等离子法转化CO2为CO研究进展

评述了国内外等离子法转化CO2 为CO的发展状态与趋势 ,重点介绍了非平衡等离子体技术转化CO2 为CO的发展 ,探讨了它的基本反应机理 ,并提出了提高二氧化碳转化率的有效途径是负载型催化剂的研制及研究二氧化碳与有机物的氧化偶联反应 (如CO2 +2CH3 OH·(CH3 O) 2 CO +H2 O)具有重要意义。这为CO2 的化工利用开辟了一条广阔而有效的途径 ,也是控制温室效应 ,促进可持续发展的有效手段     

电晕放电二氧化碳冷等离子体转化特性研究

在常压、室温条件下利用电晕放电使二氧化碳通过冷等离子体反应分解为一氧化碳和氧气,由四极质谱在线定量在分析产物组成。考察反应条件（电晕类型、能量密度、气体流量等）对反应转化率的影响,分析了该反应的能量效率。当放电功率为40W、CO2流量为30mL.min^-1时,正电晕等离子体CO2分解反应的转化率为15．2％;CO2,专座经率随体系能量密度的增加上升,随反应时间的增加而增大,当CO2流量为90mL.min^-1、正电晕放电功率为37．6W时,反应体系的能量效率为5．89％。实验发现,正电晕放电时CO2的转化率高负电晕的转化率。     

脉冲电晕放电下的甲烷氧化偶联反应(英文)

研究了在常温,常压及惰性气体稀释的条件下,用脉冲电晕放电进行的甲烷氧化偶联（OCM）反应。在各种实验条件下,产物CZ烃由一6o／o乙烯,－70rk乙烷和一87％乙炔组成。甲烷的转化率及CZ烃的生成速率依赖于反应气中甲烷与氧气的比值,它们的流速及直流电源的电压等n通过调节这些实验条件,甲烷转化为C4烃的转化率可得到优化,在45kV高压,30ml。／min的流速下（反应气体组成为95％CHn与50／0O2）,CZ烃的最高选择性可达85O／O。当反应气体组成为80％CH4和20O／oOZ时,甲烷的最高转化率达23％。在间歇式反应器中,甲烷转化率随反应时间增长而提高,反应75分钟时甲烷转化率达7lO／O,而CZ烃的产物分布,尤其是乙炔的含量随反应时间增长而明显降低,这些实验结果支持了文献中提出的ZCH4～CZH6—CZH4～CZHZ～CO／COZ反应历程。     

CO2催化转化为高附加值燃料：现状、挑战及其未来方向

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 into liquid fuels especially coupling with the intermittent renewable electricity offers a promising means of storing electricity in chemical form, which reduc‐es the dependence on fossil fuels and mitigates the negative impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on the planet. Although converting CO2 to fuels is not in itself a new concept, the field has not sub‐stantially advanced in the last 30 years primarily because of the challenge of discovery of structural electrocatalysts and the development of membrane architectures for efficient collection of reactants and separation of products. This overview summarizes recent advances in catalytic conversion of CO2 and presents the challenges and future directions in producing value‐added fuels.     

水中脉冲放电产生H2O2的研究

过氧化氢(H2O2)是强氧化剂,在治理污水中有十分重要的意义,对水中脉冲放电中电压对它的影响进行了研究。结果表明,电压越高,时间越长,H2O2的生成速率减小越快;不同气体成分和流量对H2O2生成也有影响。     

离子液体介导CO2化学转化研究进展

The efficient utilization of carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a C1 feedstock is of great significance for green and sustainable development. Therefore, the efficient chemical conversion of CO₂ into value-added products has recently attracted a lot of research attention in recent years. The transformation of CO₂ generally requires high-energy substrates, specific catalysts, and harsh reaction conditions due to its high thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness. Consequently, several efforts have been dedicated toward the development of high-performance catalysts and new reaction routes for CO₂ conversion over the last few decades. To date, many routes of convert CO₂ into value-added chemicals have been proposed, together with the development of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. Among the advanced catalysts reported to date, ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely investigated and show great potential for the efficient, selective, and economical conversion of CO₂ into highly valuable products under mild conditions, even under ambient conditions. Some task-specific ILs have been designed with unique functional groups (e.g., —OH, —SO₃H, —NH₂, —COOH, and —C≡N), which can act as the solvent, absorbent, activating agent, catalyst, or cocatalyst to realize the transformation of CO₂ under metal-free and mild conditions. In addition, a variety of catalytic systems composed of ILs and metal catalysts have also been reported for the transformation of CO₂, in which the combination of the IL and metal catalyst is responsible for CO₂ conversion with high efficiency. In this review article, we summarize the recent advances in IL-mediated CO₂ transformation into chemicals prepared via C—O, C—N, C—S, C—H, and C—C bond forming processes. ILs that can chemically capture CO₂ with high capacity are first introduced, which can activate CO₂ via the formation of IL-based carbonates or carbamates, thus realizing the transformation of CO₂ under metal-free and mild conditions. Recent progress in IL-mediated CO₂ transformations to form carbonates and various kinds of N- and S-containing compounds (e.g., oxazolidinones, ureas, benzimidazolones, formamides, methylamines, benzothiazoles, and other chemicals) as well as CO₂ hydrogenation to give formic acid, methane, acetic acid, low-carbon alcohols, and hydrocarbons has been summarized in this review with a focus on the reaction routes, catalytic systems, and reaction mechanism. In these reactions, ILs can simultaneously activate the substrate via strong H-bonding in addition to activating CO₂, and the cooperative effects among the ionic and molecular species and metal catalysts accomplish the reactions of CO₂ with various kinds of substrates to afford a wide range of value-added chemicals. Finally, the shortcomings and perspectives of ILs are discussed. In short, IL-mediated CO₂ transformations provide green and effective routes for the synthesis of high-value chemicals, which may have great potential for a wide range of applications.     

脉冲电晕等离子体作用下甲烷“超平衡”转化制乙炔和氢

常温常压下将脉冲电晕等离子体作用于纯甲烷时, 其产物主要是乙炔和H₂. 当能量密度范围为194~1788 kJ/mol时, 可同时获得7%~30%的乙炔单程收率和6%~35%的H2单程收率. 该结果分别高于100 kPa, 1100 K温度下乙炔和H₂的热力学平衡收率(分别为5.1%和3.8%), 故脉冲电晕等离子体是在常温常压下实现甲烷“超平衡”转化制乙炔和氢的一种十分有效的手段. 在339~822 kJ/mol能量密度范围内, 脉冲电晕等离子体作用下纯甲烷转化产物的碳分布中, 乙炔占86%~89%, 乙烷和乙烯各仅占4%~6%, C₃约占2%, C₄约占1%. 将之与相同条件下纯乙烷、纯乙烯转化产物的碳分布比较可推知, 脉冲电晕等离子体作用下甲烷分子与荷能电子碰撞形成CH_x自由基后并行存在着三条形成乙炔的途径: 其一为直接形成乙炔; 其二为经初级产物乙烯脱氢形成乙炔; 其三为经初级产物乙烷脱氢形成次级产物乙烯再至乙炔.     

射频放电等离子体中CO2及CO2-H2混合气转化反应的原位研究

Currently, worldwide attention is focused on controlling the continually increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. To this end, a number of investigations have been carried out to convert the carbon dioxide molecules into value-added chemicals. As carbon dioxide is thermodynamically stable, it is necessary to develop an efficient carbon dioxide utilization method for future scaled-up applications. Recently, several approaches, such as electrocatalysis, thermolysis, and non-thermal plasma, have been utilized to achieve carbon dioxide conversion. Among them, non-thermal plasma, which contains chemically active species such as high-energy electrons, ions, atoms, and excited gas molecules, has the potential to achieve high energy efficiency without catalysts near room temperature. Here, we used radio-frequency (RF) discharge plasma, which exhibits the non-thermal feature, to explore the decomposition behavior of carbon dioxide in non-thermal plasma. We studied the ionization and decomposition behaviors of CO₂ and CO₂-H₂ mixtures in plasma at low gas pressure. The non-thermal plasma was realized by our custom-made inductively coupled RF plasma research system. The reaction products were analyzed by on-line quadrupole mass spectrometry (differentially pumped), while the plasma status was monitored using an in situ real-time optical emission spectrometer. Plasma parameters (such as the electron temperature and ion density), which can be tuned by utilizing different discharge conditions, played significant roles in the carbon dioxide dissociation process in non-thermal plasma. In this study, the conversion ratio and energy efficiency of pure carbon dioxide plasma were investigated at different values of power supply and gas flow. Subsequently, the effect of H₂ on CO₂ decomposition was studied with varying H₂ contents. Results showed that the carbon dioxide molecules were rapidly ionized and partially decomposed into CO and oxygen in the RF field. With increasing RF power, the conversion ratio of carbon dioxide increased, while the energy efficiency decreased. A maximum conversion ratio of 77.6% was achieved. It was found that the addition of hydrogen could substantially reduce the time required to attain the equilibrium of the carbon dioxide decomposition reaction. With increasing H₂ content, the conversion ratio of CO₂ decreased initially and then increased. The ionization state of H₂ and the consumption of oxygen owing to CO₂ decomposition were the main reasons for the V-shape plot of the CO₂ conversion ratio. In summary, this study investigates the influence of power supply, feed gas flow, and added hydrogen gas content, on the carbon dioxide decomposition behavior in non-thermal RF discharge plasma.     

无金属参与的CO_2催化转化的研究进展

CO2既是导致全球变暖的主要温室气体,又是来源丰富廉价易得的可再生C1资源,因此CO2的资源化利用是绿色化学的重要研究方向之一.本文作者分别从无金属参与的CO2催化转化制备五元环状碳酸酯、噁唑啉酮以及CO2还原等几个方面对其催化转化进行综述,并对CO2有机催化转化进行了展望.     

Decomposition of CO2 Using Pulsed Corona Discharges Combined with Catalyst

The combination of pulsed corona discharges and catalyst was examined for decomposition of pure carbon dioxide in a corona reactor packed with porous -Al₂O₃ pellets. The decomposition of CO₂ was greatly enhanced by packing -Al₂O₃. In the presence of -Al₂O₃, the conversion of CO₂, yield of CO reach 23 and 15%, respectively. The CO₂ conversion increases with increasing applied voltage and decreasing gas flow rate. The maximum energy efficiency for decomposition of CO₂ reaches 318.7 g/kW hr. It was found that high surface area of -Al₂O₃ and strong adsorption capacity of CO₂ on -Al₂O₃ play an important role in CO₂ decomposition under corona discharges. At the same time, the presence of -Al₂O₃ suppresses the reaction of CO and O.     

PRODUCTION OF LIGHT ALKENES FROM CO AND/OR CO_2 HYDROGENATION OVER K-Fe-MnO/SILICALITE-2 CATALYST

High selectivity to light alkenes can be achieved from CO and CO_2hydrogenation over K-Fe-MnO/Si-2 catalyst.The alkene selectivity isinsensitive to reaction temperature for CO hydrogenation,while apparentlyincreases for CO_2 hydrogenation with raising reaction temperature.An increasein alkene selectivity is observed for both CO and CO_2 hydrogenation with GHSVrising,While a decrease with the elevation of reaction pressure for both CO/H_2and CO_2/H_2 reaction.A two-step mechanism is suggested forCO_2 hydrogenation to form hydrocarbons,by which the variations incontributions of CO and HC as products of CO_2/H_2 reaction with change ofreaction temperature,GHSV and pressure are explained.Moreover,thecatalyst is favorable for selective production of light olefins,which can alsoconcern the slightly secondary reactions of light olefins to some extent.     

NiO／TiO_2－SiO_2催化剂上甲烷与二氧化碳转化制合成气

ＮｉＯ／ＴｉＯ_２－ＳｉＯ_２催化剂上甲烷与二氧化碳转化制合成气邓存，路勇，丁雪加（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所ＯＳＳＯ国家重点实验室，兰州７３００００）关键词甲烷，二氧化碳，合成气，负载型Ｎｉ催化剂己有报道表明［１～４］，Ａｌ２Ｏ３担载的Ｎｉ金属催化...     

The Mutual Conversion of CO2 and CO in Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)

Non-equilibrium plasma, which was engendered by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was used to analyze the mutual conversion between CO₂ and CO. The results showed that the conversion ratio of CO increased monotonously with the increasing voltage. But CO₂ was not so. Its conversion ratio reached maximum when the voltage was 3600 V in Ar system. It also showed that the existence of water molecules was more advanageous for the conversion of CO to CO₂ in Air system than in oxygen system, and the conversion ratio could reach 75.8% when the relative humidity was 100%. We also discussed the energy yield and energy efficiency, and the result was that high voltage and high concentration of reactant was disadvantageous for energy utilization.     

担载型钴金属催化剂上甲烷与二氧化碳转化制合成气

考察了担载型Ｃｏ金属催化剂的表面特征和它们对ＣＨ４与ＣＯ２转化制合成气反应的催化性能，ＴＰＲ、ＸＲＤ和反应结果表明，ＣＯ组分以Ｃｏ２Ｏ４晶相和高分散表面化合物形式存在，其中Ｃｏ担载量为９．０％的催化剂具有最佳的反应性能，在７５０℃、８４００ｍｌ（ＳＴＰ）／（ｇ．ｈ）下可分别获得９２．９５和９２．３５的ＣＨ４和ＣＯ２转化 率，Ｃ烽Ｈ２收率分别可达９２．４％和９２．７％，但Ｃｏ３Ｏ４晶相的存在易导致催     

BNiAl_2O_3催化剂上用脉冲反应研究CO_2的活化及其与CH_4的反应(英文)

用脉冲微反应系统研究了１０２３Ｋ下，ＣＯ２在Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３上的裂解及其与ＣＨ４的反应，发现ＣＯ２裂解吸附产生Ｏ（ａｄ）和ＣＯ，该反应步骤较慢。产生的ＣＯ会进一步在Ｎｉ表面裂解，而由ＣＨ４裂解产生的活性碳物种与Ｏ（ａｄ）的反应是一较快步骤。