Reversed-flow gas chromatographic study of interaction between the components of a salt-modified adsorbent

Summary The new Technique of reversed-flow gas chromatography was used to study the possible interactions between the two components of salt-modified adsorbents. The inert volatile solutes weren-hexane and benzene. Partition ratios of these solutes on the modified adsorbents, at various temperatures, were measured, followed by the determination of the differential enthalpies of adsorption. The plots of these enthalpies versus mole fraction of the modifier show a minimum for benzene and a maximum forn-hexane. These are taken as indications of an interaction between the components of the modified adsorbent.     

添加剂对乙二胺湿法烟气脱硫的影响

采用自主设计的鼓泡吸收装置,以乙二胺溶液为脱硫剂,研究了盐酸、硫酸、磷酸、柠檬酸和硼酸作为添加剂对湿法烟气脱硫的影响。实验结果表明,加入酸添加剂后,提高了吸收液的有效吸收容量。其中,乙二胺/硼酸和乙二胺/磷酸的有效吸收容量较高,分别为266 mg/L和269 mg/L,pH值缓冲效果最佳。同时发现,乙二胺溶液的脱硫率随时间的延长而迅速减小;加入添加剂后,吸收液能在较长时间内保持较高脱硫率。10次吸收-解吸循环实验结果显示,乙二胺/硼酸、乙二胺/磷酸和乙二胺/柠檬酸的平均脱硫率均达99%,SO2解吸顺序为乙二胺/硼酸乙二胺/磷酸乙二胺/柠檬酸。硼酸和磷酸可强化乙二胺湿法烟气脱硫过程,是具有开发前景的添加剂。     

烟气共存成分对微波辐照活性炭同时脱硫脱硝的影响研究

研究了O₂、CO₂以及水蒸气等各种烟气共存成分对微波辐照活性炭脱硫脱硝的影响。实验结果表明,SO₂对烟气脱硝有一定的抑制作用;烟气中水蒸气会抑制脱硫,低浓度水蒸气含量使脱硝效率上升,但高浓度水蒸气使脱硝效率下降;O₂和CO₂的存在可在一定程度上促进脱硫脱硝,但高浓度的O₂和CO₂会造成活性炭的损耗,从而抑制与脱硫和脱硝有关的还原反应。采用此方法可有效脱除烟气中SO₂和NO_{x,其脱除效率均在90%以上。}     

Experiment and mechanical analysis of flue gas desulphurisation with organic solvent

A novel flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) technology using an organic solvent, dimethyl sulphoxide, has been studied. Process parameters studied included solvent concentration, temperature, flow rate and their role in the removal of SO₂ from flue gas. The mechanism of FGD by the organic solvent method is discussed and should be of assistance in the industrial removal of SO₂ from flue gas.     

宽工作温度烟气脱硝催化剂制备及反应机理研究

以溶胶-凝胶法制备介孔TiO₂载体,采用分步浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,借助BET、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、SEM、活性评价、In-situ FT-IR等手段,考察了催化剂的结构、酸性、还原性、脱硝活性及反应机理等。介孔TiO₂载体比表面积为158.6 m²/g,制成催化剂后比表面积略有降低,约为136.7 m²/g。针对模拟烟气在φ_NH3/φ_NO=0.8的条件下测试催化剂的脱硝活性温度窗口为250~400 ℃,脱硝转化率达到80%。NH₃-TPD和H₂-TPR表征结果表明,催化剂在活性温度范围内具有典型的表面酸性位,载体TiO₂与V₂O₅之间存在的相互作用使得V₂O₅还原温度降低。利用In-situ FT-IR研究NH₃和NO在V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂表面吸附和氧化的反应过程发现,NH₃可同时吸附在L酸位和B酸位,NH₃在活性位上氧化脱氢形成NH₂物种是SCR脱硝反应的控制步骤。研究NO+O₂+NH₃反应时发现,吸附NH₃的催化剂引入NO和O₂后,共价吸附的NH₃首先消失。选择性催化还原反应发生在吸附态NH₃和气态或弱吸附态的NO之间,该反应遵从Eley-Rideal反应机理。     

离子色谱法测定烟气脱硫海水中的亚硫酸根离子

建立了燃煤电厂烟气脱硫海水中亚硫酸根(SO2~3)的离子色谱-脉冲安培检测方法。色谱柱为IonPac AS14A阴离子交换柱,流动相为14 mmol/L NaOH-12 mmol/L Na2CO3溶液(pH 11.7),流速1.2 mL/min,脉冲安培法检测。因SO2~3易被氧化,故在采样时加入甲醛作为保护剂,使之稳定存在。在测定海水样品前,用NaOH溶液(pH 12.0)沉淀海水中的Mg2+,以避免其在pH较高的流动相中生成沉淀堵塞色谱柱。采用该方法检测SO2~3的线性范围为0～100 mg/L,平均回收率为116.8%,检出限为0.05 mg/L;对7.5,25.0和75.0 mg/L的海水基底加标溶液分别进行9次平行测定,其相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为2.1%,3.1%和4.0%。该方法具有快速、灵敏、选择性好等特点,用于烟气脱硫的海水中SO2~3的检测,可得到令人满意的结果。     

Calorimetric study of calcium aluminate cement blended with flue gas desulfurization gypsum

The use of by-product gypsum is an important alternative in concrete design. In present experiment, conduction calorimetry was applied to investigate the early hydration of calcium aluminate cement (CAC)/flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum paste, supplemented with the determination of setting times and analysis of hydrates by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that different profiles of heat evolution rate were presented depending on the CAC/FGD gypsum ratio. Two distinct exothermic peaks, associating with CAC hydration and ettringite formation respectively, appeared when the FGD gypsum content was less than 20%. Hydrate barrier mechanism was introduced to explain the difference in induction periods of the pastes with or without FGD gypsum. It is concluded that the blending of FGD gypsum accelerates the hydration of CAC for the quick formation of ettringite and generates greater hydration heat from per gram of pure CAC for the high exothermic effect of ettringite formation. The dissolution and diffusion of gypsum plays an important role of reacting controller during the hydrations of the pastes with FGD gypsum. The modified hydration process and mechanism in this case is well visualized by means of calorimetry.     

On the analysis of mercuric nitrate in flue gas by GC-MS

Recent research has demonstrated that in a simulated flue gas stream containing NO(2) and SO(2) elemental mercury is initially captured on a carbon or manganese oxide sorbent. After approximately an hour, however, mercury breaks through relatively rapidly, and the volatile form of mercury emitted is an oxidized species. The volatile mercury species emitted from a granular MnO(2) sorbent was trapped in an impinger containing cold acetonitrile. Subsequent evaporation of 95% of the acetonitrile in a Kuderna-Danish apparatus and gas chromatography (GC) of the concentrate resulted in a single mercury-containing GC peak at 5.5 min; the retention time and mass spectrum of this compound matched exactly those of a standard mercury(II) nitrate hydrate, Hg(NO(3))(2).H(2)O dissolved in acetonitrile. The volatile mercury component analyzed from injection of this standard solution was shown to be a form of methylmercury that is produced in the GC column by reaction of the highly reactive mercury nitrate with the methylsiloxane GC phase. Because the on-column derivatization reaction seems to be unique to mercury nitrate, the GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic) analysis provides strong evidence for identification of the trapped oxidized mercury species as mercury nitrate although, because the nitrate becomes detached from the mercury atom in the on-column reaction, the identity is not proven.     

Continuous measurement of metals in flue gas using ICP-OES

A system capable of continuously measuring a range of metallic elements in the effluent gas from incinerators and other similar industrial processes, and providing on-line results has been developed. With a state-of-the-art mobile laboratory measurements were taken from a UK municipal solid waste incinerator. The detection system used was an ICP-OES, with a modified torch to allow the introduction of flue gas directly into the plasma. Metals that were investigated were Ni, Hg, V, Al, Na, Ca, Cu, Sn, Pb, Sb, As, Cd and Tl, with limits of detection in the range 0.0004 mg m^–3 to 0.1 mg m^–3 being calculated. Emission measurements produced data that showed that the MSWI plants emission were significantly lower than the emission limits specified in EC 2000/76/EC.     

Chemical markers’ fishing and knockout for holistic activity and interaction evaluation of the components in herbal medicines

A strategy based on chemical markers’ fishing and knockout has been proposed for holistic activity and interaction evaluation of the bioactive components in herbal medicines (HMs). It was devised to screen bioactive-compound group that represents the efficacy of HM, estimate the bioactivity contribution of each component and elucidate the interactions of multi-components. This strategy was accomplished through the following steps: (1) screen out the chemical markers (target peaks) in a HM fingerprint using online two-dimensional turbulent flow chromatography/liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technique, (2) fish target peaks and knockout any interested peak, and (3) evaluate the bioactivities of fishing and knockout portions. After comparison of the bioactivities of samples containing different target peaks, the efficacy of target-peak group, bioactivity contribution of each compound, and the interactions of multi-components are elucidated. Using Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Bulbs of Lycoris radiata (L. Herit.) Herb. (BLR) as the experimental materials, four target peaks were screened out as the AChE binders. By target peaks’ fishing and knockout, combined with activity evaluation, we observed that the bioactivity of the four-peak mixture is similar with the global bioactivity of BLR extract, and there are significant suppressive actions among these four target peaks. These results indicate that this proposed strategy is a useful approach for holistic screening of bioactive-compound group and elucidation of the multi-component interactions in HM.     

中药地榆的化学成分分析

报道了中药地榆提取物化学成分的分析.首先采用正反相硅胶色谱柱层析共分离纯化出15个单体,然后经波谱分析等方法鉴定了其中13个化合物的结构.     

Some applications of the ultramicrobalance to power station of flue gas research

Mechanisms of formation and emission of acid smuts have been investigated using an apparatus based on an ultramicrobalance. Conclusions drawn from the experimental results are that, of the three potentially most significantly smut-forming processes, condensation of sulphuric acid is most important whilst catalytic adsorption of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid adsorption above the acid dewpoint play minor roles.     

Chemical ionization of ethylene dibromide with ammonia gas

Under ammonia chemical ionization conditions, a fragment ion of ethylene dibromide undergoes a nucleophilic substitution reaction which is demostrated to be highly pressure-dependent upon the reagent gas concentration. This reaction is strongly influenced by the stability of the intermediate carbonium ion and the ability of the substituted product ion to be stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.     

CuO/Al2O3脱硫反应单颗粒模型化研究

针对氨再生CuO/Al2O3脱硫反应只发生在固体内外表面的CuO上这一特性,在粒子模型基础上,建立了描述氨再生CuO/Al2O3脱硫的单颗粒数学模型,并在热重分析仪上进行了CuO/Al2O3颗粒脱硫反应动力学的研究,将反应过程中CuO逐步变为CuSO4、孔隙率逐渐减小及气相SO2的有效扩散系数逐渐降低的现象用经验式De=α（1-x）b表达,从而使结构变化对反应的影响在颗粒模型中体现出来。模型预测与实验结果吻合良好。数值分析表明,孔扩散对CuO/Al2O3颗粒脱硫反应进程起重要作用,扩散活化能随反应的进行而增大。     

一种新型半干法烟气脱硫方法的机理分析

湿法烟气脱硫是目前效率最高、应用得最为广泛的一种烟气脱硫技术，因制浆设备庞大，占地面积大，管道设备易腐蚀、结垢，有废水污染和烟气再加热系统等，使其投资和运行费用均较高，使湿法脱硫在某些场合(如要求中等脱硫效率且费用低)的应用受到一定的限制。与湿法脱硫相比，干法烟气脱硫由于不需要喷水和再加热系统而成为一种简易的低成本脱硫方法，     

不同碱基物质对燃煤烟气脱氯的影响

实验探究NaOH、Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃这三种常见的碱基物质在模拟燃煤烟气中的实际表现,发现三种碱基物质均具有一定的脱氯性能,NaOH、Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃的脱氯性能依次下降,以脱氯效率70%为目标,使用三种碱基物质Na/Cl比分别需要达到5.8、7.1、8.7。高浓度SO₂的存在对烟气脱氯有竞争作用,随着SO₂浓度的提高,脱氯效率线性下降,不同碱基物质下,SO₂浓度对脱氯效率的影响规律基本一致,SO₂浓度每增加100 mg/m³,脱氯效率下降约1.4%。由于三种碱基物质达到相同脱氯效率时的Na/Cl比不同,综合考虑成本和溶解性,NaOH最具工业应用价值。     

烟气脱硫活性炭微波再生特性的实验研究

研究了烟气脱硫活性炭的微波再生特性。通过扫描电镜、N₂吸附、元素分析、Boehm滴定表征微波再生对活性炭孔隙结构和表面化学性质的影响,分析微波再生对活性炭吸附烟气中SO₂的影响规律。结果表明,微波再生功率越高,SO₂再生曲线越窄,峰值浓度越高,有利于载硫活性炭的解吸和高浓度再生气的获取。微波再生对活性炭起到了活化作用,使活性炭的孔结构变狭长。随着微波再生功率的提高,活性炭的微孔比表面积、微孔孔容增加,酸性官能团含量上升,碱性官能团含量下降。100 W再生后,活性炭再生不完全,残留的H₂SO₄影响了活性炭的吸附,活性炭的SO₂吸附性能下降。200、300、400 W工况下,活性炭的SO₂吸附容量均得到提高,且随着再生功率的提高,活性炭的碱性官能团含量上升,微孔比表面积、微孔孔容增加,SO₂吸附性能逐渐增强。