A noise-immune method of phase unwrapping in speckle interferometry

A new phase unwrapping method that has the advantage of unwrapping of phase distribution with severe noise such as those obtained in speckle interferometry is proposed. First, computer simulations were carried out to examine the performance of the proposed method. Speckled noisy data were generated in the computer, and various types of filters having different sizes for the windows were used to carry out the phase unwrapping. It is found that the method is largely capable of phase unwrapping, and it works quite well even when the human eye cannot recognize clearly the phase jumps due to noise. Finally, the present method was applied to experimental phase distribution obtained by the speckle-shearing interferometer. The proposed method is quite simple and effective from the point of computations involved.     

A new method of studying the statistical properties of speckle phase

A new theoretical method with generality is proposed to study the statistical properties of the speckle phase. The general expression of the standard deviation of the speckle phase about the first-order statistics is derived according to the relation between the phase and the complex speckle amplitude. The statistical properties of the speckle phase have been studied in the diffraction fields with this new theoretical method.     

Mode-shape measurement of piezoelectric plate using temporal speckle pattern interferometry and temporal standard deviation

This study proposes an image processing method to improve the quality of interference fringes in mode-shape measurement using temporal speckle pattern interferometry. A vibrating piezoelectric plate at resonance was investigated, and the full-field optical information was saved as a sequence of images. According to derived statistical properties, an algorithm was developed to remove noise from both the background and disturbance, resulting in high-resolution images of excellent quality. In addition, the resonant frequency and mode shape obtained using the proposed algorithm demonstrate excellent agreement with theoretical results obtained by the finite element method.     

A fast,accurate phase unwrapping method for wavelet-transform profilometry

A novel phase unwrapping method used in wavelet-transform profilometry is presented to improve the accuracy and speed of the unwrapping process. The wrapped phase of the fringe image is extracted by using wavelet transform. How to establish quality map using scale factor at wavelet ridge is discussed firstly. The proposed method can reflect the reliability of the pixels in fringe image effectively. As the consuming time of traditional flood-fill phase unwrapping algorithm is too long, an improved quality-guided method is used in phase unwrapping process. We divide the wrapped phase map into two levels following the established quality map, and process these two levels using different algorithms. Compared with the traditional flood-fill algorithm, we can get the accurate result while the consuming time of the phase unwrapping process is much less by using the proposed method. Simulation and experiment results verify that the 3D information of the measured object can be obtained rapidly and accurately by using the proposed method. Also the dynamic object can be measured too.     

A new speckle carrier method in speckle interferometry

A new speckle carrier technique is presented, which can solve the problem in one-beam laser speckle interferometry, that the direction of the displacement vector is ambiguously determined when the point-wise method is used. The method is very easy and convenient and the results are good. Some discussion about the relationship between the carrier frequency and the displacements is given.     

Continual deformation analysis with scanning phase method and time sequence phase method in temporal speckle pattern interferometry

If a laser beam illuminates a continual deformation object surface, it will lead to a temporal speckle pattern on the observation plane. Recording this time-dependent speckle pattern the deformation of the surface of an object can be obtained. Two methods, scanning phase method (SPM) and time sequence phase method (TSPM), have been introduced for measuring the displacement caused by the deformation in temporal speckle pattern interferometry (TSPI). Their principle is that by capturing a series of speckle interference patterns related to the object deformations, the fluctuations in the intensity of the interference patterns can be obtained. Through scanning these fluctuations and estimating both the average intensity and modulation of the temporal speckle interference patterns, the phase maps for whole-field displacements are calculated. In this way one is capable of quantitatively measuring continual displacements simply using a conventional electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) system without phase shifting or a carrier. The elaboration on the new methods is given in this paper and experiments are performed to demonstrate their performance with a conventional ESPI system.     

The gated integration technique for the accurate measurement of the autocorrelation function of speckle intensities scattered from random phase screens

A new approach based on the gated integration technique is proposed for the accurate measurement of the autocorrelation function of speckle intensities scattered from a random phase screen. The Boxcar used for this technique in the acquisition of the speckle intensity data integrates the photoelectric signal during its sampling gate open, and it repeats the sampling by a preset number, m. The average analog of the m samplings output by the Boxcar enhances the signal-to-noise ratio by , because the repeated sampling and the average make the useful speckle signals stable, while the randomly varied photoelectric noise is suppressed by . In the experiment, we use an analog-to-digital converter module to synchronize all the actions such as the stepped movement of the phase screen, the repeated sampling, the readout of the averaged output of the Boxcar, etc. The experimental results show that speckle signals are better recovered from contaminated signals, and the autocorrelation function with the secondary maximum is obtained, indicating that the accuracy of the measurement of the autocorrelation function is greatly improved by the gated integration technique.     

A speckle method of gray level pseudocoloring

A simple method of pseudocoloring gray level images is proposed. It is based on Young's fringes modulated speckle encoding of images. Reconstruction from a photographic register is obtained using two light beams with different wavelengths at the same time. Pseudocoloring is produced by the superposition of a (diffracted) direct image in one color and a (directly transmitted) contrast reversed image in another color.     

Practical method to estimate the standard deviation in absorption coefficients measured with THz time-domain spectroscopy

A model of standard deviation in the intensity spectrum of electric field observed with the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is proposed to estimate the random error in the transmittance and absorption coefficients from a single or a few measurements of a sample. The proposed standard deviation which is derived on the basis of the statistical standard deviation and noise floor of intensity spectrum of reference fits well to the standard deviation of transmittance as well as absorption coefficient computed statistically. This study contributes the simple and computationally efficient method to demonstrate the accuracy in optical constants like imaginary part of refractive index and absorption coefficients measured using the THz-TDS.     

A new model of dispersion for metals leading to a more accurate modeling of plasmonic structures using the FDTD method

We present FDTD simulations results obtained using the Drude Critical points model. This model enables spectroscopic studies of metallic structures over wider wavelength ranges than usually used, and it facilitates the study of structures made of several metals.     

相位互异散斑校正技术研究

相位互异散斑（PDS）是一种新颖的成像技术，可用来克服由于未知相差（如大气扰动）带来的图像退化。利用泽尼克多项式拟合未知扰动造成的相位失真，并用一对图像求得波前相位。从分析相位互异散斑技术的机理出发，使用遗传算法作为迭代算法，基于仿真实验数据验证了该技术的可行性，并在仿真实验中分析影响该技术性能的一些因素，如泽尼克多项式模式和湍流大小的影响等。这些研究结果为探索模糊图像恢复提供了新的途径。     

Statistical properties of the phase difference between two interfering speckle fields in speckle interferometry

The statistical properties of the phase difference between the two interfering partially correlated and partially developed speckle fields were studied experimentally as a function of the intensity correlation coefficient. The gaussian statistics are assumed for the formation of speckle fields in the diffraction region and the correlation coefficient between the two speckle intensities is used to evaluate the phase difference. The standard deviation of the phase difference can be uniquely determined in the fully developed speckle field from the correlation coefficient of the two speckle intensities. However, it was found in the partially developed speckle field that the standard deviation of the phase difference between the two speckle fields cannot be uniquely determined from the correlation coefficient of the two speckle intensities.     

数字散斑相关方法亚像素求解的一种混合方法

亚像素求解是数字散斑相关方法(DSCM)中最重要的技术。亚像素求解算法的精度和效率直接影响DSCM的精度和计算速度。目前广泛应用的两种亚像素求解方法在处理高质量散斑图时都存在一定的缺陷:基于灰度插值的散斑场亚像素恢复方法,其计算精度较高,但计算消耗太大;基于相关系数分布的拟合方法,其计算消耗小,但计算精度较低。在分析两种亚像素求解方法各自优缺点的基础上,提出了一种结合两种算法优势的混合算法。混合算法在保证亚像素求解精度的基础上,可以大大降低整个算法的计算消耗。     

A study on spatially extended phase objects using speckle photography

We present an application of an improved speckle photography technique for spatially extended phase objects. A contour mapping of a thin lens displaying its phase variation is presented. A theoretical analysis is investigated followed by the experimental presentation. Reasonable interference fringes are obtained and compared with the fringes obtained for hot air. The phase information of the object is extracted using the point-by-point technique.     

First-order probability density function of the laser speckle phase

An expression for the first-order probability density function of the laser speckle phase is analytically derived under the assumption that the speckle field obeys a non-circular, complex Gaussian, random process with a certain correlation between the real and imaginary parts of its complex amplitude. The probability density function of the speckle phase is actually evaluated for various cases and shown three-dimensionally as a function of the standard deviation of random object phase variations. The effect of random object phase variations on the probability density function is also investigated in detail.     

A method for evaluating the performance of pyroelectric detectors

Both the responsivity and the detectivity of a pyroelectric detector pass through a maximum at low frequencies related to the detector's time constants. Measurements of the responsivity and detectivity at these maximum frequencies can be used to calculate most of the parameters determining the detector's performance. A procedure for this is described and applied to experimental results for two detectors. The results obtained are used to discuss limitations in the detector's behaviour and to show how the performance could be improved. The performance of compensated pairs of detectors is discussed in an appendix.     

脉冲回波声成像系统斑纹噪声的一种消减方法

现行脉冲回波声成像系统,由于分辨元内各背向散射波随机相位叠加产生图像斑纹噪声掩盖了图象灰度级间的细微差别,因而降低了图象的分辨率。本文提出一种对接收信号进行处理的DWS方法,它可在保存有用信息的基础上减弱斑纹噪声,并能有效地改善系统的轴向分辨率。     

一元线性问题中的实验标准差

分析了用不同方法处理具有一元线性函数关系的物理实验数据的实验标准差．结果表明,在n≥4时,用逐差法计算线性系数6的实验标准差明显小于简单平均值法,但是稍大于最小二乘法