Thermal Stability of Sol-Gel Hydrotalcites

Sol-Gel Hydrotalcites were synthesized using magnesium ethoxide and variable aluminum sources: aluminum acetilacetonate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate and aluminum sulfate; in all cases, the gelation was done at pH 10. X-ray diffraction studies show that the crystallinity depends on the aluminum precursor used. The crystallinity was found in the order aluminum acetylcetonate>aluminum chloride>aluminum nitrate>aluminum sulfate. The precursor determines the sintering behavior as well.     

阳离子交换树脂分离-铝试剂分光光度法测定土壤中铝形态

研究了铝试剂光度法测定土壤溶液中铝的最佳条件,着重探讨了共存离子,特别是土壤溶液中的无机离子和有机阴离子对测定铝的影响。采用阳离子交换树脂分离,建立了测定土壤溶液及天然水中铝形态方法。用该法可测定总反应性铝、总单核铝和稳定性单核铝。由总反应性铝减去总单核铝求得酸溶性铝。由总单核铝减去稳定单核铝求得不稳定单核铝。与阳离子树脂交换分离-邻苯二酚紫光度法进行了比较。结果表明：邻苯二酚紫光度法灵敏度较高,但铁的干扰较大。铝试剂光度法灵敏度略低,但铁的干扰较少。阳离子树脂交换分离-铝试剂光度法更适合于测定含铁量比较高的土壤溶液中的铝形态。     

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Porous Al2O3/Al Metal Ceramics: II. Mechanism of Formation of a Porous Al(OH)3/Al Composite

The formation of a porous layer of aluminum hydroxide on the surface of aluminum particles and the aggregation of Al(OH)₃/Al composite particles were analyzed theoretically. It was found that the diffusion mass transfer of the hydroxo complexes of aluminum through the porous structure of a growing layer of aluminum hydroxide to the outer surface is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the porous composite. A model mechanism of formation of the porous composite was developed, and rate equations were derived for describing the growth of an aluminum hydroxide layer on the surface of an aluminum particle and changes in the degree of aluminum conversion and the contact radius between composite particles. Based on the developed mathematical model and experimental data, the diffusion coefficient of the hydroxo complexes of aluminum in the porous structure of aluminum hydroxide was calculated.     

Determination of aluminum oxide in and on high-purity aluminum by a phenol dissolution method

A simple rapid determination of aluminum oxide in aluminum is described. Aluminum reacts with phenol at 180°C forming aluminum phenoxide but aluminum oxide does not. After the reaction, the aluminum oxide is filtered off and brought into aqueous solution by fusion with potassium hydrogensulfate for determination by atomic absorption spectrometry or by the 8-quinolinol spectrophotometric method. The reaction between aluminum and phenol is stoichiometric. The procedure is applicable to the determination of aluminum oxide in commercial aluminum metals of various forms. The method is relatively rapid and appears to be superior to the conventional bromine—methanol method.     

铝制炊具溶出铝量及影响因素的研究

采用分光光度法对铝制炊具溶出铝量及影响因素展开了研究。结果表明,铝制炊具溶出的铝量随温度升高明显增加;且在一定温度下,使用家用调味品也会增加铝制品溶出的铝量。     

The future of aluminum chemistry

This article represents a survey of current aluminum chemistry and some predictions regarding what type of aluminum chemistry will be conducted in the year 2000 and after. Because of the abundance and availability of aluminum in the earth, research incorporating this element will always be of importance to applications that impact on daily life. Indeed, applied chemistry is the primary goal of most aluminum research. It is likely that three broad areas of aluminum chemistry, catalysis, materials synthesis, and biological studies, will see substantial activity in the future. The use of aluminum in materials will continue in step with the growth of materials science, in general. In contrast, the use of aluminum compounds in catalysis and in effecting synthetic transformations will see a spectacular increase. This is a result of an increased understanding of the chemistry of aluminum, and the availability of a wide range of compounds containing aluminum which was been achieved over the past few decades during a period of increased attention to Main Group chemistry. In the coming years a clear understanding of the influence of aluminum on biological systems will almost certainly be obtained based upon the quality and amount of effort that has focused on this area in recent times.     

Effect of Solution Chemistry on Preparation of Boehmite by Hydrothermal Assisted Sol-Gel Processing of Aluminum Alkoxides

Various aluminum alkoxide precursors have been used for the preparation of boehmite by hydrothermal assisted sol-gel processing. The coordination status of aluminum in solution for all precursors employed for the preparation of boehmite phase was determined by ²⁷Al NMR and correlation between coordination status of aluminum atoms of precursors and development of boehmite phase has been investigated. Hydrothermal assisted hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxides where the aluminum atoms are four or five coordinated in solution resulted in the formation of boehmite. In contrast, hydrothermal hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxides where the aluminum atoms are six coordinated resulted in the formation of amorphous gel. Development of boehmite phase by hydrothermal hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxides at various temperatures was pursued by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.     

Removal of phosphate by aluminum oxide hydroxide

The development and manufacture of an adsorbent to remove phosphate ion for the prevention of eutrophication in lakes are very important. The characteristics of phosphate adsorption onto aluminum oxide hydroxide were investigated to estimate the adsorption isotherms, the rate of adsorption, and the selectivity of adsorption. Phosphate was easily adsorbed onto aluminum oxide hydroxide, because of the hydroxyl groups. The adsorption of phosphate onto aluminum oxide hydroxide was influenced by pH in solution: the amount adsorbed was greatest at pH 4, ranging with pH from 2 to 9. The optimum pH for phosphate removal by aluminum oxide hydroxide is 4. The selectivity of phosphate adsorption onto aluminum oxide hydroxide was evaluated based on the amount of phosphate ion adsorbed onto aluminum oxide hydroxide from several anion complex solutions. It is phosphate that aluminum oxide hydroxide can selectively adsorb. The selectivity of phosphate onto aluminum oxide hydroxide was about 7000 times that of chloride. This result indicated that the hydroxyl groups on aluminum oxide hydroxide have selective adsorptivity for phosphate and could be used for the removal of phosphate from seawater.     

Resolution of serum aluminum-binding proteins by size-exclusion chromatography: identification of a new carrier of aluminum in human serum.

We have examined the use of TSK-GEL HW 55S for determining the distribution of aluminum in human serum by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). In comparison to other SEC matrices, this material has less affinity for ionized aluminum and separates serum proteins and their aluminum complexes with greater resolution. This enabled the identification of a previously unknown protein carrier, provisionally called albindin, that binds aluminum with great stability. Albindin appears to be distinct from the previously described aluminum carriers albumin and transferrin and may be important in the pathogenesis of disease secondary to hyperaluminemia.     

羟基聚合铝晶体研究进展

羟基聚合铝的研究在环境化学中具有重要作用。自然条件下存在的无机单核铝本身具有毒性,而多核铝是比单核铝更毒的铝形态,它们很容易进入人体和植物产生毒害作用。因此,水解聚合铝形态研究一直是环境化学、地球化学和材料催化等众多研究领域的前沿热点课题。本文综述了在新环境材料开发中羟基聚合铝晶体研究的进展,对已获得表征的典型羟基聚合铝的结构特点进行了对比与评述,讨论了不同羟基聚合铝晶体的科学意义和应用价值。     

Effect of preparation methods of aluminum emulsions on catalytic performance of copper-based catalysts for methanol synthesis from syngas

Various Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts have been synthesized by different aluminum emulsions as aluminum sources and their performances for methanol synthesis from syngas have been investigated. The influences of preparation methods of aluminum emulsions on physicochemical and catalytic properties of catalysts were studied by XRD, SEM, XPS, N2 adsorption--desorption techniques and methanol synthesis from syngas. The preparation methods of aluminum emulsions were found to influence the catalytic activity, CuO crystallite size, surface area and Cu⁰ surface area and reduction process. The results show that the catalyst CN using the aluminum source prepared by addition the ammonia into the aluminum nitrate (NP) exhibited the best catalytic performance for methanol synthesis from syngas.     

Behavior of aluminum in its anodic oxidation in aqueous solutions of acids and their salts

Influence exerted by the nature and concentration of an electrolyte and by the electrolysis temperature on the process of anodic oxidation of aluminum in aqueous solutions was studied. It was shown that two modifications of aluminum hydroxide are formed as electrolysis products. Making higher the electrolyte concentration and raising the process temperature results in that the fraction of boehmite aluminum hydroxide in the product increases and that of bayerite aluminum hydroxide decreases. A scheme by which aluminum is anodically oxidized in aqueous solutions is suggested.     

Preconcentration of trace aluminum from environmental water samples with 5'-chloro-5-dodecyl-2,4,2'-trihydroxyazobenzene impregnated macroporous resin.

5'-Chloro-5-dodecyl-2,4,2'-trihydroxyazobenzene (CDTA) impregnated XAD-4 resin (CDTA resin) was prepared, and applied to the preconcentration of trace aluminum from environmental water samples with satisfactory results. Aluminum was measured by flow-injection analysis (FIA) with fluorescence detection by using lumogallion after the preconcentration of aluminum with CDTA resin. Fe3+ and other coexisting substances had no interference on the determination of aluminum by the present method. Chemical speciation of trace aluminum in environmental water was carried out by using the CDTA resin after the separation of aluminum species with ionic exchangers without changing the pH. About 50% of water-soluble aluminum in Lake Biwa was found to be aluminum organic species (anion species).     

Contact corrosion of metals in concentrated aqueous-glycolic solutions

Corrosion behavior of aluminum, steel, and cast iron was studied both in their individual state and in systems constituted of aluminum and steel, aluminum and cast iron, steel and cast iron, and aluminum, steel, and cast iron in ethylene glycol solutions containing 5 and 30 vol % of fresh water.     

Electrothermal volatilization of aluminum as 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoylpyrazolone[5] chelate for gaseous sample introduction in ICP-AES

Based on gaseous compound introduction as 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoylpyrazolone[5](PMBP) chelate of aluminum by electrothermal vaporization in ICP-AES, a method for determination of trace aluminum was developed. Trace aluminum was vaporized at temperature of 1000 degrees C, and the vaporization behavior of aluminum chelate was detailedly investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit of aluminum was 0.6 ng ml(-1), and the relative standard deviation for 0.1 mug ml(-1) aluminum was 4.7% (n=8). The proposed method was applied to the determination of trace aluminum in rice flour reference materials, and the results well agreed with the reference values.     

Preparation of Mullite Fibers by the Sol-Gel Method

Mullite fibers were synthesized from an aqueous solution of aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum nitrate and tetraethylorthosilicate by the Sol-Gel method. The starting solution was prepared by adding aluminum isopropoxide and tetraethylorthosilicate simultaneously to an aluminum nitrate aqueous solution. The spinnability of the starting solution was investigated by varying the molar ratio of aluminum isopropoxide/aluminum nitrate in the solution. Gel fibers were obtained from solutions in a composition range of aluminum isopropoxide/aluminum nitrate of 3 to 5. Gels obtained from spinnable solutions appeared to have high homogeneity in the mixing of the Al/Si components, leading to a sharp 980°C exothermic peak in the DTA curve and a mullitization temperature of 1000°C. However, in the case of gels obtained from unspinnable solutions, a small 980°C exothermic peak was detected, and the mullitization temperature was as high as 1200°C, probably due to greater heterogeneity in the mixing of the Al/Si components.     

化学浸提-分光光度法测定沙棘叶中不同形态铝

利用KCl、NH4Ac、HCl、NaOH四种浸提液将沙棘叶中的铝浸提溶出,得到沙棘叶中铝的不同化学形态,采用分光光度法定量测定,测定结果:沙棘叶中的Al3+为10.7%,Al(OH)2+和Al(OH)+2为2.1%,胶态Al(OH)03为34.3%,有机铝为53.0%.浸提液中铝的回收率为86.9%～101.0%.     

铝合金表面改性对有机涂层附着力的影响及腐蚀防护性能研究

利用电化学阻抗（EIS）、扫描微参比技术（SRET）、接触角、粗糙度、附着力、盐雾等测试方法,研究了铝合金阳极氧化与贻贝黏附蛋白（MAP）/CeO₂/硅烷γ-APS（MCA）表面复合修饰的腐蚀防护性能以及对改性聚氨酯涂层附着力和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,MCA复合膜可抑制铝合金的腐蚀,并具有一定的自修复功能;阳极氧化和MCA表面复合修饰可为铝合金提供有效的早期腐蚀防护作用,且能提高铝合金表面粗糙度和润湿性,显著提升改性聚氨酯涂层在铝合金表面的附着力和耐蚀性,因而结合改性聚氨酯涂层和表面复合修饰可实现对铝合金长期有效的腐蚀防护。     

Adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl phosphate on aluminum, studied by QCM-D, XPS, and AAS

The adsorption of two anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl phosphate (SDP), at surfaces of aluminum and aluminum oxide has been studied by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). It was shown that more SDP than SDS binds to the surface and that SDP prevents dissolution of aluminum in water whereas SDS does not. This was not obvious, since the adsorption isotherms of the two surfactants to aluminum pigment powder are quite similar, as shown in an earlier work. The decreased aluminum dissolution with SDP compared to SDS was explained by the formation of a more compact protective layer with less permeability on the aluminum surface with SDP than with SDS. This is explained by differences in complexing ability between the surfactants and the aluminum pigment surface. While SDP is expected to form an inner-sphere complex with aluminum, leading to a lower accessibility of aluminum sites to water, SDS is likely to form a weaker outer-sphere complex.     

Polymerization of cyclohexene oxide with aluminum complex/silanol catalyst. VI. Oligomer and polymer effects

The activity of an aluminum complex/polysilanol polymerization catalyst was examined in order to confirm the dependence of catalytic activation on silanol chain length. Tris (acetylacetonato)–aluminum/silanol increased when silanols with an intramolecular hydrogen bond such as the trimer of diphenylsilanediol, polydiphenyl(4-vinylphenyl)silanol, and polymeric silanol of silicone were used. However, when tris(ethylacetoacetato)aluminum or tris(salicylaldehydato)aluminum was used, the product obtained from the reaction of a part of the aluminum complex with the polysilanols had to be considered in any explanation of the catalytic activation. The active catalyst with such aluminum complexes was obtained when the silanols that had intramolecular hydrogen bonds and gave the appropriate ratio of the reaction between the aluminum complex and silanol were used.