环境监测分析中标准物质的选择及应用

针对分析人员对标准物质概念不清、使用不规范等问题,就环境监测领域标准物质选择和应用方法做了梳理。从标准物质的概念、区分有证和非有证标准物质的方法、标准物质的应用范围及标准物质的使用注意事项等4个方面系统地进行了梳理,重点阐述了有证标准物质和非有证标准物质的概念区别及使用时的误区,为分析人员在实际工作中出具准确数据提供理论依据。     

标准物质的制备

介绍标准物质候选物的选择与标准物质的制备要求。     

钨合金标准物质稳定性考察

对一级军用标准物质JBWY05901钨合金标准物质稳定性检验的化学分析方法进行了比较选择,提出了该标准物质稳定性检验方法,给出了检验数据的统计处理方法及稳定性检验结果。     

标准物质定值方法优选方案

将田口方法中代表设计研究或生产工艺研究中功能稳定性的信噪比概念用于标准物质定值方法的研究．为标准物质定值方法的优化提供数据处理模式和选择思路。以锌合金标准物质为例,采用原子吸收光谱法和紫外一可见分光光度法对锌合金标准物质中的铜元素定值,分别计算这两种方法定值数据的信噪比值,通过比较信噪比值的大小来判断两种分析方法的可靠性和分析体系的稳定性。     

柴油中硫成分分析系列标准物质的研制

介绍柴油中硫成分分析系列标准物质的研制过程，选择低硫成分的直馏柴油作为基体材料制备柴油中硫成分分析系列标准物质，采用X射线能量色散荧光光谱法进行均匀性检验、氧弹燃烧-离子色谱法进行稳定性监测、5种不同原理的测量方法进行定值。给出了柴油中硫成分分析系列标准物质的标准值和扩展不确定度。     

α-Al_2O_3比表面积标准物质的研制

选择市售α-Al2O3粉体作为比表面积标准物质候选材料,采用交叉缩分方法对标准物质样品进行分装。检验结果表明α-Al2O3标准物质样品具有良好的均匀性和稳定性(18个月)。采用国际公认的氮气物理吸附BET方法,联合测量能力经过确认的8家实验室对α-Al2O3标准物质样品进行定值,标准值比表面积为5.47 m2/g,不确定度为0.22 m2/g(k=2)。     

黄豆黄素纯度标准物质研制

建立黄豆黄素纯度标准物质的研制方法。选择纯度大于98%（质量分数）的黄豆黄素标准品作为标准物质候选物,通过加热和冷冻干燥去除多余的水分。通过红外、质谱、核磁氢谱进行结构确证和表征后分装,采用质量平衡法进行均匀性和稳定性检验。结果显示,标准物质均匀性良好,在常温条件下保存12个月稳定;采用质量平衡法和定量核磁法进行纯度定值,质量平衡法的定值结果为99.09%,定量核磁法的定值结果为99.13%,取平均值99.1%作为最终定值结果;对定值、均匀性和稳定性引入的不确定度进行了系统评定,扩展不确定度为0.3%(k=2)。研制的黄豆黄素纯度标准物质已申报国家一级标准物质,编号为GBW 10171。该标准物质可用于食品、保健品、饲料中黄豆黄素含量检测。     

气相反应的活化参数与标准态

对气相反应物质，可以选择两种标准态，推导了不同标准态下气相基元反应的速率常数及活化能的表达式，指出了不同标准态下活化参数之间的关系     

国家质检总局新批准49种国家标准物质

不久前，国家质检总局批准49种国家标准物质，其中包括用作食品成分分析的标准物质、转基因大豆粉标准物质、食品微生物菌落总数标准物质和饮料中添加剂标准物质4类食品安全领域的标准物质。     

保健食品中褪黑素标准物质的前期研究

通过对褪黑素标准物质的前期研究,选择提纯试剂将褪黑素合成品进行纯化,用高效液相色谱法测定,纯度可达到99．5％,符合标准物质制备的要求。     

Certified reference materials of geological and environmental objects: Problems and solutions

A review of publications on the creation and application of certified reference materials for the chemical analysis of geological materials and environmental objects with the aim to ensure the uniformity of measurements is presented.     

Determination of arsenic in geological samples by HG AAS

A continuous hydride generation (HG) AAS procedure for the determination of As in geological samples utilizing the SH-group containing amino-acid L-cysteine for the pre-reduction of As(V) to As(III) in HNO₃ has been optimized and compared with a method utilizing KI and ascorbic acid in HCl. The influence of some transition metals (Co, Fe, Ni) on the determination of As has been investigated. Decompositions of geological certified reference materials, sediments and soils of different origin and geochemical composition with concentrated HNO₃ have been performed in open and closed systems and the resulting As content has been compared with certified and proposed data.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地质样品中的痕量金

用活性炭吸附,于5％盐酸溶液中用甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)萃取金,采用斜坡升温和热解涂层石墨管技术进行地质样品中痕量金的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,检出限为0．1ng/g。用该方法对标准物质进行测定,结果与标准值相符,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2．0％～6、9％(n=6)。     

参加国家金标准物质定值测试工作的研究报告

近20年来,武警黄金指挥部测试中心参加了12个国家矿石金、12个国家痕量金分析标准物质定值测试工作.该文对取样量、样品均匀性检验、样品焙烧、分析方法的选取、样品稳定性检验等技术进行了总结,并对今后金标准物质的研制提出了建议.     

Quality assurance in environmental research: emissions and fate of platinum

Summary Quality assurance in environmental research is related to reliable analytical methods. According to this fact great efforts were taken in the German Cooperative Project sponsored by the Ministry of Research and Technology Emissions of Precious Metals to ensure the quality of all analytical data from various research groups. As there are only few certified reference materials (CRMs) for platinum available and the application of reference materials is an important measure in quality assurance and quality control actions in every laboratory, several materials have been prepared with low and elevated platinum contents as reference samples for this project. These reference samples were a catalyst sample with elevated platinum content, a dust reference material with low platinum content and a catalyst reference material with low platinum content. With these reference samples and the Canadian geological reference material SU-1a interlaboratory studies were conducted and the results of these are presented in this paper.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Wilhelm Fresenius on the occasion of his 80th birthday     

泡沫塑料吸附-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地质样品中的金

建立了泡沫塑料吸附-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定地质样品中的金的方法,采用王水溶解地质样品中痕量的金,经泡沫塑料吸附富集,结合电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法进行测定。实验表明,方法的加标回收率为94.4%~111.0%,对国家一级标准物质进行测定,结果与认定值一致,方法的相对标准偏差RSD为3.2%~12.8%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中铂、钯、钌、铑、铱和金

研究Ｔｅ共沉淀分离富集、ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ铂族元素和金测定方法。方法检出限 １～９ ｐｇ／ｇ;回收率≥９０％。国标ＧＢＷ０７２８８－ＧＢＷ０７２９４、加拿大ＷＧＢ１及南非铂矿ＳＡＲＭ７等标样分析表明：结果满意,方法可靠。     

Analysis of solid samples by ICP-mass spectrometry

Summary ICP-Mass spectrometry is typically used as a technique for very rapid multielement analysis at trace and ultra-trace levels of solutions by continuous sample aspiration and nebulization. However, ICP-MS is well suited to be used as a detector for other sample introduction devices. For the analysis of solid samples laser sampling and electrothermal vaporization accessories may be used as sample introduction devices for ICP-MS. Laser sampling permits the analysis of many different types of solid materials. For solid sampling ETV-ICP-MS analysis it is of advantage to reduce the sample to a fine powder prior to analysis. For automated analysis powders may be introduced as slurries into the graphite furnace by means of a slurry sampling device. Since appropriate certified solid reference materials are not always available for calibration, or since they are not certified for all analyte elements of interest, the analyses discussed in this contribution were performed semiquantitatively. The instrument response function was established using reference materials which were similar in their composition to the samples. The results of semiquantitative bulk analyses of glass (NIST 612) and geological material (USGS GXR-3) by laser sampling ICP-MS are in good agreement with the certified values. The concentrations of the analytes determined in the glass sample were in the range of 10 g/g to 80 g/g. The lowest analyte concentration in the geological sample was 0.4 g/g (Eu) and the highest was approximately 186 mg/g (Fe). The precision achieved was in the order of 5% to 15%. Laser sampling ICP-MS is not only suitable to bulk analysis but also to analyses where spatial information is required. As an example for such an application the determination of Pb in a wine bottle cork stopper is dicussed. The slurry sampling technique was used for the semiquantitative analysis of NIST coal reference samples by electrothermal vaporization ICP-MS. The accuracy achieved with this approach was within a factor of ±2 of the reference values.     

Fit-for-purpose shellfish reference materials for internal and external quality control in the analysis of phycotoxins

The need for reference materials for quality control of analysis of foodstuffs has been stressed frequently. This has been particularly true in the phycotoxins field, where there is a great shortage of both pure calibration standards and reference materials. Worldwide there are very few independent bodies that produce certified reference materials for phycotoxins, the main producers currently being the National Research Council Canada and the Japanese Food Research Laboratory. Limited availability of contaminated shellfish and algae, as well as the time and knowledge necessary for the production of adequate reference materials, continuously lead to limited editions of certified reference materials and even more limited production of in-house reference materials. The restricted availability of in-house quality control materials promotes the rapid use of the limited certified reference materials, which in turn hampers the production of the suite of materials required globally for complete protection of public health. This paper outlines the various options that analysts can pursue in the use of reference materials for internal and external quality control, with a view to optimising the efforts of both reference materials users and reference materials producers. For this purpose, the logical sequence is reviewed from the discovery of a new bioactive compound in shellfish, through initial method development up to regulation for food safety purposes including accepted reference methods. Subsequently, the requirements for and efforts typically spent in the production and characterisation of laboratory reference materials, certified reference materials and other test materials used in inter-laboratory studies or proficiency testing, in the area of marine biotoxins are evaluated. Particular emphasis is put on practical advice for the preparation of in-house reference materials. The intricate link between reference material characterisation and method performance is outlined to give guidance on the appropriate in-house method validation in the rapidly developing field of phycotoxins.      

Determination of Iridium in Environmental and Geological Samples by NAA with α-Amino Pyridine Resin Preconcentration

The Ir, Au and Pd concentrations in three certified reference materials SARM-7, FC-1 and DZ-1 were determined by neutron activation analysis using -amino pyridine preconcentration. Good agreement between the reference values and our results was obtained, and the reliability of our method was confirmed. This method is suitable for ppb or sub-ppb levels of Ir and Au analyses in environmental and geological samples. The Ir and Au levels in a Chinese coastal sediment GBW07314 were also analyzed.