Design of a silicon-based plasmonic optical sensor for magnetic field monitoring in the infrared

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chip is proposed for magnetic field monitoring in the infrared wavelength region. The structure is based on silicon substrate and gold as SPR-active metal used with an appropriate magnetic fluid film. The angular interrogation method has been used to study the sensor’s performance in terms of large shift and small width of the SPR curve for a wide range of magnetic field between 30 and 220 Oe. The effect of field incidence angle is also studied on the proposed sensor’s performance, and it is observed that the field should be incident as parallel to the magnetic fluid surface as possible. Any possibility of oxidation problem to the proposed SPR sensor is addressed by using a stable buffer layer. All the performance parameters were found to be significantly large for the above field incidence condition. The proposed sensor is able to achieve a resolution of the order as high as 0.18 Oe for magnetic field detection.     

Effect of metamaterial layer on optical surface plasmon resonance sensor

In this paper an optical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with metamaterial for four and five layered structure is studied. The numerical results presented in this paper leads to a significant properties of metamaterials in sensing field. Computed results of SPR sensors using metamaterial are compared with conventional optical SPR sensors for four and five layered structure. It is seen that wider dynamic range or effective range of measurable refractive index increases when metamaterial layer is used. It is also verified that SPR sensor with metamaterial layer can dramatically enhance the resolution and reduce the reflectivity compared with conventional SPR. Validity of the magnetic field results is proved on the basis of smooth match of the fields in the different layers of the proposed optical SPR sensor.     

表面等离子共振现象的新应用——微弱磁场的测量

提出了一种新的表面等离子体共振传感器, 它包含三层结构: 棱镜、金属薄膜及二能级介质. 通过理论分析发现, 与通常表面等离子体共振系统不同, 这一物理系统中同时存在两种共振效应 (表面等离子体共振和能级间量子跃迁的共振效应), 它们共同作用的结果导致一系列新的物理现象, 其中一个令人感兴趣的现象是入射光的反射率对外场导致的微小能级移动十分敏感 (这一现象是通常的表面等离子体共振系统所不具有的). 由于能级移动依赖于外场, 所以最终入射光的反射率对外场具有灵敏的响应. 本文以外磁场导致能级移动的情况进行了理论计算, 结果表明, 这种表面等离子体共振系统的入射光的反射率对外加磁场极其敏感. 这一特性可以用来测量物质表面附近的微弱磁场, 有可能发展成为一种新型检测技术.     

基于光子晶体光纤交叉敏感分离的磁场温度传感研究

提出了一种基于定向耦合效应和表面等离子共振效应的交叉敏感分离的磁场温度传感结构.在光子晶体光纤的一个特定空气孔中填充磁流体,利用磁流体的磁光效应和定向耦合效应形成磁场传感通道;在垂直方向的另一空气孔的内壁镀金纳米薄膜并填充甲苯液体,利用甲苯的温敏效应和表面等离子共振效应形成温度传感通道.对应输出谱出现两个损耗峰,测量损耗峰位置可以间接测出磁场强度和温度变化.通过理论计算()和结构优化,在90—270 Oe1 Oe=10~3/(4π) A/m范围内,磁场强度的灵敏度最高可达1.16 nm/Oe;在25—60?C范围内,温度的灵敏度可达-9.07 nm/?C.虽然填充的两种液体的折射率都受环境温度的影响,但通过建立灵敏度系数矩阵,可以消除磁场强度与温度的交叉敏感,实现磁场温度双参量的高灵敏度检测.     

基于SPR原理的葡萄糖浓度折射率特性矩阵测量

设计了一种简洁的角度扫描棱镜SPR传感系统,反射式平行光路设计简化了系统结构。其主要包括光源及光强感知、平行光路结构、电机与温度控制模块构成。通过单电机扫描入射角与温度控制,实现了对葡萄糖的折射率浓度特性有效测量。理论分析存在交叉灵敏度矩阵可同时度量温度及葡萄糖质量浓度共振角度的变化规律,且实验得其灵敏矩阵。为区分温度和质量浓度对共振角度的影响以及校正SPR温度漂移提供参考。     

High-Sensitivity Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Lateral Optical Beam Displacements

We present a new optical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance （SPIt） enhanced lateral optical beam displacements. Compared with the traditional SPIt methods, the new method provides higher sensitivity to the sensor system. Theoretical simulations show that the refractive index （RI） detection sensitivity of the SPR sensor based on the displacement measurement has a strong dependence on the thickness of the metal film. When the optimal thickness of the metal film is selected, the RI resolutlon of the SPIt sensor is predicted to be 2.2 × 10^-7 refractive index units （RIU）. Furthermore, it is found that the incidence angle can be used as a parameter to adjust the operating range of the sensor to different refractive index ranges.     

偏振控制光强调制型点阵SPR传感器研究

介绍了一种偏振控制光强调制型点阵表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器,分析了入射角度、金膜厚度、起偏器设置、光源波长及数据处理方式对传感器灵敏度和线性范围的影响,并对632.8 nm与740 nm两种光源传感器系统进行了实验测试与分析.结果表明,偏振控制光强调制型点阵SPR传感器可将光经过表面等离子体共振所产生的偏振态变化...     

某型无人机系统雷电脉冲磁场效应

为检验雷电脉冲磁场辐射环境下无人机系统的安全可靠性,以某型无人机为试验对象,利用亥姆霍兹线圈和雷电浪涌发生器模拟雷电脉冲磁场,开展了无人机雷电脉冲磁场效应试验。实验结果表明,GB50057-94推荐的8/20μs雷电脉冲磁场不会干扰无人机通信而导致数据链失锁,但是机载三轴磁航向传感器受磁场干扰严重,产生零点漂移并造成已知方向上读数偏差,且放电极性决定航向角变化趋势。经过机理分析发现,在线性工作区间内磁航向传感器能够利用各向异性磁阻效应引起电阻阻值变化的规律正常工作,但高峰值雷电脉冲磁场会导致坡莫合金电阻内部磁畴排列紊乱而出现磁化,改变了传感器磁敏感度以及输出特性,且只出现在磁敏感方向上。     

A Hall effect angle detector for solid-state NMR

We describe a new method for independent monitoring of the angle between the spinning axis and the magnetic field in solid-state NMR. A Hall effect magnetic flux sensor is fixed to the spinning housing, so that a change in the stator orientation leads to a change in the angle between the Hall plane and the static magnetic field. This leads to a change in the Hall voltage generated by the sensor when an electric current is passed through it. The Hall voltage may be measured externally by a precision voltmeter, allowing the spinning angle to be measured non-mechanically and independent of the NMR experiment. If the Hall sensor is mounted so that the magnetic field is approximately parallel to the Hall plane, the Hall voltage becomes highly sensitive to the stator orientation. The current angular accuracy is around 10 millidegrees. The precautions needed to achieve higher angular accuracy are described.     

表面等离子共振效应中传统近似理论与薄膜光学理论

指出Kretschmann模型的传统表面等离子共振公式在求解金属薄膜的参量时存在近似性,采用更为严密的薄膜光学理论,通过薄膜膜系的特征矩阵,得出表面等离子体共振衰减曲线.结果表明,表面等离子体共振近似理论与薄膜光学理论得到的共振角及反射率幅度存在差别;采用等高线图,给出了共振角差随着金属介电常量的变化规律.进一步的实验表明,薄膜光学理论所得模拟结果较表面等离子体共振近似理论与实验值吻合地更好,证明薄膜光学理论应用在表面等离子体共振效应要优于常用的近似理论.最后,采用两种理论对表面等离子体共振传感器进行优化设计,结果表明,两种理论所获得的高灵敏度分布区域差异较大,必须采用薄膜光学理论提供更精确的薄膜参量,来优化设计高灵敏度表面等离子体共振传感器.     

基于表面等离子体共振的水质分析系统稳定性研究

根据表面等离子体共振的原理,建立了可用于长期、实时、不间断检测的水质分析系统.为了提高系统的稳定性,对表面等离子体共振传感芯片进行了改进,利用LB法在传感芯片的金属膜表面镀制了聚苯乙烯（PS）层.利用改进前后的表面等离子体共振传感芯片分别对两种样品进行了稳定性实验研究.分析经过长时间检测前后所测得的实验数据,发现改进后的水质分析系统所测得的溶液表面等离子体共振共振角的变化为改进前系统的1/10,最小反射率改变为改进前的1/30.实验证明,经过改进的水质分析系统能更适用于长期不间断的检测分析.     

Investigation of dual-channel fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensing for biological applications

A dual-channel fiber-optic sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for self-referencing refractive-index measurements has been proposed. Most applications of fiber-optic SPR sensors are designed to measure the refractive index of a liquid or gas sample by measuring the signal from a single surface, the sensitivity and stability of which is easily affected by the fluctuation of external environmental conditions. We have designed a dual-channel fiber-optic surface sensor with two independent SPR signals from two areas of the same probe. A prototype sensor was fabricated and characterized. The preliminary experimental results demonstrate the characteristic responses of both SPR signals from two channels that independently correspond to the refractive index changes in the liquid samples with which they are in contact. The design could be extended to a multichannel sensor with further developments. The experimental results confirmed that one channel can be used as a reference sensor that could compensate for unexpected changes in bulk refraction or temperature and develop this sensor as a practicable high-sensitivity biosensing device.     

Bimetallic Silver-Gold Film Waveguide Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor

It is desirable that a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is highly sensitive to binding interactions within the sensing region, generate evanescent fields with long penetration depths, and utilize a metal film that is very stable even in extreme environmental conditions. In this study, we present the first example of a wavelength-modulated waveguide SPR sensor with a bimetallic silver-gold film for surface plasmon excitation. The underlying silver yields better evanescent field enhancement of the sensing surface, while the overlying gold ensures that the stability of the metallic film is not compromised. It is shown experimentally that in terms of dλ/dn, the bimetallic film waveguide SPR configuration has a sensitivity of 1232 nm/RIU, greater than two times improvement from the 594 nm/RIU achievable with single gold film waveguide SPR sensor. The higher sensitivity, compact nature, and better evanescent field enhancement of this configuration provides the potential to biosensing applications.     

Bimetallic Silver–Gold Film Waveguide Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor

Abstract

It is desirable that a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is highly sensitive to binding interactions within the sensing region, generate evanescent fields with long penetration depths, and utilize a metal film that is very stable even in extreme environmental conditions. In this study, we present the first example of a wavelength-modulated waveguide SPR sensor with a bimetallic silver–gold film for surface plasmon excitation. The underlying silver yields better evanescent field enhancement of the sensing surface, while the overlying gold ensures that the stability of the metallic film is not compromised. It is shown experimentally that in terms of dλ/dn, the bimetallic film waveguide SPR configuration has a sensitivity of 1232 nm/RIU, greater than two times improvement from the 594 nm/RIU achievable with single gold film waveguide SPR sensor. The higher sensitivity, compact nature, and better evanescent field enhancement of this configuration provides the potential to biosensing applications.     

表面等离子体共振传感器的零角位置自动校准

基于角度扫描的表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器,装置简单、容易实现、性能稳定,其测量精度由角度测量精度决定。提出了一种基于激光自混合干涉效应的零角位置自动校准方法,主要用于角度扫描的表面等离子体共振传感器零角位置的自动校准。这种方法克服了人眼观察时用自准直法难以判断两光点是否完全重合的缺点,其精度可满足实验要求。     

基于BGO晶体的反射型法拉第光纤电流传感器

采用Bi4Ge3O12（BGO）晶体作为传感元件,设计了一种闭合磁环型光纤电流传感器,并对其传感特性进行了理论分析和实验研究.将BGO晶体加工成一带斜面的长方体,并在端面镀金属膜,通过光在晶体中多次临界反射来增大光程以提高测量灵敏度.实验测量得到的法拉第转角与采用倍频法测量的结果符合较好,但与实际结果存在一较大比例系数.对产生该系统误差的主要因素——传感头端面金属膜反射引起的相移及入射角偏离临界角时产生的相移进行了详细地理论分析和数值模拟.结果表明,金属膜反射和偏离临界角引起的相移对测量结果均有较大影响,但输出与作用在传感头上的磁感应强度呈很好的线性关系,可以通过将传感器的测量值乘上一个补偿系数来消除反射相移所产生的误差.     

Multi-step structure of side-polished fiber sensor to enhance SPR effect

A multi-step side-polished multi-mode fiber sensor structure based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and transverse magnetic (TM)-field-mode coupling phenomena is proposed. The multi-step structure with single-step, two-step, and three-step SPR fiber sensors are demonstrated via the difference in the SPR response for DI water. The time dependence of the measured intensity of transmitted light with the multi-step structure is observed as the variation increased. The structure with the advantages of no bulky components and no complicated signal processing gives an obvious SPR response and provides a two-fold increase for the sensitivity of intensity measurement.     

Surface profile measurement using laser-scanning angle deviation microscopy

Laser-scanning angular deviation microscopy based on the small angle measurement using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phase detection technique is proposed. The phase shift coming from a SPR sensor is measured by a common-path heterodyne interferometry. This phase deviation is proportional to the beam converging or diverging angle, due to the specimen departing from the focal plane of objective lens. Using the phase deviations, one can calculate the surface profile by use of numerical method. The specimen could be scanned in real-time and the axial-resolution could be better than 1 nm. PACS 07.79-v; 68.37.-d; 73.20.Mf; 42.30.Wb; 42.62.Eh     

Temperature dependence of the sensitivity of a long-range surface plasmon optical sensor

The temperature dependence of the sensitivity of an optical sensor based on long-range surface plasmon resonance (LRSPR) is studied via theoretical modeling. Both the ‘angular interrogation’ and the ‘wavelength interrogation’ modes of operation are studied. In addition, the variation of the full width at half maximum of the LRSPR ‘reflectance dip’ is also studied as a function of temperature, which ultimately determines the temperature dependence of the sensitivity of the sensor when the reflectance is monitored at a fixed incident angle (‘reflectance interrogation’). It is found that while most of the time only the ‘reflectance interrogation’ mode leads to improved sensitivity for the LRSPR sensor compared to a conventional SPR sensor, the temperature stability of the operation of the LRSPR sensor is generally higher than (or at least comparable to) that of the SPR sensor. PACS 73.20.Mf; 07.07.Df     

纳米金表面修饰与表面等离子体共振传感器的相互作用研究

为了分析纳米金表面修饰对表面等离子体共振(SPR)的放大作用,以及其对传感器本身的影响,首先,基于色散介质的吸收理论,通过建立波长型SPR生物传感器四层膜结构的数学模型,理论分析了传感器表面所吸附纳米金对传感器的影响:纳米金的表面修饰,改变了表面等离子体传感器中棱镜表面各介质层内电磁场的能量分布,削弱了金属膜在共振吸收中的作用,从而使SPR曲线的半波宽度增加,最小反射系数增大,金膜的最优膜厚度也随之改变.其次,通过不同厚度的金膜外吸附纳米金的对比试验,验证了此理论.金膜厚45nm、表面修饰10nm纳米金颗 关键词： 表面等离子体共振 生物传感器 纳米金 金属膜