用干涉原理测定液体折射率的新方法

介绍了一种利用干涉原理测定液体折射率的新方法。其基本特点是不需要取样 ,直接无干扰地测定平行平板液池内介质的折射率 ,在适当控制实验条件的情况下 ,测量精度可以达到小数点后 5位。对如何简化计算并消除池壁参数的影响以提高测量精度等问题进行讨论 ,给出了分析结果。以水为检测对象 ,进行了实验验证     

First order phase change detection using planar waveguide Bragg grating refractometer

Solid-to-liquid and gas-to-liquid phase changes in water and ordered-to-isotropic phase changes in a nematic liquid crystal are detected with an optical sensor. A planar Bragg grating defined purely by refractive index modulation is covered with a water or liquid crystal overcladding and the temperature is controlled to trigger phase changes. Measurement of the Bragg wavelength allows changes of effective refractive index to be detected and discontinuities in behaviour caused by phase transitions can be clearly identified.     

干涉法测量液体膨胀系数的讨论

液体的折射率和液体的密度有直接关系,液体密度又与温度有关,根据已有关于透明介质的折射率公式,可得液体的膨胀系数的测量方法.迈克耳孙干涉法是测量液体折射率的温度系数的简捷的手段.用此方法得出了液体的膨胀系数,进而讨论了关于液体折射率的2个不同公式的精确程度.     

A proposed new experimental setup for determination of refractive indices of liquids by mode line measurements

A new experimental method is proposed for measuring the refractive indices of liquids based on mode line measurements. The experimental setup consists of a dielectric substrate in which a rectangular hollow is formed containing the concerned liquid. This is covered by a trapezium-shaped prism. The liquid, confined between both basin walls and the prism, forms a wavegude. Thus, the refractive index of the liquid can be determined by measuring the propagating modes in the structure. Using this technique, the refractive indices of liquids can be measured to an accuracy of the order of 1×10^-4.     

用双液芯柱透镜测量蔗糖水溶液的液相扩散系数

基于双液芯柱透镜的折射率空间分辨测量精度高的特点,本文采用两种方法在室温(25℃)下分别测量了不同浓度的蔗糖水溶液的液相扩散系数。方法一:等折射率薄层移动法,通过记录扩散过程中特定折射率薄层随时间的变化关系计算液相扩散系数。方法二:瞬态图像分析法,通过读取一幅瞬态扩散图像中图像宽度与扩散位置之间的关系确定液相扩散系数。双液芯柱透镜的前液芯作为扩散池和主要成像元件,后液芯作为消球差辅助系统。充分利用了双液芯柱透镜可以按需减小特定液体薄层处的球差以及能够在一定的折射率范围内同时减小球差,两种方法均具有测量精度高的特点。两种方法的测量结果与文献值的相对误差分别小于1.3%和3.9%,表明用双液芯柱透镜测量液相扩散系数时,测量系统稳定可靠,测量结果准确。     

用毛细管成像法测量液相扩散系数——等折射率薄层测量方法

本文提出了一种测量液相扩散系数的新方法. 该方法用透明毛细管构成液相扩散池, 利用毛细管成像法特有的折射率空间分辨测量能力, 通过直接观察和记录扩散介质的等折射率薄层在毛细管中的移动规律, 基于扩散过程遵循的Fick第二定律计算出液相扩散系数. 在25 ℃下研究了丙三醇和纯水间的扩散过程, 扩散系数的测量值与全息干涉法的文献报道值之间的相对误差为4.47%, 论文同时分析了折射率测量精度和毛细管管壁黏滞力对扩散系数的影响. 用毛细管成像法测量液相扩散系数具有样品需要量少、测量速度快、系统稳定性好的特点, 为快速测定微量样品的扩散系数提供了一种有效的新方法. 关键词： 扩散系数 液体折射率 毛细管成像法     

液体薄膜遮光效应的研究

当激光束通过静态液体薄膜时,由于表面的全反射效应能够观察到液体薄膜的遮光效应.在此基础上,以白光为光源研究了液体薄膜的遮光效应.结果显示,白光光源的遮光图样非常清晰,且无激光散斑效应|遮光图样的中心是一个光强极强的亮域,该区域的外部为两个同心的环状暗场,两个暗场之间是亮场,亮暗边界十分清楚|液体薄膜遮光图样的半径大小与液体的折射率有关,液体折射率越大,遮光图样的半径越大.本文给出了液体薄膜遮光半径与液体折射率的解析关系,分析了遮光图样产生的必要与充分条件,并根据液体薄膜的遮光效应,建立了一种测量液体折射率的新方法,测量了纯净水的折射率.结果表明,该测量值与传统方法所测折射率的值相吻合且该方法具有设备简单、操作简便、重复性好、准确度高等特点.     

测量透明液体折射率的一种实验方法

介绍了利用分光计测量透明液体折射率的一种实验方法，实验中使用了两个等边三棱镜，将液体夹在两棱镜之间形成厚度均匀的液膜，利用全反射原理对液膜进行测量，结果表明，这种实验方法操作简便，重复性好，准确度高。     

Hybrid immersion-polarization method for measuring birefringence applied to spider silks

A technique for accurate measurement of the principle refractive indices and birefringence for silklike samples is presented. It is based on rotating the linear polarization of the illuminating light on a silk immersed in reference liquid to achieve index matching at the silk/liquid interface. The technique was used to measure the principal refractive indices of a P. eburnus radial silk at different strains. This in turn allows the calculation of strain-optic coefficients. The first measurement of the strain-optic coefficients of spider silk is presented. The technique is more generally applicable to strain-optic study of birefringent micro-optic samples.     

Near-field measurement of amplitude and phase in silicon waveguides with liquid cladding

Heterodyne near-field scanning optical microscopy (H-NSOM) has proven useful as a tool for characterization of both amplitude and phase of on-chip photonic devices in air, but it has previously been unable to characterize devices with a dielectric overcladding, which is commonly used in practice for such devices. Here we demonstrate H-NSOM of a silicon waveguide with a liquid cladding emulating the solid dielectric. This technique allows characterization of practical devices with realistic refractive index profiles. Fourier analysis is used to estimate the effective refractive index of the mode from the measured data, showing an index shift of 0.08 from air to water cladding, which is seen to correspond well to simulations.     

线性调频外差法测量液体折射率

介绍了利用半导体激光器的电流调制特性，采用线性调频外差法测量液体折射率的原理和方法。同其他方法相比，该方法测量精度高且更易控制。     

A high-precision measurement technique for evaluating alcohol concentrations using an optical metrology system based on a position sensing detector

This study develops a high-precision, non-destructive optical metrology system based on a position sensing detector for measuring the refractive index of a liquid solution such that its alcohol concentration can be derived. A series of experiments are performed to measure the refractive indices of samples of known alcohol concentrations in the range 0–99.5%. The experimental results indicate that the refractive index and the alcohol concentration are related by a quadratic function. According to this mathematical function, the refractive index of a sample with an alcohol concentration of 95% is n_95%=1.36442. The measured value of the refractive index of the same sample is found to be n_alcohol-95%=1.36587. The deviation of just 0.00145 between the two sets of results confirms the accuracy of the analytical prediction method. For a sample with a known alcohol concentration of 37%, the error between the analytically predicted concentration value and the actual value is found to be less than 0.7%. Overall, the results confirm that the proposed system provides a low-cost, straightforward and highly precise approach for measuring the alcohol concentration of liquid samples.     

Refractive index dispersion measurement on nonlinear optical polymer using V-prism refractometer

By using V-prism refractometer, the refractive indices of a polyetherketone (PEK-c) guest–host polymer system were measured with the polymer in solutions. The Lorenz–Lorentz local field formalism was used in the calculation of the refractive indices of the polymers from the measured indices of the polymer solutions and the pure solvent by using V-prism refractometer. The refractive index dispersions of the polymers were obtained by fitting the measured indices of the polymers to Sellmeyer equation. The method allows for an accuracy in index of 0.7% in the determination of the polymer indices. In addition, a large difference between the indices of the polymer and the solvent, and a higher polymer volume fraction in the measured polymer solution are favorable for a high accuracy.     

Liquid refractive index sensor with three-cascaded microchannels in single-mode fiber fabricated by femtosecond laser-induced water breakdown

Liquid refractive index sensor with three-cascaded microchannels in single-mode fiber was fabricated by femtosecond laser-induced water breakdown. When the liquid is filled in three microchannels across the fiber core, the transmission spectrum of the sensor shows interference peaks. The refractive index of liquid can be sensed accurately based on both the wavelength shift and loss change of interference peaks. The refractive index sensitivities of wavelength shift and loss change reach to as high as ?2,406.1 nm/RIU and ?156.8 dB/RIU, respectively. The sensor is insensitive to the refractive index change of liquid caused by environmental temperature. It can be used for liquid refractive index sensing with high sensitivity, especially for water pollution monitoring.     

光谱型椭偏仪对各向异性液晶层的测量

探讨了利用普通光谱型椭偏仪对各向异性液晶层进行综合性测量的可行性. 并利用法国Jobin Yvon公司的UVISEL SPME(Spectroscopic Phase Modulated Ellipsometer)光谱型椭偏仪测量了光学各向异性液晶层的折射率n_o和n_e及液晶层厚d，进一步利用椭偏仪在透射方式下测量了平行排列液晶层的光延迟特性Δnd，二者取得了很好的一致性，说明利用光谱型椭偏仪可以实现对光学单轴性液晶层及其他材料的测量，测厚精度为纳米量级. 关键词： 光谱型椭偏仪 各向异性 折射率 相位延迟     

“干涉逼近法”测量液体折射率

提出了一种高精度测量液体折射率的新方法一“干涉逼近法”.这种方法可以在测量过程中监视被测液体温度不均匀性给测量带来的误差.由于受温度测量的限制,其测量液体折射率的不确定度在1×10~(-6)到4×10~(-5)(2σ)之间,具体值取决于液体折射率的温度系数.     

Phase Controlled Laser Interference for Tunable Phase Gratings in Dye-Doped Nematic Liquid Crystals

A phase controlled multi-beam interference is applied to excite the doped liquid crystals. Control of the phase difference between the exciting beams allows the external control of the interference pattern inside the liquid crystal. The dynamic variation of the grating is made possible with a time-dependent phase change to derive the nonlinear refractive index as well as the responding speed of the material. The induced grating structure is numerically modelled with reorientational phase gratings in the liquid crystal, and the diffraction dynamics is found to be in good agreement between theoretical and experimental results.     

Light scattering by an erythrocyte based on discrete sources method: Shape and refractive index influence

An efficient method for the fast detection of properties of a single erythrocyte from its scattering characteristics is needed in practice. To develop such a method a detailed investigation of the light scattering properties of the erythrocyte and their dependence on its shape and refractive index is of great interest. In this paper the influence of the real erythrocyte's shape with deep concavities and refractive index on the scattering characteristics is analyzed based on an updated scheme of the discrete sources method. Realistic shape models of an erythrocyte, calculated from minima of membrane potential energy are considered. The numerical scheme of discrete sources method has been adjusted for shape profiles given numerically. An improved algorithm allows increasing of an accuracy of calculations.     

色散、群速与群折射率

本文讨论了群折射率存在的物理意义,指出群折射率不仅包含了折射率概念而且还体现了折射率的色散性质,同样能作为材料本身的光学性质参量.接着指出在折射率的白光干涉法测量中存在着忽视色散作用而导致的将群折射率误认为折射率的情况.将群折射率与折射率区别开来,不仅可以消除折射率测量中所存在的错误,而且可以突出色散现象在光传播时间特性上的意义.为此建立了折射率与群折射率的相互变换关系,通过对于典型物质的折射率与群折射率变换关系的计算,说明二者在数值上的差别甚至对于气体介质来说也是不能忽略的.     

High-resolution liquid refractive-index sensor using reflective arrayed-waveguide grating

A high-resolution sensor for measuring the refractive index of liquids using a reflective arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) is proposed. The refractive index of a liquid placed in the groove of the arrayed region is measured via the shift of the maximum intensity in the imaging plane of the AWG owing to the phase change in the region. The refractive index can be monitored in real time by measuring the power ratio between two output waveguides of the AWG with a narrow-band source. A mathematical model based on Fourier optics and wave optics is established. A fitting formula for the relationship between the power ratio and the refractive index of liquid is derived. The results of the study show that the proposed method can eliminate the effects of instability of the light source and the inner loss of the system and provide a refractive index resolution of 10⁻⁷.