All-optical up-conversion for 2.5-Gb/s signals in ROF systems based on FWM effect in HNLF

We propose and demonstrate experimentally a novel scheme to realize all-optical up-conversion and wavelength-conversion based on the bi-directional-pump four-wave mixing （FWM） effect in high nonlinear fibers （HNLFs）.The pump is generated with optical carrier suppression in a Mach-Zehnder modulator.The two pumps are always parallel and phase-locked.A balance-detection photo-detector for optical signal detection is employed with 3-dB improvement in power penalty.The 2.5-Gb/s signals are transmitted successfully over the 25-km single-mode fiber in 30-GHz radio over fiber （ROF） systems.     

Four-wave mixing analysis in WDM optical communication systems with higher-order dispersion

Four-wave mixing (FWM) is one of the major limiting factors in WDM optical fiber communication systems. In this paper, we analyze the individual and combined effect of second-, third-, fourth- and fifth-order dispersion parameters on FWM at different input channel powers and core effective areas, which have not been calculated earlier. FWM power versus channel power graphs for individual and combined effects of dispersion parameters have been presented, and it has been observed that FWM reduces for combined effect of dispersion parameter.     

Enhancement of multiple four-wave mixing via cascaded fibers with discrete dispersion decreasing

Cascaded fiber geometry with the dispersion of each fiber decreasing is proposed to enhance the multiple four-wave mixing(FWM) generation. The first fiber with relatively large dispersion initiates and accelerates the expansion of multiple FWM, and the second fiber with small dispersion would allow the phase-matching process(thus the spectrum broadening)to keep going. Numerical and experimental results show that with this geometry not only multiple FWM expansion can be accelerated, but also the efficiency of multiple FWM products can be effectively improved with shorter fibers.     

Power-independent technique to extract the dispersion parameters of an optical fiber using four wave mixing

Conventional methods which extract dispersion parameters of an optical fiber using four wave mixing rely on the measurement of optical power in the generated wavelengths, and hence are prone to measurement errors. We propose and demonstrate a power-independent method to extract the dispersion curve of a fiber using four wave mixing (FWM). The analytical equations that have been traditionally used to estimate the phase mismatch in FWM are modified to cater to low-dispersion fibers, and are verified. Experiments to obtain the dispersion curve of a low-dispersion and highly nonlinear fiber are discussed and the results are analyzed. Limitations of any FWM-based method to extract the dispersion curve of a fiber are presented for the first time.     

基于光纤四波混频波长转换和色散的慢光实验研究

对基于光纤四波混频（FWM）波长转换和色散的慢光实现进行了详细和系统的实验研究.首先,实验测定了高非线性光纤中FWM带宽约为40 nm,从而确定了慢光的可调谐带宽;接着,在普通单模光纤和色散补偿光纤（DCF）中针对500 MHz正弦信号和100 ps短脉冲信号分别实现了34和198 ns的脉冲延迟,在DCF中还实现了209 ns的脉冲提前.讨论了增大延迟量的方法,指出随着宽带FWM波长转换的实现和大色散光纤的应用有望获得微秒量级的大延迟量,从而为高性能光纤延迟线和全光缓存器等应用提供支持. 关键词： 慢光 四波混频 色散     

非均匀零色散波长光纤中的四波混频效率

本文讨论了光纤零色散波长的离散对光纤中四波混频效率的影响,导出了多段均匀零色散波长光纤输出的四波混频光波强度的表达式,进而对该式进行了推广,导出了一般情况下的表达式.最后我们对几种具体情形进行了计算.计算结果表明当光纤的零色散波长存在漂移时,光纤中四波混频效率显著降低.而且光纤零色散波长漂移的幅度和分布规律以及泵浦光波长的选取对光纤四波混频效率也有重要影响.     

Effects of frequency and polarization allocations on FDM lightwave transmission systems

In long-haul frequency-division-multiplexing (FDM) lightwave transmission systems, transmission characteristics are degraded by four-wave mixing (FWM) generated in optical fibers. To overcome this problem in equally spaced (ES) allocation, modified repeated unequally spaced (RUS) allocations such as equally spaced RUS (ERUS) and unequally spaced RUS (URUS) allocations have been already examined. Also, it has been shown that FWM noises are decreased by arranging the polarization states of the channels. In this paper, dependence of FWM noises on frequency allocations and polarization allocations is investigated. It is revealed that FWM noises are decreased in ES, RUS, ERUS, and URUS with alternating polarization allocations of the channels, and FWM noises are drastically reduced when light polarizations are perpendicularly crossed at both sides of the zero dispersion frequency.     

Optimum Compensator Positioning to Reduce Four-Wave Mixing in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Optical Communication Systems Using Dispersion-Managed Fibers

Abstract

The impact of the compensator's location along the optical fiber on a variation of four-wave mixing power penalty is investigated theoretically and numerically for dispersion-managed fibers in wavelength division multiplexing systems. The power penalty is analyzed for fibers with different attenuation coefficients and lengths, and the optimum positions for the compensator along the fiber is discussed in cases of both dispersion compensation of each fiber section between two amplifiers and whole-compensation.     

Stimulated Brillouin scattering limited intensity-dependent four-wave mixing between pump and signal in a non-zero dispersion shifted fiber

The intensity-dependent four-wave mixing (FWM) efficiency is derived by the nonlinear Schrodinger equations including the self phase modulation and cross phase modulation between the two Fabry–Perot modes of a pump and a single-wavelength signal. The maximum FWM for mixing the pump with signal in non-zero dispersion shifted fiber is explained as the minimum phase mismatch for FWM due to equal group delay for the pump and signal. It was also found that the experimental measurements for the generated FWM power are limited by the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold. Under the SBS threshold, the experimental results are still coincided well with the theoretical calculations of the FWM generated power ratio to have the difference of 0.12 dB for the input signal power of 12 mW.     

Performance comparison of wavelength shift keying WDM system and conventional on-off WDM system in presence of four-wave mixing

Performance of wavelength shift keying (WSK) wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) system is analyzed and compared to that of conventional on-off keying (OOK) WDM system in respect of four-wave mixing (FWM) effect. WSK technique employs symmetric wavelength assignment and balanced detection to cancel FWM interference to first order. WSK–WDM outperforms conventional OOK–WDM at all signal levels and permits higher allowable input power, lower power penalty and higher transmission distance for a given bit-error rate of 10⁻⁹. WSK–WDM is also found to be noise resistant.     

Analysis of 2.5 Gbit/s GPON downlink optical-receiver performance

In the gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) optical communication system, the selection of fiber and system performance-analysis is the key links for the realization of system function. Especially the characteristic budget and parameter setting of downlink receiver are topped the list. The analysis of receiver power penalty can reduce the influence on receiver sensitivity and bit error rate (BER) that caused by waveguide dispersion and pulse widening. This article will simulate the performance of GPON downlink receiver, then analyze typical characteristics such as Four Wave Mixing (FWM), Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), system eye pattern and Q factor and so on, so as to validate the feasibility of the optical downlink.     

Power penalty of cascaded Bragg gratings in the presence of PMD and PDL

Considering the presence of birefringence in Bragg gratings, the spectral polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization dependent loss (PDL) induced power penalty of eye opening is examined for a network with cascaded Bragg gratings. It is shown that when the birefringence in the grating is less than 10⁻⁵, the induced power penalty is less than 0.1 dB for a network with up to 30 cascaded Bragg gratings. However, when the grating birefringence is on the order of 10⁻⁴, the induced power penalty can be as high as 5.6 dB for a network with 14 cascaded Bragg gratings.     

Multichannel wavelength multicasting for two QPSK signals based on FWM in SOA

We experimentally demonstrate multichannel wavelength multicasting for two nonreturn-to-zero quadrature phase-shift keying(NRZ-QPSK) channels based on four-wave mixing(FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA). Through the interaction with the two pumps in SOA, the input two 25 Gb/s NRZ-QPSK channels are successfully simultaneously multicast to five and two new wavelengths, respectively. All the multicast channels are with a power penalty less than 2.5 d B at a bit error rate(BER) of 10-3. A characterization of the system performance using conversion efficiency and BER as figures-of-merit in terms of pump and signal powers is also presented. The results indicate that the pump and signal powers can be optimized to eliminate the introduced deleterious nonlinear components. The wavelengths of the two NRZ-QPSK channels and the two pumps need to be specified to avoid the crosstalk induced by high-order FWM.     

Performance Optimization of Dispersion-Managed WDM Systems Based on Four-Wave Mixing

We systemically investigate the interchannel four-wave mixing (FWM) in dispersion-managed WDM systems with arbitrary launch position. We optimize the number of fiber sections, and the dispersion ratio for the system performance.     

长脉冲抽运光子晶体光纤四波混频和超连续谱的理论研究

本文数值研究了长脉冲抽运光子晶体光纤四波混频和超连续谱的产生.依据准连续波近似下的相位匹配条件和能量守恒定律,能够理论上确定在光子晶体光纤正常色散区抽运时,四波混频效应产生的信号光和空闲光波长;以及在光纤反常色散区抽运时,调制不稳现象产生的两个对称旁瓣波长.利用自适应分步傅里叶法,定量地模拟了利用波长为1064 nm的亚纳秒激光器抽运两种不同色散特性的光子晶体光纤四波混频效应和超连续谱的产生,模拟结果与实验结果符合非常好. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 超连续谱 四波混频 自适应分步傅里叶法     

Amplification of 12 × 10 Gb/s WDM signals with negligible FWM crosstalk in a double-pumped fiber optical parametric amplifier

We report on the amplification of 12 × 10 Gb/s wavelength-division-multiplexed signals by a double-pumped fiber optic parametric amplifier (2P-FOPA). A gain of 10 dB is obtained using a 4.3 km-long conventional dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) as nonlinear medium. Our spectra show negligible generation of spurious FWM products, and we attribute this to the small variations of the zero-dispersion wavelength of the DSF. The 2P-FOPA performance is assessed through Q-factor measurements, and we show that for output powers per channel ranging from −15 to 3 dBm the power penalty is less than 0.5 dB.     

Relative intensity noise induced by four-wave mixing in the case of two-wave transmission in an optical fiber

Four-wave mixing (FWM) is a significant nonlinear effect in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) fiber-optic systems. For two-wave transmission, it is easily found that the FWM noise power decreases with frequency spacing and increases with signal power. However, the variation of relative intensity noise (RIN) with frequency spacing and signal power is only 2 dB at most. The intensity fluctuations induced by the energy exchange between the FWM generated new waves and the original ones are trivial and the influence of FWM on RIN can be neglected. It is also found that the increase of RIN with signal power is mainly attributed to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) rather than FWM.     

Priority-based parameter optimization strategy for reducing the effects of four-wave mixing on WDM system

In order to meet the ultra high speed and ultra long-haul transmission distance in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, the nonlinear impairment affecting the overall spectral efficiency and system performance should be minimized. This paper proposes a strategy to mitigate the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in WDM system. The strategy determines the effect of both single and combined effects of second, third, and fourth optimization priority parameters such as fiber length, input power, dispersion, channel spacing, and effective area on FWM power. A comparison study was made under different types of optical fiber such as single-mode fiber (SMF), dispersion shifted fiber, non-zero dispersion fiber, and non-zero dispersion shifted fiber. In addition, the system performance in term of bit-error-rate was calculated in the case of single priority (impact of effective area) and combined priority (impact of effective area, input power, fiber length and channel spacing). The results show that the FWM effect was reduced based on the transmission parameters order of optimization, i.e., priority selection proposed. Moreover, the results indicated that increasing sequentially the effective area, fiber length; channel spacing and decreasing the input power provide the most significant sequence in suppressing the effects of FWM. This priority sequence brought the suppression ratio to approximately 26.3% in SMF, which suppressed the FWM effects up to −50 dBm. In term of BER; the combined priority introduces improvement in BER of 2.31 × 10⁻²⁵ in comparison with single priority that has value of BER 4 × 10⁻¹⁴. Finally, this work suggests that the proposed priority-based parameter optimization strategy is an ideal solution for optimum performance of WDM system.     

Analysis of bottlenecks in DWDM fiber optic communication system

This paper deals with the limiting factors like Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and Four Wave Mixing (FWM) in DWDM Fiber Optic Communication. The variation of SBS threshold power level for the spectral width of the source is analyzed and it is found that addition of spectral width in the source lowers the SBS effect. By reducing the SBS effect, we could transmit more optical power in a single channel and maintain high OSNR. Similarly the effect of phase mismatching (dispersion) and wavelength spacing on both FWM and SRS are analyzed. This work aims at finding the optimal value of spectral width, dispersion and channel spacing, thereby exploring the possibilities of increasing the overall capacity of the fiber optic trunk line.     

一种适于高速,多路通信系统的小色散单模光纤

给出了色散系数分别为（±２ｐｓ／ｋｍ／ｎｍ的小色散单模光纤一种可能的折射率分布及主要的设计参数，并讨论了此光纤在系统中的应用。结果表明小色散单模光纤具有的适当色散，既可有效抑制四波混频，又不致造成严重的色散限制，故适于高速、多路光纤通信系统采用。在系统中同时使用色散补偿技术时，在相邻在线放大器间采用ＩＴＵ－ＴＧ．６５２常规单模光纤结合负小色散单模光纤的方案不仅可有效地抑制四波混频并减小光纤色散限制，使１０×１０Ｇｂ／ｓ、１０级掺铒光纤放大器系统占用带宽从１６．２ｎｍ压缩到９．４ｎｍ；甚至可能实现等间距信道传输，从而大大简化了此类系统的设计