微球透镜对亚波长表面结构的显微成像研究

为了研究微球透镜对亚波长物体的成像特性,利用直径为3.4μm的二氧化硅微球透镜对刻录蓝光光碟的亚波长表面结构进行了显微成像实验,观察了不同排列方式和液体浸没深度下微球透镜的成像特性。实验结果表明:微球透镜在不同浸没深度下对亚波长表面结构具有放大作用,放大率为1.2~1.8倍,并且通过微球透镜的密排列,可以获得更大的视场;浸没液体深度增大时,图像的放大率减小,视场增大。基于时域有限差分的电场仿真表明,微球透镜可以将光场汇聚成半高全宽为260nm,纵向可持续几个微米的高强度光区域,引起强的背景散射,从而获得普通光学显微镜不能分辨的亚波长表面结构图像。     

Fiber Optic Excitation of Silicon Microspheres in Amorphous and Crystalline Fluids

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the optical resonance spectra of free-standing monolithic single crystal silicon microspheres immersed in various amorphous fluids, such as air, water, ethylene glycol, and 4-Cyano-4’-pentylbiphenyl nematic liquid crystal. For the various amorphous fluids, morphology-dependent resonances with quality factors on the order of 10⁵ are observed at 1428 nm. The mode spacing is always on the order of 0.23 nm. The immersion in various amorphous fluids affects the spectral response of the silicon microsphere and heralds this technique for use in novel optofluidics applications. Even though the nematic liquid crystal is a highly birefringent, scattering, and high-index optical medium, morphology-dependent resonances with quality factors on the order of 10⁵ are observed at 1300 nm in the elastic scattering spectra of the silicon microsphere, realizing a liquid-crystal-on-silicon geometry. The relative refractive index and the size parameter of the silicon microsphere are the parameters that affect the resonance structure. The more 4-Cyano-4’-pentylbiphenyl interacting with the silicon microsphere, the lower the quality factor of the resonances is. The more 4-Cyano-4’-pentylbiphenyl is interacting with the silicon microsphere, the lower the mode spacing Δλ of the resonances is. The silicon microspheres wetted with nematic liquid crystal can be used for optically addressed liquid-crystal-on-silicon displays, light valve applications, or reconfigurable optical networks.     

载气环境对液态空心玻璃微球运动状态的影响

 研究了载气组份、温度、压力以及微球直径和壁厚对液态空心玻璃微球在炉内运动状态的影响。结果表明：在用干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球工艺的常用载气组份、温度和压力范围内,载气的组份、温度和压力对相同直径和壁厚的液态玻璃微球在炉内运动速度的影响小于8.3%,但载气组份和压力对液态玻璃微球运动雷诺数和韦伯数的影响很显著。玻璃微球的直径和壁厚是液态玻璃微球运动速度、雷诺数和韦伯数的重要影响因素。提高载气中的氦气含量或降低载气压力可以降低载气对液态玻璃微球的非球形化作用,提高载气温度可以降低其球形化的阻力。     

Apparent and real roughness

Some works have studied the light scattering from a rough surface immersed in a liquid, where the light scattered from the immersed rough surface was assumed to be equivalent to that scattered from a fictitious rough surface with a different texture. This work deals with this kind of problems analyzing the light scattered by a reflecting strong scatterer and the light scattered by a rough surface immersed in a transparent liquid. The general Kirchhoff solution for scattering from a rough surface has been used.It is shown that under certain conditions, the mean scattered intensity (MSI) from a surface immersed in a liquid can be quasi-indistinguishable from that scattered from a non-immersed surface with an “equivalent texture”. An expression relating the equivalent texture and the immersed surface texture was obtained.The results of this work allow to evaluate the characteristics of any surface immersed in a liquid with a known refractive index.     

单压吸收式制冷机中气泡泵稳态工作特性研究

搭建可视化的气泡泵性能实验系统,以常压饱和水为工质,对单压吸收式制冷机中气泡泵的稳态工作过程进行实验研究,就加热功率和沉浸比对气泡泵提升性能的影响进行了分析。实验结果表明,相同沉浸比下,液体的提升量随着加热功率增加而增加,但增加的速率却随加热功率的增加而减缓;较大的沉浸比有利于降低启动加热功率,提高气泡泵的效率;分析结果对气泡泵的优化设计提供了实验依据,对单压吸收式制冷机性能的提高具有重要意义。     

Dynamic simulation on the temperature field of laser micro-patterning metal in the liquid

To further understand the mechanism of laser electrochemical etching metal, it is necessary to describe the temperature field induced by laser heating metal at the liquid–solid interfaces. For solving the complex problem of laser heating a metal immersed in a liquid, the thermal phenomena adjacent to the metal–liquid interface, which was induced by means of irradiating a stainless steel sample immersed in a liquid with an 808 nm semiconductor laser beam, were numerically investigated. Based on a simplified method to solve the transient explosive boiling when a continuous wave (CW) laser heating a material in a liquid, a commercial finite element analysis (FEA) code (ABAQUS) was used to directly solve and model the transient temperature fields of laser micro-patterning metal in a liquid. As known from simulation results, the simulation of laser scanning indicates that it realizes the effect of pulse laser heating owing to laser moving and liquid cooling. Moreover, laser scanning achieves the pattern at a high resolution. At the same time, the experiment phenomena also proved that the simulation results were reasonable.     

From Lagrangian to Brownian motion

We present a Lagrangian describing an idealized liquid interacting with a particle immersed in it. We show that the equation describing the motion of the particle as a functional of the initial conditions of the liquid incorporates noise and friction, which are attributed to specific dynamical processes. The equation is approximated to yield a Langevin equation with parameters depending on the Lagrangian and the temperature of the liquid. The origin of irreversibility and dissipation is discussed.     

Ultrasonic scattering cross sections of shell-encapsulated gas bubbles immersed in a viscoelastic liquid: first and second harmonics

The oscillations of gas bubbles, without shell, immersed in viscoelastic liquids and driven by an acoustic wave have been the subject of several investigations. They demonstrate that the viscosity coefficient and the spring constant of the liquid have significant influence on the scattering cross section of the gas bubble. For shell-encapsulated gas bubbles, the investigations have been concentrated to bubbles immersed in a pure viscous liquid. This present work computes the ultrasonic scattering cross section, first and second harmonics, of shell-encapsulated gas bubbles immersed in a viscoelastic liquid. The theoretical model of the bubble oscillation is based on the generalized Rayleigh-Plesset equation of motion of a spherical cavity immersed in a viscoelastic liquid represented by a three-parameter linear Oldroyd model. The scattering cross section is computed for Albunex type of bubble (shell thickness=15 nm, shell shear viscosity=1.77 Pas, shell modulus of rigidity=88.8 MPa) irradiated by a 3.5 MHz ultrasonic pressure wave with an amplitude of 30 kPa. The results demonstrate that encapsulated bubbles respond independently of the surrounding liquid being pure viscous or viscoelastic as long as the surrounding liquid shear viscosity is as low as 10(-3) Pas. Nevertheless, for higher shear viscosities, the bubble responds differently if the surrounding liquid is pure viscous or viscoelastic. In general, the scattering cross sections of first and second harmonics are larger for the viscoelastic liquid.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of PVP kinetic inhibitor in liquid water and hydrate/liquid water systems

The possible effects of PVP (poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)) on the properties of liquid and water in clathrate hydrate has been investigated using NVT molecular dynamics simulations. A model for a monomer of the PVP polymer is immersed in three systems, liquid water, a unit cell of a hydrate in liquid water with a hydrate former and a third system where some of the liquid water molecules of this last system are replaced by a PVP monomer. Both molecular dynamics simulation and integral equation theory predict hydrogen bonding between the double bonded oxygen in the PVP ring and hydrogens in water. For the composite system, the PVP monomer has a preference for hydrogen bonding to hydrogens from the water molecules at the surface of the hydrate lattice. The simulations indicate that the PVP monomer tends to orient perpendicular to the hydrate surface. For the model systems in this study PVP may form hydrogen bonds with liquid water through the double bonded oxygen in the ring. When a hydrate crystal is immersed in the liquid water phase this hydrogen bonding is shifted towards the hydrate due to a more favourable Coulomb interaction involving hydrogens from more than one water molecule at the hydrate surface. The PVP monomer has a preference for perpendicular orientation with respect to the hydrate surface. A scheme is suggested for the characterization of kinetic hydrate inhibitors based on molecular dynamics simulations and on three basic properties. In addition to the energy between the active groups of the inhibitor and hydrate water another point of focus is the free energy changes in the interactions between the inhibitor and water as the charges are changed from zero to the original model charges. In particular the difference between this integral for the (hydrate water)–(PVP monomer) interaction and the (liquid water)–(PVP inhibitor) interaction should reflect the driving forces in freezing the inhibitor out from the liquid water phase and onto the hydrate surface. The third property in the characterization scheme is the diffusivities of groups connecting to the hydrate crystal, relative to the diffusivities of the hydrate crystal. Results are presented from simulations where a small cavity with a methane model as a guest is immersed in liquid water with free methane molecules at a temperature of 150K. Changes in structure, diffusivities and energy indicate a tendency towards a more solid–like structurde around the cavity.     

HF-Plasma pencil in liquids

The plasma pencil in liquids is a new device for the treatment of archeological artifacts. Plasma jets out from the pencil so that it makes radical changes in the conductivity and reactivity of liquids. An artifact is immersed in liquid and the plasma has a local and rapid effect on materials.     

Transverse sound in liquid-3He-aerogel system

Transverse sound in normal liquid 3He in aerogel is studied on the basis of the Landau transport equation taking into account the simultaneous oscillation of the aerogel. We show that the nature of transverse sound is strongly modified if aerogel is immersed in the liquid. Scattering of 3He quasiparticles by the aerogel molecules causes friction between the liquid and the aerogel, giving rise to coupled motion of the two systems. There exists a low-attenuation transverse sound mode in this coupled system. The high-temperature behavior of its attenuation alpha is given by alpha proportional, variant const+T-2, which is in contrast to alpha proportional, variant T in pure liquid 3He in the hydrodynamic regime.     

Modelling and verification of white light oil immersion microsphere optical nanoscope

Microsphere has been demonstrated for imaging resolution improvement based on optical microscope, and applied in many engineering and biological fields successfully, while its mechanism is still inconclusive due to the complex physics of both near-field and far-field optics involved. In this paper, a comprehensive simulation model based on point spread function is built to develop a physical insight into microsphere optical nanoscope by numerical simulation. With this model, the Fresnel-region focusing of microsphere lens is studied, which shows the contradiction between focal spot size and focal length. Furthermore, the gap between microsphere and the sample surface is investigated by numerical simulation and experimental verification. As increasing of this gap, the image resolution declines rapidly, and the image becomes blur more and more. At last, a customized sample with a flower pattern etched on silicon substrate is demonstrated with microsphere optical nanoscope, and its feature sizes of 51 nm line width are imaged clearly. While it is generally accepted that microsphere optical nanoscope can be implemented in nano-imaging, these findings quantified the limit on image resolution of this setup, which serves as a general guideline in system design of the other microsphere or micro-particle assisted microscope/nanoscope.     

Visualization of the sound scattering by a cylinder

The schlieren method is applied to visualizing the sound scattering ofa cylinder immersed in the liquids.Images of the echoes,caused by normal andoblique incidence from a cylinder,are obtained for two kinds of liquids:(1)theliquid is composed of a transparent liquid;and(2)the liquid is composed of twonon-mixable transparent liquids.It is found experimentally that the echo canbe caused by the discontinaites in the shadow zone.This fact is utilized to dem-onstrate the locus of the helical surface wave creeping along the surface of thecylinder.For such cases the three-dimensional image can be described by thismethod and has not to use the system with special appliances and complexalgorithm.     

动态断裂力学的无网格流形方法

运用无网格流形方法求解动态断裂力学问题.该方法利用单位分解法和有限覆盖技术建立形函数，形函数的建立不受域内不连续的影响，可较好地求解裂纹问题.对于局部化问题，该方法的形函数构造较其他方法更为有效，避免了其他方法在建立试函数时没有考虑不连续尖端的缺点.由于采用有限覆盖技术建立试函数，该方法克服了不连续对试函数的影响，尤其当不连续变得复杂时，更能显示该方法在处理不连续方面的优点.在求解动态断裂力学问题时，弹性动力学积分弱形式的推导采用加权残数法，空间离散采用基于单位分解法的无网格流形方法，时间离散主要采用Newmark法.最后给出两个数值算例，将计算结果与解析解对比，说明该方法的正确性和可行性. 关键词： 有限覆盖 无网格流形方法 动态断裂力学 动态应力强度因子     

金属磁记忆效应的第一性原理计算与实验研究

为研究铁磁材料应力集中区域金属磁记忆信号的产生机理及其变化规律, 采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势法, 建立了磁记忆效应的磁力学模型; 计算分析了力与磁记忆自发漏磁信号的定量变化关系. 研究结果表明:力作用导致晶格畸变是磁记忆自发漏磁信号产生的根本原因; 常温下, 磁记忆信号随应力近似线性变化的规律与X70钢管水压爆破实验结果具有很好的一致性. 研究结果有助于金属磁记忆检测机理的研究. 关键词： 金属磁记忆 第一性原理 漏磁信号     

Lasing emission of dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal microdroplet wrapped by polyglycerol in hollow glass microsphere

In this Letter,a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal(DDCLC)-filled hollow glass microsphere is demonstrated to be a resonator with good temperature response.A diglycerol layer is used to wrap the DDCLCs microdroplet to keep it steady and control its orientation.The whispering gallery mode(WGM)lasing and photonic band gap(PBG)lasing caused by two different mechanisms were obtained under the pump of a pulsed laser,and the temperature response of these two kinds of lasing was studied.For the liquid crystal and chiral material used in this Letter,both the WGM lasing and the PBG lasing have a blue shift in wavelength with increasing temperature.     

35kV/90MVA高温超导限流器低温系统

35kV/90MVA高温超导限流器的低温系统是一个开放式的液氮制冷系统,包括一个环形不锈钢杜瓦、真空绝热管、压力及温度传感器、低温阀门以及监控系统.高温超导磁体放置在杜瓦中;监控系统检测杜瓦内液氮的液面,并控制往杜瓦内进行补液.杜瓦内蒸发的氮气通过真空绝热管道直接排放到大气中.分别对不同工况下的液氮蒸发量进行了测量.进...     

Second order parametric processes in nonlinear silica microspheres

We analyze second order parametric processes in a silica microsphere coated with radially aligned nonlinear optical molecules. In a high-Q nonlinear microsphere, we discover that it is possible to achieve ultralow threshold parametric oscillation that obeys the rule of angular momentum conservation. Based on symmetry considerations, one can also implement parametric processes that naturally generate quantum entangled photon pairs. Practical issues regarding implementation of the nonlinear microsphere are also discussed.     

Surface plasmon sensor with gold film deposited on a two-dimensional colloidal crystal

A sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of plasmonic crystals fabricated via a colloidal-crystal-assisted templating method is studied. Plasmonic crystals are prepared by depositing a thin gold (Au) layer onto a two-dimensional array of polystyrene spheres self-assembled on a quartz substrate. The enhanced transmission as a result of the SPR of Au plasmonic crystals, which are immersed in different ambient liquids, are measured and compared with that of polystyrene (PS) microsphere templates of different sizes, both before and after removal of Au nanoprisms formed on the quartz substrate through pores among the spheres. It is found that the measured sensitivities exhibit a linear dependence on the refractive index of the surrounding medium and are linked to coupling effects between SPRs on the corrugated Au film and nanoislands. The feasibility of the SPR system in molecular monolayer detection is further demonstrated through a formation of alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on the Au film surface, which causes a 4 nm red-shift of the main SPR. PACS  07.07.Df; 73.20.Mf; 78.66.-w; 81.16.Dn     

液晶光阀大屏幕显示中的偏振分色系统

在液晶光阀全彩色大屏幕显示中，偏发色系统是极其关键的，它含偏振和分色两重功能于一体，直接对显示图像的亮度、对比及色平衡等指标作出贡献。本系统共有４个偏振或消偏振分光镜和红、绿、兰三个修饰滤光片组成，全部偏振分色滤光片被封在一个油箱内。该系统得到了很好的性能，具有很高的消光比。