可调谐相位板空域频域联合分析

波前编码系统采用在传统光学系统中加入相位板来扩大光学系统的景深而避免传统景深延拓技术的不利影响. 由于相位板的参数不可调, 整个系统的景深延拓扩展率也不能动态可调. 采用两相位板组合的方法可以有效克服这一点. 本文首先从光线差的角度提出了两三次相位板组合下的光线像差分布以及点扩散函数尺寸的具体关系表达式, 直观体现了系统的光线结构, 指出了光线结构和点扩散函数尺寸受两三次相位板的面型和相对位移量的影响. 其次采用稳相法从空间域给出了系统点扩散函数表达式, 依据点扩散函数的振荡性质给出了有效带宽表达式, 提出了点扩散函数在像面的位置会随两相位板面型参数以及相对于光瞳中心的位移量而发生平移. 最后利用菲涅耳积分给出两三次相位板任意面型参数和相对位移组合下的准确光学传递函数. 在得到的调制传递函数中直观体现出了面型参数和相对位移量对调制传递函数和相位传递函数以及有效带宽的影响, 并说明了此系统相位传递函数的非线性性质. 通过空间域与频率域相结合的方法分析验证了传统的两三次相位板组合具有景深可调和带宽可调的性质, 为设计可调谐波前编码系统提供了理论依据.     

Variations in the point spread function characteristics of wavelengths for a wavefront coding imaging system

The point spread function (PSF) characteristics of wavelengths for a wavefront coding imaging system are investigated. Although the phase delayed by the mask changes with wavelength, the shape of the PSF is nearly invariant with respect to wavelength. However, the position of the PSF shifts with axial chromatic aberration. If the wideband light is separated into several channels and separated channel images are restored using the same filter, then color traces may be observed in the recombined color images.     

消热差光学系统设计

引入光学材料的规化热差系数T和规化色差系数C,和到对无热差光系统设计的材料选择具有指导作用的T-C图.提出基于热差互补原理的无热差光学系统设计方法,建立了一组既消热差又消色差的方程组.给出了应用这种设计方法设计的密接三片和三分离两种结构型式的无热差系统在不同温度时的像面位移、垂轴像差和各色传递函数曲线.     

泛卡塞格林光学系统的色差研究

泛卡塞格林光学系统结构简单、像质优良,广泛应用于空间光学领域中。从对研制完成的谱段位于500～800nm的泛卡塞格林光学镜头的调制传递函数(MTF)的测量结果出发,结合泛卡塞格林光学系统的结构特点,分析表明光学设计的色差来源于其高次施密特非球面镜,提出了一种利用非球面镜的最小色差条件来改进光学系统的新方法。通过三级像差理论,分析了施密特非球面镜的面形方程,计算出最小色差条件及相应的中性带高度,进行光学设计的优化改进,取得了良好的效果。结果表明,改进后光学系统的色差由原来的31.4μm减少为4.25μm,且光学系统的MTF值达到0.6以上(40lp/mm),像质优良。该方法为类似光学系统的设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

Analysis of chromatic dispersion effect on coherent optical CPFSK system and performance improvement with the use of combinations of various optical fibers

The performance of a coherent optical continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) system is evaluated theoretically including the combined effect of fiber chromatic dispersion, non-zero laser line width and receiver noises. The system limitations imposed by chromatic dispersion and laser phase noise are depicted. The system performance can be improved by shifting the zero-dispersion wavelength to the operating wavelength of the system and this shifting can be achieved efficiently by using a suitable combination of different types of optical fibers. Dispersion shifting characteristics are demonstrated using four kinds of fibers, namely: standard single-mode fiber (SMF), dispersion shifted fiber (DSF), dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) and large core fiber (LCF). The effect of dispersion shifting on the system performance is evaluated in terms of transmission distance and bit rate.     

全景三维立体头盔显示光学系统设计

为了满足全景三维立体头盔显示器(HMD)对大视场(FOV)、小畸变、高分辨率以及轻量化的要求,设计了全景三维立体HMD的目视光学系统。采用4×3阵列式排列的12组相同的FOV角为33°×24°的高质量成像的目镜光学系统拼接成单眼目视光学系统,实现系统的大FOV设计。利用二元衍射面和非球面校正目镜光学系统的初、高级单色像差以及色差;使用有机光发射二极管(OLED)微显示器作为图像源,设计结果表明:单眼目视光学系统水平FOV达到120°,垂直FOV为60°,角分辨率为43pixel/(°);传递函数在45lp/mm处轴上FOV高于0.68,周边FOV高于0.45,系统畸变小于0.2%;系统的双目FOV为160°×60°,双目FOV重叠为80°×60°,系统重量约为91.2g。系统设计满足头盔显示光学系统的成像要求,并且实现了系统的轻量化以及低成本。     

激光靶心冲击波观测镜折反式光学系统设计

设计了一种激光靶心冲击波观测镜的光学系统.用反射式光学系统代替折射式光学系统,解决了普通玻璃在200 nm端透过率较低的问题.反射镜不引入色差,有利于系统在200~800 nm谱段消色差.为消系统轴外像差,反射系统选型为对称式.反射镜全部采用球面镜,为消反射镜以及平板玻璃窗带入的球差,引入校正镜(材料JGS1),在满足要求的条件下,控制折射镜的厚度,使系统色差满足瑞利判据的色差允差,得到了良好的成像质量.     

凝视型长波红外折衍混合光学成像系统设计

设计了一套折衍混合凝视红外热成像光学系统.该系统工作波段为8~12 μm, F数为1,全视场达12°, 总长140 mm,两个透镜均采用锗材料。衍射器件制作在第二片透镜的凸面上，可以采用金刚石车削技术进行加工．该系统成像质量接近衍射限并且相对折射系统更好地校正了色差.     

紫外宽光谱大相对孔径光学系统设计

现有大部分紫外光学镜头的工作带宽较窄,紫外镜头的材料相对较少,镜头的紫外色差校正困难,导致其应用适应性降低.采用负正透镜交叠分布与类双高斯对称式结构形式,并利用熔石英材料和氟化钙材料本身的宽光谱透过性,设计了一种兼具大相对孔径、宽视场和高分辨率的紫外宽光谱光学系统.该系统的工作波长范围为240 nm～360 nm,紫外...     

Optimization of 350× optical zoom lens with diffractive optical element

Through researching and validating, a set of optical designs using a diffractive optical element (DOE) and optimization process has been derived in this paper. We put forward a set of theories to solve the numerous quality issues in imaging and applied it to an optical design. For an optical design to be successful, it must comply with the standards of the optical system. Optical designers must also take into consideration imaging quality, wherein the most influential aspects are chromatic aberration and monochromatic aberration. We complied with systemic standards such as effective focal length and total system length. Diffractive Optical Element, based on the theory of wave phase difference, takes advantage of negative Abbe number, which might significantly eliminate chromatic aberrations of optics. Following the advanced technology applied to micro lens and etching process, precisely made micro DOE element now is possible to be manufactured in a large number. A 350× zoom lens with DOE is demonstrated in the proposal. The results show that regardless of whether chromatic aberration is axial or longitudinal, issues concerning the optical lens's chromatic aberration could be significantly reduced.     

光学系统纵向色差的仿真及验证

现有的焦距检测方法通常由于检测仪器光源波长与光学系统不完全匹配从而产生纵向色差影响检测结果。针对这一问题,研究光学系统纵向色差的变化规律,并确定在400 nm～1 000 nm波段用于表示其函数关系的Conrady公式和复消色差特性公式。根据光学系统近焦位置的离焦量与位置呈线性关系的特性, 提出使用菲索干涉仪测量5种不同波长的焦距位置,获得单透镜和双胶合镜头的纵向色差曲线。实验结果表明: 在400 nm～1 000 nm波段单色系统和消色差系统的纵向色差的函数关系分别符合Conrady公式和复消色差特性公式,研究结果为焦距的理论计算和精确检测提供了新的思路和参考。     

非制冷长波红外热像仪折衍混合双视场光学系统设计

根据衍射光学元件具有大的负向色散特性,将衍射光学元件应用于红外双视场光学系统中,根据傅里叶光学分析衍射光学元件(DOE)的消色差,列表对比折射透镜与衍射光学透镜的特性,并给出变倍比为4∶1可用作非制冷红外热像仪的光学系统的具体设计实例.系统采用切入式变焦方式,在短焦时切入2片透镜实现宽视场,通过引入二元面和非球面提高了成像质量.设计结果表明:在空间频率11 lp/mm处,短焦距40 mm时,各个视场的MTF值均大于0.6;长焦距160 mm时,各个视场的MTF值均大于0.7,宽视场和窄视场都具有较好的成像质量.     

新型轻量化可见光光谱仪成像系统研究与分析

利用衍射光学元件消色差和对波面进行任意整形及自由曲面光学元件校正像差的特性,将衍射光学元件和自由曲面光学元件应用于传统可见光光谱成像光谱仪成像系统中,提出了一种新型的可见光光谱成像光谱仪成像系统,基于衍射光学元件独特的负色散特性,用一片折射/衍射混合光学元件代替传统的双胶合透镜来实现消色差,基于自由曲面光学元件的多自由度特性,在系统中引入两个自由曲面光学元件对系统中的像差进行有针对性的校正,针对具体的设计实例给出了详细的设计步骤,设计结果表明,在相同的参数指标前提下,新型系统仅为4片式结构,和传统系统相比,重量减轻22.9%,总长缩短26.6%,最大口径减小30.6%,调制传递函数值最大提升为1.0视场,调制传递函数值提高0. 35,最大畸变减小1.6%,最大垂轴像差减小56.4%,轴向色差减小59.3%,新型系统各方面的性能都得到了较大的改进,为现代高性能、轻小型可见光光谱成像光谱仪成像系统设计提供了一种新的途径。     

部分相干光被色差透镜聚焦的光谱异常现象

研究了色差透镜聚焦宽频带部分相干光,观察到在聚焦光场轴上点出现的光谱奇异现象.结果表明:与入射光的光谱比较,聚焦光场某些轴上点的光谱发生很大的变化.这种光谱变化不仅与透镜的色差有关,而且还与入射的部分相干光的相干度有关.当色差一定时,部分相干光空间相干度越大,色差对轴上点光谱的影响就越大.而当部分相干光空间相干度一定时,色差越大,轴上点光谱的变化也就越大.研究结果还表明,在一定的条件下,光谱位移会发生快速变化,即发生了光谱开关现象.     

Chromatic aberration elimination for digital rear projection television L-type lens by genetic algorithms

Following the development of a digitalized image optics system, chromatic aberration has become increasingly important especially in lateral color aberration. For rear projection television L-type lens, chromatic aberration plays the significant role because it is easily seen when facing bright screen. Basically, the elimination of axial chromatic and lateral color aberration for an optical lens depends on the choice of optical glass. DLS (damped least squares), a Ray-tracing-based method, is limited, owing to its inability to identify an enhanced optical system configuration. Genetic algorithms were applied to so-called global optimization but unfortunately so far the results show little success. Additionally, L-type optics with aspherical surface might complicate optimization due to being nonlinear response during optimization. As an alternative, this research proposes a new feasible chromatic aberration optimization process by using algorithms involving theories of geometric optics in a lens, real encoding, multiple dynamic crossover and random gene mutation techniques. In this research, rear projection television lens with aspherical surface and L-type lens are mainly discussed. Results and conclusions show that attempts to eliminate difficult axial and lateral color aberration are successful.     

折射/衍射混合红外双焦光学系统设计

利用二元光学元件消色差和对波面进行任意整形的特点，将二元衍射面应用于红外双焦光学系统中，对变焦方程的解进行了分析，给出了具体的系统设计实例.设计结果表明，在仅使用4片锗透镜的情况下，系统焦距为80 mm，F数为0.8时，系统垂轴像差小于72μm，在10lp/mm时光学传递函数大于0.8；系统焦距为160mm，F数为1.6时，系统垂轴像差小于35μm，在10lp/mm时光学传递函数大于0.7. 关键词： 红外变焦光学系统 折射/衍射混合透镜 光学设计     

红外双焦无热化空间相机光学镜头设计

针对空间碎片探测相机光学镜头的设计要求,提出了一种全新的紧凑型、小型化、轻量化、高像质、可全天候工作、使用环境恶劣的光学镜头,突破了以往该类系统结构复杂、体积大、重量重、仅有一个焦距的瓶颈。利用衍射光学元件特殊的特性进行消色差和消热差设计,并利用锗和硅混合来校正系统色球差,最终设计镜头的焦距为30, 120 mm,相对孔径为1/4。设计结果表明,在空间频率16 lp/mm处,－40～60 ℃温度范围内,短焦距、长焦距的传递函数值分别优于0.45和0.55,接近衍射极限;短焦距、长焦距的最大RMS弥散斑直径分别为15.8, 7.2 m,远小于探测器像元尺寸30 m,表明该系统在实际使用温度环境下具有良好的成像质量。     

应用波像差理论计算Kirkpatrick-Baez系统的调制传递函数

调制传递函数（modulation transfer function,MTF）曲线可以客观地评价光学系统的成像性能。基于平面对称光学系统的波像差理论,给出了Kirkpatrick-Baez（KB）显微镜光学系统主要像差的波像差计算表达式,采用自相关法,通过Gauss-Legendre数值积分求解并绘制了KB系统的MTF曲线,且与光学分析软件的MTF曲线进行对比。结果表明:应用波像差理论计算调制传递函数不仅可以定量直观地分析KB系统的成像性能,而且能进一步解析光学系统的单项像差分布情况,提供更具针对性的系统优化方案。     

Optimum algorithm for WDM channel allocation for reducing four-wave mixing effects

A novel channel allocation method, based on optical Golomb ruler (OGR), that allows reduction of the FWM effect while maintaining bandwidth efficiency along with the algorithms has been presented in this paper. Very high-capacity, long-haul optical communication systems can be designed by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) of high-bit-rate channels and by using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) to periodically compensate the fiber loss. In such all-optical systems, the effects of chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities accumulate during light propagation, imposing limits on the achievable performance. Chromatic dispersion at 1.55 pm can be effectively reduced by using dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF). The use of very-low-dispersion fiber, however, enhances the efficiency of generation of four-wave mixing (FWM) waves by reducing the phase mismatch naturally provided by the fiber dispersion. For this reason, crosstalk due to FWM is the dominant nonlinear effect in long-haul WDM systems using DSFs. To reduce four-wave-mixing crosstalk in high capacity long-haul repeater less WDM light wave systems, the use of the channel allocation method that involves unequal spaced channels has been proposed.     

双光栅快速扫描光学延迟线的色散补偿

光学相干层析成像(OCT)系统的纵向分辨力不仅与光源的带宽有关,而且与系统中两干涉臂间的色散匹配有关。如果色散没有得到精确匹配,将使光学相干层析成像系统的纵向分辨力达不到所预期的理论值。色散问题在超高分辨光学相干层析成像系统中尤为突出。提出了一种基于双光栅快速扫描光学延迟线(RSOD),用于光学相干层析成像系统的色散补偿。该方法中新增的光栅引入了光栅间距这一独立变量,其与常规单光栅快速扫描光学延迟线机构中的光栅离焦量一起,可使光学相干层析成像系统中的群速度色散(GVD)和三阶色散(TOD)同时得到补偿。分析了双光栅快速扫描光学延迟线的色散特性和色散调节原则,并提供了一个典型光学相干层析成像系统中的色散补偿实例。