关于电磁炮的原理及发射条件的探究

教科版九年级《物理》上册第四章第二节中，在知识扩展部分引入了“电磁炮”的例子．虽然电磁炮本身存在已久，但由于它既没有什么实用价值，又对理论研究无太大指导作用，所以在传统的物理教材中（包括中学物理教材和大学物理教材）均没有将它引入其中．又由于它是一道探究题，教材及配套的教学参考书中均没有涉及此题的答案．因而不但学生对此难以理解，就是教师由于没有接触过，也给不出准确的答案．为此，本文特对电磁炮的物理原理及其发射条件，作一全面讨论，以供广大同行参考．     

无线遥控活塞式多速率显示电磁炮演示仪

应用电磁学理论、机械力学以及电子技术自制了无线遥控活塞式多速率显示电磁炮演示仪.利用演示效果显著及安全性能可靠的塑料乒乓球作为炮弹,并在仪器的电磁线圈内装一可滑动的金属制动活塞,使活塞在电磁线圈内的运动无线可控,且可显示其活塞的速率、炮弹的初速率.该仪器可以用于电磁学部分的演示实验教学和特性分析.     

宇宙速度与发射速度

我们知道当物体的发射速度足够大时 ,使物体所受引力恰好等于物体环绕地球运转所需的向心力 ,物体就可以成为人造地球卫星 .而发射速度与宇宙速度有什么联系与区别呢 ?设地球的质量为Ｍ ,卫星的质量为ｍ ,轨道半径为ｒ,地球半径为Ｒ ,环绕速度为ｖ .环绕速度指的是卫星绕地球作     

电磁炮的基本原理及在军事上的应用

 电磁发射技术的萌芽早在100多年前就出现了,但只是近20多年间,由于材料科学、能源技术、开关技术的飞速发展,该技术才取得了突破性进展,显示了在众多领域的应用前景。图1军事应用是电磁发射技术的重要应用领域之一。随着现代战场上进攻和防御水平的不断提高,对武器系统的技术性能指标、可靠性程度提出了更为苛刻的要求。以火炮为例,通过火药燃烧释放化学能发射炮弹的传统火炮,其最大初速度一般在2千米/秒左右,理论上普通炮火的炮口动能可达15MJ。尽管如此,对于像前苏联FST3型坦克,仍显力不从心。     

二级轻气炮超高速弹丸发射技术的研究

 本文研究了提高二级轻气炮弹丸速度的发射技术途径。通过数值计算对各种装填参量的影响进行了详细讨论。认为减小弹丸质量、活塞质量以及注气压力，可使二级轻气炮在较少的装药量条件下提供较高的弹丸速度。目前已经做到在5 kg装药时，使30 g的弹丸达到7.2 km/s速度；60 g弹丸达到5.7 km/s速度；26 g弹丸达到7.4 km/s速度。装填3.5 kg药量时，使10.3 g弹丸达到了8.1 km/s速度。     

关于航天飞行器发射速度的辨析

1问题的提出人教版高中《物理·必修2》第六章第5节"宇图1宙速度"中有一段关于航天飞行器发射速度的论述:"在地面附近发射飞行器,若发射速度大于7.9km/s,而小于11.2km/s,它绕地球运行的轨迹就不是圆,而是椭圆,同时配有关于发射速度和对应轨迹的图形(图1).此说法在人教版教材中已经延续了几十年未做变动,在各种级别的考试中也经常会出现相关的考题.但笔者认为以上表述会给学生的理解带来不少疑惑,有商榷的余地.     

多功能电磁炮演示仪

介绍了自制的多功能电磁炮演示仪的工作原理, 并详述了利用该仪器演示实验的具体实验过程及注意事项. 该演示仪功能多、操作简便,演示效果好.     

21世纪的主力大炮——电磁炮

 电磁炮是利用电磁发射技术制成的一种先进的动能杀伤武器.与传统的大炮将火药燃气压力作用于弹丸不同,电磁炮是利用电磁系统中电磁场的作用力,其作用的时间要长得多,可大大提高弹丸的速度和射程.因而引起了世界各国军事家们的关注.自80年代初期以来,电磁炮在未来武器的发展计划中,已成为越来越重要的部分.     

基于多模式切换的高精度电磁炮系统

电磁炮作为近代科技的研究热门,其军事用途十分广泛.本实验通过利用通电线圈来产生磁场,使线圈内的导体小球受磁动力加速获得出射速度;通过二维舵机炮台系统,实现装置系统的三维转动;通过STM32单片机控制二维舵机炮台和OpenMV4-H7摄像头,使电磁炮能够满足对目标颜色的识别击打和定点坐标的准确击打,满足新兴军事技术对电磁炮自动性和自主性的要求.该装置有易于实现、自动化程度高、击打精度高的优点.     

Acoustic methods for measuring bullet velocity

This article describes two acoustic methods to measure bullet velocity with an accuracy of 1% or better. In one method, a microphone is placed within 0.1 m of the gun muzzle and a bullet is fired at a steel target 45 m away. The bullet’s flight time is the recorded time between the muzzle blast and sound of hitting the target minus the time for the sound to return from the target to the microphone. In the other method, the microphone is placed equidistant from both the gun muzzle and the steel target 91 m away. The time of flight is the recorded time between the muzzle blast and the sound of the bullet hitting the target. In both cases, the average bullet velocity is simply the flight distance divided by the flight time.     

电磁发射复合型结构拦截弹的3维电磁场有限元建模与仿真

为了达到拦截弹的连续发射、提高拦截效果和加固驱动线圈的目的,提出了一种复合型结构的拦截弹.在建立数学模型时,基于麦克斯韦方程组,对非铁磁材料区域、铁磁材料区域、空间区域等求解区采用矢量磁位和标量磁位来描述3维电磁场,并采用Ansoft有限元分析软件中的MAXWELL3D模块对新型结构拦截弹的电磁场和涡流场分布情况进行了...     

斜入射弹丸速度测量系统研究

天幕靶是用于测量弹丸速度较为普遍的光学测量仪器。在测量弹丸速度时,要求弹道垂直于天幕靶的靶面,当弹道不垂直预定靶面时,弹丸飞越两个天幕靶靶面的实际距离与两靶靶距存在一定的误差,斜入射角度越大误差越大。提出了一种用6个天幕构成天幕阵的速度测量系统。当弹丸以任意方向穿越6个天幕时,测时仪记录弹丸穿越各个天幕的时间间隔,根据这些时间间隔便可以求出弹丸的速度值和速度的飞行方向。该方案解决了弹丸斜入射时速度测量不准的问题,特别适用于枪弹末速度的测量。     

On the velocity of electromagnetic and gravitational wave fronts

It is shown that, in the space of the general theory of relativity, the velocity of an electromagnetic wave front in a non-inertial frame of reference, and of electromagnetic and gravitational wave fronts in a synchronous frame of reference, is constant and equal to the fundamental velocity. It is noted that the concept of a wave front is meaningful in synchronous frames of reference, of which inertial systems in a Minkowski world are a special case.     

Crack velocity measurement by induced electromagnetic radiation

Our model of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emanated from fracture implies that EMR amplitude is proportional to crack velocity. Soda lime glass samples were tested under uniaxial tension. Comparison of crack velocity observed by Wallner line analysis and the peak amplitude of EMR signals registered during the test, showed very good correlation, validating this proportionality.     

左手介质中电磁波的传播速度

在同向介质中,电磁波的群速度一般是能量传播的方向,并且电磁波的相速度和群速度在大部分情况下都满足瑞利关系.为了研究左手介质的电磁特性,本文从理论上导出了左手介质中电磁波的相速度、群速度及其关系,得出左手介质中电磁波的群速度为负,并介绍了左手介质的一些应用前景.     

An experiment to measure the one-way velocity of propagation of electromagnetic radiation

In this paper we describe a propagation experiment to measure the one-way velocity of electromagnetic radiation. The experiment utilizes the rotation of the earth to interchange the positions of two rubidium vapor frequency standards over12 h, thereby canceling initial clock phase differences. It is demonstrated that although the drift characteristics of modern rubidium atomic clocks may be large for long-term absolute timing requirements, the short-term random fluctuations are small. It is found that over a24-h period, the long-term drift can be accurately parameterized in retrospect and removed, thereby permitting the detection of temporal variations less than1 nsec in magnitude. With coherent summing techniques this value may be significantly reduced, and it becomes realistic to consider an experiment where the clocks are separated by distances of the order of several hundreds of meters in order to detect velocities of the order of that of the solar system with respect to the center of the galaxy(10 ⁵ m sec ^–1 ), thus ensuring that the rotational motion of the earth has a negligible effect in altering the relative inertial characteristics of the reference frames of each clock. It is demonstrated that under such conditions the measurement of the one-way speed of propagation of electromagnetic radiation is not only meaningful, but can be simply implemented with commercially available instrumentation.This study was supported at Utah State University by a grant from the USU Vice President for Research, and by NASA Grant NAGW-119.     

Anisotropy of the velocity space of electromagnetic radiation in a moving medium

Anisotropy arising in moving media is considered. In these media, the phase velocity of light nonlinearly depends on the velocity vector field of the medium due to anisotropic binding forces between lattice atoms. Observations of the optical anisotropy of light in a rotating optically transparent medium are discussed. Laser radiation with wavelength ?? = 0.632991 ± 1 × 10^?7 ??m propagating in an interferometer was passed through a rotating optical disk D = 62 mm in diameter. The projection of the beam??s path length in the medium onto the flat surface of the disk is l = 41 mm; the refractive index of the glass and its thickness are, respectively, n = 1.71250 for ?? = 632.8 nm and 10 mm; and the angle of incidence of the beam on the flat surface of the disk is ?₀ = 60°. The optical disk is rotated in two directions, and its rotation frequency may reach 250 Hz. Experimental data confirm the linear dependence of the fringe shift on the velocity of the medium up to 29.6 m/s. The measurement accuracy is sufficient to detect angular variations ??? = 3 × 10^?5 in the position of fringes at a fixed rotation velocity of the optical disk.     

基于微波段电子自旋共振测量电磁波的传播速度

当电子自旋共振发生在微波段时,根据微波段电子自旋共振条件,并使用电子顺磁共振谱仪和微波元件(波导管、谐振腔、短路活塞、环行器)等实验仪器测量出微波的波导波长,可以计算出真空中微波的波长.利用特斯拉计测量出共振时的磁感应强度,从而计算出了电磁波的传播速度.