Effect of Notoginsenoside-Rg1 on the Expression of Several Proteins in the Striatum of Rat Models with Parkinson＇s Disease

After establishing hemi-Parkinsonian rat models, the relationships between neuron death and the expression of several proteins, such as c-Fos, GFAP, GDNF, NF-κB and some cytokines were determined. Therapeutics experiments with notoginsenoside-Rg1 were carried out. The research results show that the expressions of GFAP, NF-Kκ and c-Fos will obviously increase in the lesion side of the striatum and the expression of GDNF will decrease, which implies that the signal transduction pathway may participate in the apoptosis in neurons. The levels of some cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β in the striatum of PD rat models increased compared to those of normal rats. The results of the therapeutics experiments show that notoginsenoside-Rg1 may repress the immune inflammation response and regulate the immune function through the neuro-immune molecular network. Therefore, notoginsenoside-Rg1 can be used as an effective drug for anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, and can be used in the therapy of Parkinson＇s disease（PD）.     

糖尿病大鼠纹状体、海马区帕金森病相关蛋白的蛋白质组学初步研究

为解释糖尿病型帕金森病的分子机理,利用Lc-ESI-TOF与LC-ESI-MS/MS联用的比较蛋白质组学方法,分析了链脲霉素诱导的糖尿病大鼠模型与对照大鼠的纹状体、海马区蛋白的表达差异,通过定量比较发现有23种蛋白表达水平发生了2倍以上的显著变化.其中包括与帕金森病致病通路(兴奋性中毒)密切相关的兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白,与自由基清除、氧化应激密切相关的超氧化物歧化酶,以及与能量合成密切相关的线粒体ATP合酶.发现参与糖酵解过程的7种酶也发生了不同程度的表达变化,提示可能与内源性神经毒素1-乙酰基-6,7-二羟基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉的生成与累积密切相关.     

微柱液相色谱-电化学法检测鼠纹状体单胺类物质的含量

单胺类神经递质 ( Monoamines) ,包括儿茶酚胺 ( Catecholamine)和 5 -羟色胺 ( Serotonin) ,在中枢神经系统中起重要作用 .对其含量的准确测定在基础研究和临床诊断中均具有重要的意义 .微透析是 2 0世纪 80年代发展起来的活体取样技术 [1] ,为脑功能的研究提供了极为有力的手段 ,本实验室在此方面进行了多年的研究 [2 ,3] .微透析与液相色谱电化学检测联用[4 ] ,可测定神经细胞外液递质的含量及释放量 ,据此可对一系列重要的生理、病理和药理现象做出解释 .但使用常规高效液相色谱柱 ( =4.6mm i.d.)尚存在不足之处 .首先 ,透析液中神经…     

苯肾上腺素诱导乳鼠心肌细胞蛋白质表达变化的蛋白质组分析

α₁-肾上腺素受体(α₁-Adrenergic receptor, α₁-AR)是G蛋白偶联受体(G-protein coupled receptor, GPCR), 也是内源性儿茶酚胺、 去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素最重要的靶受体之一. α₁-AR广泛分布于机体的各种器官、 组织和细胞中, 并介导多种生理效应, 如血管收缩、 蛋白质合成及心脏变力变时作用等^[1,2]. 很多研究已经证实, α₁-AR及其信号转导通路与许多心血管疾病存在密切关系^[3,4]. 蛋白质组学可提供一种发现在疾病情况下异常表达蛋白质的方法, 为疾病的早期诊断和愈后判断提供指南, 并为针对性疾病治疗提供科学依据     

帕金森病中的关键金属元素

随着我国人口日趋老龄化,老年退行性疾病呈高发态势,据估计当今我国帕金森病患者占世界一半左右。因此,帕金森病日益成为危害我国人民生命健康的突出问题之一。当前临床上对帕金森病无有效治愈手段,而且对于帕金森病的发病机制仍无定论。在诸多可能的诱因中,过渡金属元素的内稳态失衡和氧化应激,被认为与帕金森病相关。本文以生物体两种必需的过渡金属元素铁和铜为中心,介绍了与细胞内铁元素和铜元素代谢相关的信号通路和基因蛋白,并阐述了铁元素或铜元素稳态失衡对神经细胞造成损伤的可能机制。最后,介绍了同步辐射技术应用于帕金森病中元素分析和机制的研究进展,并展望了帕金森病中生物无机问题的未来研究方向。     

Allostery Inhibition of BACE1 by Psychotic and Meroterpenoid Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy

In over a century since its discovery, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has continued to be a global health concern due to its incurable nature and overwhelming increase among older people. In this paper, we give an overview of the efforts of researchers towards identifying potent BACE1 exosite-binding antibodies and allosteric inhibitors. Herein, we apply computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods to unravel the interactions of some proposed psychotic and meroterpenoid BACE1 allosteric site inhibitors. This study is aimed at validating the allosteric potentials of these selected compounds targeted at BACE1 inhibition. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and post-MD analyses are carried out on these selected compounds, which have been experimentally proven to exhibit allosteric inhibition on BACE1. The SwissDock software enabled us to identify more than five druggable pockets on the BACE1 structural surface using docking. Besides the active site region, a melatonin derivative (compound 1) previously proposed as a BACE1 allostery inhibitor showed appreciable stability at eight different subsites on BACE1. Refinement with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations shows that the identified non-catalytic sites are potential allostery sites for compound 1. The allostery and binding mechanism of the selected potent inhibitors show that the smaller the molecule, the easier the attachment to several enzyme regions. This finding hereby establishes that most of these selected compounds failed to exhibit strong allosteric binding with BACE1 except for compound 1. We hereby suggest that further studies and additional identification/validation of other BACE1 allosteric compounds be done. Furthermore, this additional allosteric site investigation will help in reducing the associated challenges with designing BACE1 inhibitors while exploring the opportunities in the design of allosteric BACE1 inhibitors.     

亚硒酸钠对大鼠代谢产物影响的核磁共振研究

本文采用核磁共振(^1H NMR)技术研究了在最高耐受摄入量条件下补充亚硒酸钠对大鼠尿液代谢产物的影响。结果表明,在大鼠尿液中甲酸、乙酸、乳酸、丙氨酸、琥珀酸、甘氨酸、马尿酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸等代谢物谱峰信号显著增强,而柠檬酸、肌酸、尿素、尿甘素和氧化三甲胺(TAMO)的谱峰信号则显著降低。乳酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸是体内三羧酸循环的中间产物,其代谢异常是能量代谢紊乱的标志;马尿酸、苯丙氨酸、丙氨酸的代谢异常与肾小球的滤过和回收功能有关;乙酸和甘氨酸的代谢异常则是肝功能损伤的标志,组织切片的结果也证明大鼠的肝和肾已经发生损伤,与^1H NMR的结果相一致。采用HPLC检测到补充亚硒酸钠后尿液中8-OHdG(8-hydroxy1-2′-deoxyguansoine)水平显著升高,证明体内氧化损伤的发生。以上结果表明,在最高耐受摄入量条件下补充亚硒酸钠是不安全的,用NMR方法对阐明硒的毒理学分子基础是有效的。     

干胶转化法合成条件及磷酸处理对TS-1分子筛性能的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、钛酸丁酯(TBOT)、四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)分别作硅源、钛源及模板剂,用干胶转化法合成TS-1分子筛.考察了TEOS水解时的水硅比、水解温度、除醇条件、晶化时间及磷酸处理对TS-1分子筛性能的影响.采用XRD、SEM、IR、ICP及N2吸附等手段对样品进行表征,同时以环己酮氨肟化反应考察样品的催化活性.结果表明,使用少量的TPAOH(n(TPAOH)/n(SiO2)=0.15)即可得到性能较好的TS-1,而用磷酸对所得TS-1分子筛处理则能进一步改善TS-1分子筛的性能.当n(SiO2):n(TPAOH):n(H2O)=1:0.15:16时在20℃下水解TEOS,钛硅溶液能自行胶凝,将所得凝胶在75℃下除醇至失重率达65%左右,晶化6d得到TS-1分子筛,产品经磷酸改性后,环己酮转化率达到99.5%,环己酮肟选择性达到98.7%,催化活性与高TPAOH用量合成的TS-1接近,而TPAOH的用量大大降低.     

贯叶连翘有效成分金丝桃素与HIV逆转录酶相互作用的研究

采用理论计算化学分子动力学模拟方法研究金丝桃素的分子结构,并从分子水平上研究金丝桃素与HIV逆转录酶的相互作用,建立了酶-抑制剂复合物模型,分析可能的相互作用关系和作用机理．研究结果表明,金丝桃素分子结构具有刚性特征．金丝桃素与HIV逆转录酶以氢键相互作用和Ⅱ-Ⅱ相互作用结合．     

Amperometric Sensor Based on Neutral Red-Doped Silica Nanoparticles Coupled with Microdialysis for the Measurement of Glutamate in the Rat Striatum

Amperometric sensor based on neutral red-doped silica （NRSiO2） nanoparticles （NPs） was fabricated and coupled with a microdialysis sampling system




















































































































































































































































































for the detection of glutamate （Glu） in the rat striatum. The NRSiO2 NPs [about （45 ± 3） nm] were prepared with water-in-oil （W/O） microemulsion method, and characterized by transmission electron microscope （TEM） technique. The neutral red （NR） doped in silica network could maintain its high electroactivity and behave as an excellent electron mediator for electrocatalysis of hydrogen dioxide. Furthermore, the silica surface could prevent the leakage of NR, hence, the stability of biosensor was improved. The novel Glu biosensor showed a linear range from 5.0×10^-7 to 1.5×10^-4 mol/L, with a detection limit of 2.0×10^-7 mol/L （S/N=3）.     

Indolylazine Derivative Induces Chaperone Expression in Aged Neural Cells and Prevents the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

The risk of progression of most sporadic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, increases with age. Traditionally, this is associated with a decrease in the efficiency of cell protection systems, in particular, molecular chaperones. Thus, the development of small molecules able to induce the synthesis of chaperones is a promising therapeutic approach to prevent neural diseases associated with ageing. Here, we describe a new compound IA-50, belonging to the class of indolylazines and featured by a low size of topological polar surface area, the property related to substances with potentially high membrane-penetrating activity. We also estimated the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion characteristics of IA-50 and found the substance to fit the effective drug criteria. The new compound was found to induce the synthesis and accumulation of Hsp70 in normal and aged neurons and in the hippocampi of young and old mice. The transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease, based on 5xFAD mice, confirmed that the injection of IA-50 prevented the formation of β-amyloid aggregates, loss of hippocampal neurons and the development of memory impairment. These data indicate that this novel substance may induce the expression of chaperones in neural cells and brain tissues, suggesting its possible application in the therapy of ageing-associated disorders.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to Rg3

Ginsenosides, the most important secondary metabolites in ginseng, have various biological activities. Many studies have focused on the conversion of one of the major ginsenosides, Rb1, to the more active minor ginsenoside, Rg3. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the conversion of Rb1 to Rg3. Rb1 solutions were gamma-irradiated at doses of 10 and 30 kGy and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC chromatograms showed a decreased content of Rb1 with increasing irradiation dose, but the content of Rg3 was increased. The highest content of Rg3 was present in the 30 kGy-irradiated Rb1 sample. The cytotoxic effects tested in cancer cell lines were increased in the gamma-irradiated group. Therefore, these results suggest that gamma irradiation can be an effective method for the conversion of the ginsenoside Rb1 to Rg3.     

Inhibitory Effect of Isoliquiritigenin in Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1-Mediated Cholesterol Uptake

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a flavonoid with a chalcone structure extracted from the natural herb Glycyrrhiza glabra. Its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities have been extensively studied. Moreover, ISL also possess hypolipidemic and atherosclerosis-reducing effects. However, its cholesterol-lowering mechanisms have not been reported yet. Niemann Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) is a specific transporter of cholesterol uptake. In this study, we found for the first time that ISL downregulates NPC1L1 expression and competitively inhibits cellular cholesterol uptake by binding to NPC1L1 in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of its cholesterol-lowering effect in vivo and inspired emerging drug research for cholesterol-lowering purposes through NPC1L1 inhibition.     

Investigation Driven by Network Pharmacology on Potential Components and Mechanism of DGS,a Natural Vasoprotective Combination,for the Phytotherapy of Coronary Artery Disease

Phytotherapy offers obvious advantages in the intervention of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), but it is difficult to clarify the working mechanisms of the medicinal materials it uses. DGS is a natural vasoprotective combination that was screened out in our previous research, yet its potential components and mechanisms are unknown. Therefore, in this study, HPLC-MS and network pharmacology were employed to identify the active components and key signaling pathways of DGS. Transgenic zebrafish and HUVECs cell assays were used to evaluate the effectiveness of DGS. A total of 37 potentially active compounds were identified that interacted with 112 potential targets of CAD. Furthermore, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, relaxin, VEGF, and other signal pathways were determined to be the most promising DGS-mediated pathways. NO kit, ELISA, and Western blot results showed that DGS significantly promoted NO and VEGFA secretion via the upregulation of VEGFR2 expression and the phosphorylation of Akt, Erk1/2, and eNOS to cause angiogenesis and vasodilation. The result of dynamics molecular docking indicated that Salvianolic acid C may be a key active component of DGS in the treatment of CAD. In conclusion, this study has shed light on the network molecular mechanism of DGS for the intervention of CAD using a network pharmacology-driven strategy for the first time to aid in the intervention of CAD.     

Metabolite profiling of ginsenoside Rg1 after oral administration in rat

The goal of this study is to investigate the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rg₁ in vivo. A highly sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method was developed and used for metabolite identification in rat feces and urine after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg₁. Four metabolites of Rg₁ were detected in rat feces and three metabolites of Rg₁ were detected in rat urine. Deglycosylation and oxygenation were found to be the major metabolic pathways of ginsenoside Rg₁ after oral administration in rat. Except for the reported metabolites Rh₁ and protopanaxatriol, mono‐oxygenated Rg₁ and mono‐oxygenated protopanaxatriol were detected for the first time after oral administration of Rg₁. The in vivo metabolite profiling of ginsenoside Rg₁ in rat was proposed. Viewed collectively, Rg₁ was metabolized to mono‐oxygenated Rg₁, Rh₁, protopanaxatriol and the secondary metabolite mono‐oxygenated protopanaxatriol in rat. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Positive Effect of α-Asaronol on the Incidence of Post-Stroke Epilepsy for Rat with Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

In the present study, we confirmed that α-asaronol, which is a product of the active metabolites of alpha Asarone, did not affect n-butylphthalide efficacy when n-butylphthalide and α-asaronol were co-administered to rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our research revealed that the co-administration of α-asaronol and n-butylphthalide could further improve neurological function, reduce brain infarct volume, increase the number of Nissl bodies, and decrease the ratios of apoptotic cells and the expression of the caspase-3 protein for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model compared to n-butylphthalide alone. Additionally, α-asaronol could significantly decrease the incidence of post-stroke epilepsy versus n-butylphthalide. This study provides valuable data for the follow-up prodrug research of α-asaronol and n-butylphthalide.     

The Anti-Tumor Effect and Underlying Apoptotic Mechanism of Ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 in Human Liver Cancer Cells

Ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 are minor ginseng saponins that have received more attention recently because of their high oral bioavailability. Each of them can effectively inhibit the survival and proliferation of human liver cancer cells, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that G-Rk1 and G-Rg5 yielded 142 potential targets, and shared 44 putative targets associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Enrichment analysis of the overlapped genes showed that G-Rk1 and G-Rg5 may induce apoptosis of liver cancer cells through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathways. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to confirm the inhibition of cell viability with G-Rk1 or G-Rg5 in highly metastatic human cancer MHCC-97H cells. We evaluated the apoptosis of MHCC-97H cells by using flow cytometry and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The translocation of Bax/Bak led to the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c and Smac. A sequential activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed after that. The levels of anti-apoptotic proteins were decreased after treatment of G-Rk1 or G-Rg5 in MHCC-97H cells. Taken together, G-Rk1 and G-Rg5 promoted the endogenous apoptotic pathway in MHCC-97H cells by targeting and regulating some critical liver cancer related genes that are involved in the signal pathways associated with cell survival and proliferation.     

Insights into the Allosteric Effect of SENP1 Q597A Mutation on the Hydrolytic Reaction of SUMO1 via an Integrated Computational Study

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 1 (SENP1) is a cysteine protease that catalyzes the cleavage of the C-terminus of SUMO1 for the processing of SUMO precursors and deSUMOylation of target proteins. SENP1 is considered to be a promising target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and prostate cancer. SENP1 Gln597 is located at the unstructured loop connecting the helices α4 to α5. The Q597A mutation of SENP1 allosterically disrupts the hydrolytic reaction of SUMO1 through an unknown mechanism. Here, extensive multiple replicates of microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, coupled with principal component analysis, dynamic cross-correlation analysis, community network analysis, and binding free energy calculations, were performed to elucidate the detailed mechanism. Our MD simulations showed that the Q597A mutation induced marked dynamic conformational changes in SENP1, especially in the unstructured loop connecting the helices α4 to α5 which the mutation site occupies. Moreover, the Q597A mutation caused conformational changes to catalytic Cys603 and His533 at the active site, which might impair the catalytic activity of SENP1 in processing SUMO1. Moreover, binding free energy calculations revealed that the Q597A mutation had a minor effect on the binding affinity of SUMO1 to SENP1. Together, these results may broaden our understanding of the allosteric modulation of the SENP1−SUMO1 complex.     

微渗析活体取样-高效液相色谱电化学检测法测定鼠脑中的单胺类神经递质

采用微渗析活体取样技术和高效液相色谱电化学检测法,测定了鼠脑纹状体中的3种单胺类神经递质多巴胺(DA)、3,4二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)和5羟吲哚乙酸(5HIAA)。在3.0×10-8～1.0×10-5mol/L浓度范围内,DA、DOPAC和5HIAA的浓度分别与氧化峰的峰电流呈良好的线性关系。通过在灌流液中加入1.0×10-5mol/L的NO释放剂硝普钠(SNP),研究了NO对DA释放的影响,结果表明:受NO刺激后纹状体中DA的量为基础水平的150%。     

Neurorescue Effects of Frondoside A and Ginsenoside Rg3 in C. elegans Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and α-synuclein aggregation. Accumulated evidence indicates that the saponins, especially from ginseng, have neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, saponin can also be found in marine organisms such as the sea cucumber, but little is known about its effect in neurodegenerative disease, including PD. In this study, we investigated the anti-Parkinson effects of frondoside A (FA) from Cucumaria frondosa and ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) from Panax notoginseng in C. elegans PD model. Both saponins were tested for toxicity and optimal concentration by food clearance assay and used to treat 6-OHDA-induced BZ555 and transgenic α-synuclein NL5901 strains in C. elegans. Treatment with FA and Rg3 significantly attenuated DAergic neurodegeneration induced by 6-OHDA in BZ555 strain, improved basal slowing rate, and prolonged lifespan in the 6-OHDA-induced wild-type strain with downregulation of the apoptosis mediators, egl-1 and ced-3, and upregulation of sod-3 and cat-2. Interestingly, only FA reduced α-synuclein aggregation, rescued lifespan in NL5901, and upregulated the protein degradation regulators, including ubh-4, hsf-1, hsp-16.1 and hsp-16.2. This study indicates that both FA and Rg3 possess beneficial effects in rescuing DAergic neurodegeneration in the 6-OHDA-induced C. elegans model through suppressing apoptosis mediators and stimulating antioxidant enzymes. In addition, FA could attenuate α-synuclein aggregation through the protein degradation process.