‐collimator apparatus, which has been in routine use on both undulator beamlines since February 2008, allows users to rapidly interchange the focused beam and conditioned mini‐beams of two sizes with a single mouse click. The device and the beam are stable over many hours of routine operation. The rapid‐exchange capability has greatly facilitated sample screening and resulted in several structures that could not have been obtained with the larger focused beam.     

Generation of Accelerating Beams along Arbitrary Trajectories

A phase superposition approach for generating arbitrarily accelerating beams is proposed, where the superimposed phase is composed of multiple sub‐phases, each of which determines an independent sub‐beam or sub‐trajectory. Further, an effective algorithm is developed to improve the uniformity of the intensity along the arbitrary trajectory by introducing phase‐shift factors. Experimental results are consistent with numerical simulations. The proposed method can be extended to nonparaxial fields, and it also breaks the previous trajectory restrictions. The arbitrarily accelerating optical beams can pave the way for optically moving particles along a predefined trajectory. The property of such beams following arbitrary trajectories is likely to give rise to new applications in wave front control, flexible optical manipulation, and optical transport and guidance of particles.     

大气湍流中光束的高阶强度矩

研究了光束通过大气湍流传输的高阶强度矩, 提出了大气湍流中光束高阶强度矩的推导方法, 并推导出了一至四阶光束强度矩传输的解析表达式. 所得结果具有一般性,任意某一光束在自由空间和大气湍流中传输的高阶强度矩均可作为本文结果的特例. 另一方面, 以高斯光束为例, 研究了其K参数在湍流大气中的传输规律. 研究表明,高斯光束在大气湍流中其K参数并不是一个传输不变量,它与传输距离、束腰半径、湍流内外尺度以及湍流强度均有关.这个结论与采用Rytov相位结构函数二次近似或强湍流近似下的结论不同,本文给出了合理解释. 关键词： 高阶强度矩 大气传输 大气湍流 K参数')" href="#">K参数     

Reliability analysis of an auto-tracked FSO link under adverse weather condition

In this paper, the effects of auto-tracking subsystems on the Bit-Error-Rate (BER) and reliability of free-space optical (FSO) communication links are investigated. Considering environmental influences on the laser beam intensity distribution in receiver, we study the propagation properties of Gaussian laser beams through a complete optical path. Then it is tried to derive an analytical formula for intensity distribution along the complete optical path as well as on the receiver's detector plane based on the Collins integral. Based upon the intensity formula, we calculate the values of signal to noise ratio (SNR), BER, and power while considering the effects of atmospheric losses due to absorption, scattering and turbulence on them. Using mentioned values, the role of auto-tracking subsystems on link reliability improvement in adverse weather condition is described. The related results are illustrated by graphs obtained by calculations and simulations.     

Gyrator transform of Gaussian beams with phase difference and generation of hollow beam

The optical expression of Gaussian beams with phase difference, which is caused by gyrator transform (GT), has been obtained. The intensity and phase distribution of transform Gaussian beams are analyzed. It is found that the circular hollow vortex beam can be obtained by overlapping two GT Gaussian beams with π phase difference. The effect of parameters on the intensity and phase distributions of the hollow vortex beam are discussed. The results show that the shape of intensity distribution is significantly influenced by GT angle α and propagation distance z. The size of the hollow vortex beam can be adjusted by waist width ω₀. Compared with previously reported results, the work shows that the hollow vortex beam can be obtained without any model conversion of the light source.     

Method for creating hollow light beams with local intensity minima and possibilities for their application

We propose and experimentally realize methods for forming light beams with local spatial intensity minima of different types (hollow light beams), based on application of specially shaped linear optics phase elements. The fields with local intensity minima, obtained as a result of phase conversion, are comparable with respect to transverse dimensions, power, and intensity gradient to the initial gaussian beam focused by means of a spherical lens. The optical layouts were assembled using photostable optical elements and therefore make it possible to create high-power laser fields suitable not only for manipulation of microparticles but also for laser machining of materials, in particular laser welding of metals. Using a phase element with planar symmetry, we can select the optimal laser beam profile that will ensure no burning on the line of contact between the ends of the parts to be welded for high penetration and will make it possible to achieve the maximum possible strength of the weld joint for a specified laser radiation power.     

Phase profile analysis of transparent objects through the use of a two windows interferometer based on a one beam splitter configuration

In this research we implemented a two windows interferometer based on polarization phase shifting and grating interferometry techniques in order to retrieve the phase data profile of the object in a single capture. The optical configuration has two optical beams with circular polarization in opposite directions, and it is coupled with a 4-f system. An amplitude grid is used as a filter which is placed at the Fourier plane to obtain replicas of each beam which can properly interfere, depending on the separation between beams. The interferometer presents the capability of changing the beam separation in order to make different orders interfere properly. The interference patterns produced can be separately modulated through the operation of linear polarizer's placed on each interference replica. In order to present the capabilities of the system we will select four interferograms result of contiguous orders interference.